Primary Collectors Research Articles

Optimization of spodumene flotation with a fatty acid collector

An increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries is driving the development of new lithium mineral projects. Spodumene, a major lithium-bearing mineral found in pegmatite deposits, is often recovered by froth flotation. The primary collectors in spodumene flotation are fatty acids which are known for their poor selectivity. Fatty acid collectors tend to recover common gangue minerals in spodumene deposits due to their similar surface properties, making it difficult to produce high-grade concentrates with high lithium recovery. The ionic collector behavior is sensitive to pulp conditions like pH and concentration, but there is a weak understanding of this behavior during conditioning. There is a consensus that the conditioning stage is vital to flotation performance and should be conducted at high pulp-density (∼60% solids) to ensure proper collector adsorption. If not executed properly, rougher flotation suffers, making it challenging to achieve high final concentrate grades and recovery. This study uses a central composite experimental design and linear regression analysis to investigate and model the effects of four parameters of high-density conditioning with fatty acids on the responses of rougher concentrate grade and recovery: initial pulp pH, collector dosage, conditioning time, and power density. The models developed for both responses were determined to be statistically significant in the tested region. Initial pulp pH, collector dosage, and power density were significant terms in both models, while conditioning time was insignificant. Increased power density, ∼31 W/L, was necessary to achieve high rougher concentrate grades but increasing beyond 37 W/L was harmful to recovery. In general, higher collector dosages (>500 g/t) resulted in high recoveries, but initial pH must be adjusted accordingly to maintain concentrate grade. The most robust conditions to achieve > 90% recovery at a concentrate grade > 5.5% Li2O with this material were determined to be 31 W/L energy input and 625 g/t collector at an initial pH of 8.25. The flotation performance in this study is strongly connected to the behavior of fatty acid collectors reported in the literature and the findings provide good insight for operators and researchers aiming to improve spodumene flotation performance with fatty acids.

A Review of Fatty Acid Collectors: Implications for Spodumene Flotation

Increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries has led to the development of several new lithium mineral projects around the globe. Some major mineral processing challenges these projects face are similarities in gangue and value mineral behaviour and poor selectivity in froth flotation. Unsaturated anionic fatty acids are the primary spodumene flotation collectors, known to be strong collectors with poor solubility and selectivity. Fundamental flotation research consensus is that spodumene flotation is driven by a fatty acid–anion complex adsorbed at cationic aluminum sites. However, many small-scale studies result in poor recoveries, prompting several researchers to investigate cationic activators or mixed anionic/cationic collectors to improve flotation performance. Testwork with real spodumene ore is rare in recent literature, but older publications from several deposits prove that fatty acids can successfully concentrate spodumene. The process generally includes alkaline scrubbing, high-density fatty acid conditioning, and flotation at pH 7.5–8.5 with 500–750 g/t fatty acid collector. The collector speciation behaviour is notably sensitive to pulp conditions around this pH; possibly resulting in unstable flotation circuits and inconsistent results. This paper reviews fatty acid collector properties and the available industrial and fundamental spodumene flotation research. We aim to provide new insight for understanding particle-collector interactions in spodumene flotation and help bridge the gap between fundamental and industrial processes which will be needed to de-risk projects in the growing lithium mineral industry.

Design and Experimental Investigation of Thermosiphoning Heat Transfer through Nanofluids in Compound Parabolic Collectors

The limited availability of fossil fuels, as well as its negative ecological repercussions, has prompted humanity to seek other renewable technologies. One of the obvious options is solar energy, especially for energy deficient and solar rich countries like Pakistan. Flat plate, evacuated tube, and parabolic trough collectors are among the primary solar thermal collectors being employed. However, energy saving can be further enhanced by applying the thermosiphoning concept. Therefore, in the current study, an experimental analysis of a thermosiphoning-based heat transfer mechanism with two different nanofluids (Fe2O3 and Al2O3) in a compound parabolic trough collector (CPC) is presented. Initially, a numerical analysis is performed through ANSYS to determine fluid flow under free convection at a certain temperature gradient. Afterwards, a laboratory-scale thermosiphoning experimental setup is developed under controlled conditions. Finally, the same phenomena is applied in CPC and analysis is performed under real climate conditions of Taxila, Pakistan. The highest numerical flow rate attained with Fe2O3 was 9.3 mL/s, according to the research. In outdoor setup, 10.78 mL/s was the highest flow rate achieved. With some variation, theoretical and analytical results were confirmed with prior studies. As a result, using nanofluids and thermosiphon to lower a pump's mechanical strain can considerably improve the efficiency of the solar thermal system.

Bukittinggi City Space Transformation Based on Tourