Primary Colors Research Articles

Improved method for modulation transfer function measurement of Bayer color cameras

Aiming at the difficulty of detecting the modulation transfer function (MTF) of Bayer color cameras during focusing, the traditional scheme is modified in this paper. First, through analysis, it is found that the MTF of the Bayer detector decreased substantially compared to the monochromatic detector, which was caused by the loss of a large amount of light from the Bayer detector. When the MTF is calculated for the color image after de-mosaicing, the degradation of image quality leads to the inability to obtain the full-frequency MTF curve. Therefore, this paper proposes a solution to detect the MTFs of the three primary colors in the Bayer image individually, and then weight the MTFs of each primary color to obtain the MTF of the color image based on the calibration results of the light source. Then, considering the steps of differentiation and Fourier transform in the slanted-edge method, this paper solves the problem of non-uniform sampling of edge spread function by using the modification of the slanted-edge method with non-uniform Fourier transform. Finally, the optimal imaging position of a certain type of Bayer color camera is determined using the methods proposed in this paper. Simulation and test results verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the methods in this paper.

50 shades of oxidative stress: A state-specific cysteine redox pattern hypothesis

Oxidative stress is biochemically complex. Like primary colours, specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant inputs can be mixed to create unique “shades” of oxidative stress. Even a minimal redox module comprised of just 12 (ROS & antioxidant) inputs and 3 outputs (oxidative damage, cysteine-dependent redox-regulation, or both) yields over half a million “shades” of oxidative stress. The present paper proposes the novel hypothesis that: state-specific shades of oxidative stress, such as a discrete disease, are associated with distinct tell-tale cysteine oxidation patterns. The patterns are encoded by many parameters, from the identity of the oxidised proteins, the cysteine oxidation type, and magnitude. The hypothesis is conceptually grounded in distinct ROS and antioxidant inputs coalescing to produce unique cysteine oxidation outputs. And considers the potential biological significance of the holistic cysteine oxidation outputs. The literature supports the existence of state-specific cysteine oxidation patterns. Measuring and manipulating these patterns offer promising avenues for advancing oxidative stress research. The pattern inspired hypothesis provides a framework for understanding the complex biochemical nature of state-specific oxidative stress.

Projecting colorful images through scattering media via deep learning.

The existence of scatterers in the optical path has been the major obstacle that prohibits one from projecting images through solid walls, turbid water, clouds, and fog. Recent developments in wavefront shaping and neural networks demonstrate effective compensation for scattering effects, showing the promise to project clear images against strong scattering. However, previous studies were mainly restricted to projecting greyscale images using monochromatic light, mainly due to the increased complexity of simultaneously controlling multiple wavelengths. In this work, we fill this blank by developing a projector network, which enables the projection of colorful images through scattering media with three primary colors. To validate the performance of the projector network, we experimentally demonstrated projecting colorful images obtained from the MINST dataset through two stacked diffusers. Quantitatively, the averaged intensity Pearson's correlation coefficient for 1,000 test colorful images reaches about 90.6%, indicating the superiority of the developed network. We anticipate that the projector network can be beneficial to a variety of display applications in scattering environments.

Enhanced Physical Layer Security and PAPR Performance Based on Disturbance of Data Cluster Under Chaotic Sequence Color Seeking Mechanism in CO- OFDM System

This study proposes a physical layer encryption scheme based on disturbance of data cluster under color seeking mechanism of chaotic sequence which is generated by Brownian motion determined by keys aiming to improve security of coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) system. Chaotic sequences with good randomness and unpredictability are endowed with a unique color composed of two primary colors and go through order transformation by sorting and seeking, which forms the chaotic sequence color seeking mechanism. The disturbance of transmitted data is realized according to chaotic sequence color seeking mechanism and PAPR performance is optimized simultaneously. The security of system is enhanced due to a key space of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">90</sup> and PAPR can be reduced by 0.5 dB. An experiment conducted in a 40 GHz 16QAM CO-OFDM system over an 80 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) shows that the authorized user can successfully decrypt the received signal, while the eavesdroppers cannot derive valid information with bit error rate (BER) at approximately 0.5. Analyses of peak to average power ratio (PAPR) performance and time complexity of the scheme are further carried out under different cluster forming methods to derive the optimized configuration which is critical in encryption.

Multicoloured Jacquard Artworks Reproduction with C, M, Y, and K Channels Modification to Improve Weave Colour Accuracy

Multi-coloured Jacquard artwork reproduction has been restricted by the modern setting of weaving machinery. To resolve the current limitations, innovative weaving applications have been introduced. The subtractive CMYK system used for colour printing has been employed for multi weave colour reproduction as a wide scope of a weave colour creation is possible by utilizing a small number of weft yarn colours. In use of cyan [C], magenta [M] and yellow [Y] coloured yarns, a range of CMYK secondary colours (red [R], green [G] and blue [B]) production is feasible by juxtaposing a pair of the three yarn colours. In addition, controlling chroma levels of the primary colours is viable by mixing with a black yarn. However, there are variations between CMYK colour mixing and optical yarn colour mixing due to the material differences. Therefore, modifications of the [C], [M], and [Y] colour channels are required to reproduce tertiary colours such as a black colour. This is because opaque and non-blendable yarns are used to create weave colours and therefore, exhibited yarn colours are all perceived together. In use of image processing tools offered by Adobe Photoshop, a pair of the [C], [M], [Y], and [K] colour channels are merged to individually generate the primary ([C], [M], [Y]) and secondary ([R], [G] and [B]) colour channels. In the process, a pair of C, M, Y and K channels is combined based on mathematical functions. As a result, new six colour channels ([C], [M], [Y], [R], [G], and [B]) are created to improve weave colour reproduction accuracy. This study introduces details of the colours segmentation processes and weaving experiment results that examines the significance of the newly developed the colour channels for multi-coloured artwork reproduction.

The use of color elements in graphic design based on convolutional neural network model

Abstract Exploring the effective application of color elements in graphic design based on a convolutional neural network model is beneficial to promote the innovative development of the graphic design. Starting from the convolutional neural network, this paper defines the quantification of geometric features of graphic images by convolutional operation and pooling operation and uses pixel and spatial distribution for color element extraction. The global color features and local color features are used for color matching perception feature quantification, and then a graphic image design feature model is constructed, and the application analysis of color elements is carried out for this model. From the primary design color, the average selection rate of this paper’s model is 41.58%, which is 13.4% and 9.6% higher than that of the DCGAN and PLS-MLP models, respectively. From the keyword color quality generation, the color design results of graphic images have significant differences (p &lt; 0.05). This indicates that the use of CNN-based graphic image design feature models can realize the effective application of color elements and also provides a new research direction for intelligent graphic design.

Cultural unit white – prototype terms

Abstract The article focuses on the Hebrew prototypes terms (PTs) of white in the Old Testament – light, milk, and snow. The aim is to explore the worldview of Hebrew to reveal the original messages of the Bible. The translation is an essential tool that shows which translation elements (the word and its root derivatives) are symmetrical, asymmetric, and dissymmetric to Hebrew due to the different worldviews of languages. The method is interdisciplinary and includes several theories and approaches. Original is Almalech’s methodology for tracking all verbal options to signify color: Basic color term (BCT), prototype term (PT), rival terms to prototype (RT), and terms for the basic feature of the prototype (TBFP). Semiotic osmosis is also an original element of Almalech’s methodology and has a place in the study of colors in the Bible. The phenomenon is observed when Hebrew PT is translated with the BCT, Hebrew TBFP is translated with BCT in the Indo-European language, e.g., darkness is translated with black, fresh is translated with green. In the case of light, semiotic osmosis is when a quality of light is perceived as synonymous with light, e.g., brilliance is synonymous with light in Hebrew, English, Bulgarian, and other languages. The importance of light in religious systems, regional culture, and natural features are taken into account. Almalech’s semiotic approach to color, i.e., treating them as a sign communication system, involves the insisting that a distinction must be made between verbal and visual color because of their different potential to have primary and secondary (figurative and cultural) meanings. The substance of the language sign (sound is a mechanical wave) is physically different from the visual sign (electromagnetic wave). Almalech considered prototypes to be the cognitive interface between verbal and visual colors. Therefore, semiotically understood, color is a cultural unit that contains verbal and visual colors, complemented by social, religious, and folkloric use of primary and secondary color meanings.

Improving luminescence characteristics of Ni2+ doped CsPbX3 (X = Br/I, I) quantum dots in borogermanate glass for wide color gamut display

For wide gamut backlight display application, main problems of CsPbX3 (X = Br/I, I) quantum dots (QDs) glasses as red emission materials are too long emission wavelengths, low luminescence intensity and worse uniformity. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) and decay time should also be considered. Here, Ni2+ doped CsPbX3 (X = Br/I, I) QDs in borogermanate glasses have been successfully fabricated by melt quenching and heat treatment. Transmittance, absorbance, photoluminescence (PL), PL excitation (PLE), PL decay and PL temperature characteristics are measured. By Ni2+ doping in the CsPbX3 (X = Br/I, I) QDs glasses (QDGs), PL intensity is significantly improved to higher level of 106–107 counts (enhanced by 1.6–1.7 times). The peak wavelength is adjusted to suitable range of 630–650 nm by double anion CsPb(Br/I)3 QDs. The uniformity is greatly improved by using suitable composition and concentration of CsPbX3 (X = Br/I, I) QDs. In addition, the FWHM of 32–46 nm is sufficiently narrow. The PL decay shows sufficiently short lifetime of less than 100 ns. The PL temperature dependence fitting shows large exciton binding energy 376–400 meV. For wide color gamut display application, we have used three primary colors with the standard blue, green and red lights in NTSC standard, and the red light has been replaced by using perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Br/I, I) QDGs. For the perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Br/I, I) QDGs emitted at 667 nm and 644 nm, the color gamut area has been increased by 11% and 9%, respectively. The results indicate that the red light QDG materials can be applied to wide color gamut display.

Data‐Driven Fine Element Tuning of Halide Double Perovskite for Enhanced Photoluminescence

AbstractElement tuning of targeted materials and obtaining the optimal synthesis recipe are major goals for many material scientists. However, this is often limited by conventional trial‐and‐error procedures, which are time‐consuming and labor‐intensive. In this work, fine element tuning of halide double perovskite Cs2NaxAg1‐xInyBi1‐yCl6 is conducted by performing a data‐driven investigation combining high‐throughput experiments with machine learning (ML). A positive correlation between the more accessible R value in emission RGB values (the intensities of the red/green/blue primary colors) and photoluminescence intensity is revealed, and over a thousand R values of the Cs2NaxAg1‐xInyBi1‐yCl6 crystals synthesized with different additives and element compositions are collected. More importantly, the volume ratios of Na+/Ag+ (VNa: VAg) and Bi3+/In3+ (VBi: VIn) with the corresponding R values are correlated through ML, and the synergistic regulation of the two ion pairs is revealed. A possible correlation between R and XRD is also proposed. Finally, different emission intensities of LED beads coated with Cs2NaxAg1‐xInyBi1‐yCl6 synthesized using parameters obtained from ML are demonstrated, and an emission enhancement of ≈50 times is observed between the brightest and dimmest LEDs. This work illustrates that data‐driven investigation helps guide material synthesis and will significantly reduce the workload for developing novel materials, especially for complex compositions.

A Universal Strategy for Modular Tunable Full‐Color Circularly Polarized Luminescent Materials with Afterglow

AbstractCircularly polarized luminescence (CPL) has shown significant potential for use in optoelectronic information and biomedical applications. Previously, the construction of CPL in thin films has often required the introduction of chiral groups into the system, which is efficient but complicated to synthesize and separate enantiomeric isomers. This manuscript proposes a simple and efficient strategy to construct dye‐doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) thin films with controlled orientation of the panchromatic CPL signal. This strategy can be generalized to the construction of thin‐film CPL. Besides, the metal‐free pure circularly polarized afterglow material is reported here to be adjustable. Moreover, the PVA films can be cut and stacked in a modular way to obtain different emission effects to induce mixed CPL, and three primary colors can be piled up together to induce white CPL. The PVA film has good prospects for use in optical devices, for example, anti‐counterfeiting of information and optical information encryption.

Generative visual common sense: Testing analysis-by-synthesis on Mondrian-style image.

The well-known Mondrian-style images, aside from being aesthetically amusing, also reflect the core principles of human vision in their viewing experience. First, when we see a Mondrian-style image consisting only of a grid and primary colors, we may automatically interpret its causal history such that it was generated by recursively partitioning a blank scene. Second, the image we observe is open to many possible ways of partitioning, and their probabilities of dominating the interpretation can be captured by a probabilistic distribution. Moreover, the causal interpretation of a Mondrian-style image can emerge almost spontaneously, not being tailored to any specific task. Using Mondrian-style images as a case study, we demonstrate the generative nature of human vision by showing that a Bayesian model based upon an image-generation task can support a wide range of visual tasks with little retraining. Our model, learned from human-synthesized Mondrian-style images, could predict human performance in the perceptual complexity ranking, capture the transmission stability when images were iteratively passed among participants, and pass a visual Turing test. Our results collectively show that human vision is causal such that we interpret an image from the angle of how it was generated. The success of generalization with little retraining suggests that generative vision constitutes a type of common sense that supports a wide range of tasks of different natures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A Stearns–Noechel colour prediction model reconstructed from gridded colour solid of nine primary colours and its application

AbstractA full gamut colour solid model consisting of three lightness planes, 18 colour mixing units and 360 grid points is constructed from nine primary coloured fibres: red (R), yellow (Y), green (G), cyan (C), blue (B), magenta (M), dark grey (O1), medium grey (O2) and light grey (O3). Subsequently, the 213 coloured yarns and fabrics containing different lightness, hue and saturation were prepared according to the mixing ratio parameters in the colour solid. The Stearns–Noechel colour prediction algorithm, which predicts reflectance using coloured fibre mixing ratios, was improved and applied according to the requirements of colour prediction; and the Stearns–Noechel proportion prediction algorithm, which predicts coloured fibre mixing ratios by reflectance, was refined and employed in accordance with the demands of proportion prediction. Then, the 12 additional coloured fabrics were fabricated and their corresponding measurement data were used on the algorithm for validating its forecasting capabilities. The final experimental results reveal that the maximum colour difference for colour prediction is 5.5, the minimum is 1.7, and the average is 3.7; the maximum colour difference for proportion prediction is 3.3, the minimum is 0.3, and the average is 1.6. Therefore, this approach is promising to improve the colour reproduction issues encountered in the processing of three‐channel computer numerical control (CNC) spinning.

Qualitative and quantitative descriptors for quantifying the genetic diversity of bean seeds

Beans are one of the main vegetable protein sources for human consumption. Breeders always seek a diversity of bean genotypes to establish and select the best genotypes that promote the greatest genetic gain for the crop. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of bean genotypes based on the characterization of qualitative and quantitative descriptors. Samples of 17 bean cultivars were acquired from the local seed market in Cassilândia, MS, Brazil. Four quantitative and eight qualitative descriptors were used. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using a completely randomized design with three replications. Quantitative data means were grouped using the Scott-Knott test at a 5% probability level. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the qualitative and quantitative data. Genetic diversity was reported for all quantitative and qualitative traits of bean seeds. The weight of 1,000 seeds (169 to 629 g), seed width (4.8 to 8.0 mm), seed length (8 to 17 mm), and seed thickness (3.7 to 7.4 mm) showed highly significant differences (P&lt;0.001) between the genotypes. Seed color (2 classes), primary color (3 classes) and secondary color (3 classes), seed shape (5 classes), degree of seed flattening (3 classes), seed brightness (3 classes), halo (2 classes) and halo color (2 classes) were the qualitative descriptors measured. The qualitative and quantitative descriptors used in this study proved important for describing the germplasm of the bean crop. The principal component analysis showed that the first two components retain 58% of the data variability, forming five divergent groups. The characterization of the bean genotypes showed genetic diversity in their seeds, and the qualitative and quantitative descriptors used contributed to the adequate separation of the genotypes.

Versatile Double Bandgap Photonic Crystals of High Color Saturation.

Double bandgap photonic crystals (PCs) exhibit significant potential for applications in various color display-related fields. However, they show low color saturation and inadequate color modulation capabilities. This study presents a viable approach to the fabrication of double bandgap photonic inks diffracting typical secondary colors and other composite colors by simply mixing two photonic nanochains (PNCs) of different primary colors as pigments in an appropriate percentage following the conventional RGB color matching method. In this approach, the PNCs are magnetically responsive and display three primary colors that can be synthesized by combining hydrogen bond-guided and magnetic field (H)-assisted template polymerization. The as-prepared double bandgap photonic inks present high color saturation due to the fixed and narrow full-width at half-maxima of the parent PNCs with a suitable chain length. Furthermore, they can be used to easily produce a flexible double bandgap PC film by embedding the PNCs into a gel, such as polyacrylamide, facilitating fast steady display performance without the requirement of an external magnetic field. This research not only presents the unique advantages of PNCs in constructing multi-bandgap PCs but also establishes the feasibility of utilizing PNCs in practical applications within the fields of anti-counterfeiting and flexible wearable devices.

Odor Reproduction Technology Using a Small Set of Odor Components

Replicating specific scents by mixing ‘base odors’ is the main idea behind the concept of odor reproduction. Just as primary colors can be combined to generate a wide range of colors in visual perception, the hope is to find a similar principle in olfaction. However, defining such ‘primary odors’ is difficult due to the complexity of our sense of smell, which is much different from vision. In spite of these challenges, numerous scientists have endeavored to identify a combination of basic smell components that can mimic various scents. Currently, the suggested combinations of smell components are typically only successful at recreating specific, intended scents. The range of reproducible scents differs based on the selection of base odors, yet these studies have provided valuable knowledge about the nature of these primary odors. This review paper will focus on the latest studies related to odor reproduction. Understanding odor space, odor reproduction, and the challenges encountered when expanding the range of odors will be explained. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Blue organic light-emitting diode with a turn-on voltage of 1.47 V

Among the three primary colors, blue emission in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are highly important but very difficult to develop. OLEDs have already been commercialized; however, blue OLEDs have the problem of requiring a high applied voltage due to the high-energy of blue emission. Herein, an ultralow voltage turn-on at 1.47 V for blue emission with a peak wavelength at 462 nm (2.68 eV) is demonstrated in an OLED device with a typical blue-fluorescent emitter that is widely utilized in a commercial display. This OLED reaches 100 cd/m2, which is equivalent to the luminance of a typical commercial display, at 1.97 V. Blue emission from the OLED is achieved by the selective excitation of the low-energy triplet states at a low applied voltage by using the charge transfer (CT) state as a precursor and triplet-triplet annihilation, which forms one emissive singlet from two triplet excitons.

Color gamut volume and the maximum number of mutually discernible colors based on a Riemannian metric.

For the calculation of the color gamut volume and the maximum number of mutually discernible colors, an algorithm based on a Riemannian metric and the densest packing of spheres is proposed. With this algorithm, the color gamut volume was calculated for the conditions of experiments reported in literature. Good agreement was found with the experimental findings of the color gamut volume as a function of the peak luminance. Using the new algorithm, the color gamut volume and the maximum number of mutually discernible colors was calculated for various sets of primary colors corresponding to display standards and various dynamic ranges. Comparisons were made with state-of-the-art methods which are based on the Euclidean metric in approximately uniform color spaces and a simple cubic lattice. It was found that the state-of-the-art methods underestimate the maximum number of mutually discernible colors. However, the relative differences decrease as the primary colors are more saturated. Based on the new algorithm the maximum number of mutually discernible colors was calculated for a range of peak retinal illuminance levels and various sets of primary colors. We found that, for a given set of primary colors, the maximum number of mutually discernible colors is proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of the peak retinal illuminance level and a fitting parameter.

Preparation of ZnGa2O4 nanoflowers and their full-color luminescence properties

Gallate material, a luminescent matrix with excellent performance is normally prepared by vapor deposition or solid phase sintering method at high temperature. However, it has not been solved to prepare gallate-based fluorescent materials with full-color luminescent properties at low temperature. In this paper, ZnGa2O4 undoped or doped with Cr or Mn nanoflowers composed of nanosheet-level structure were prepared by hydrothermal method at low temperature. Under ultraviolet light irradiation, ZnGa2O4, ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ and ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ display three primary colors of blue, green and red luminescence through self-excitation, Mn2+ and Cr3+ excitation respectively. The solid fluorescence yields of blue, green, and red colors are 32.3, 36.5, and 40.7%, respectively. It is highly expected to be applied to color display, biological imaging, white light devices.

Gaia17bpp: A Giant Star with the Deepest and Longest Known Dimming Event

We report the serendipitous discovery of Gaia17bpp/2MASS J19372316+1759029, a binary star with a deep single large-amplitude dimming event of ∼4.5 mag that lasted over 6.5 yr. Using the optical-to-IR spectral energy distribution (SED), we constrain the primary star to be a cool giant M0III star with effective temperature T eff = 3850 K and radius R = 58 R ⊙. Based on the SED fitting, we obtained a bimodal posterior distribution of primary stellar masses with a stronger preference for a 1.5 M ⊙ mass star. Within the last 66 yr of photometric coverage, no other significant dimming events of this depth and duration were identified in the optical light curves. Using a Gaussian process, we fit a generalized Gaussian distribution to the optical and IR light curves and conclude that the dimming event exhibits moderate asymmetries from optical to IR. At the minimum of the dimming event, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer color (W1–W2) differed by ∼0.2 mag relative to the primary star color outside the dimming event. The ingress and egress colors show a shallow reddening profile. We suggest that the main culprit of the dimming event is likely due to the presence of a large, optically thick disk transiting the primary giant star. By fitting a monochromatic transit model of an oblate disk transiting a star, we found good agreement with a slow-moving (0.005 km s−1) disk with a ∼1.4 au radius. We propose that Gaia17bpp belongs to a rare binary star population similar to the ϵ Aurigae system, which consists of a secondary star enshrouded by an optically thick debris disk.

Subtractive Primary Color Separation with a Prism?

Subtractive Primary Color Separation with a Prism?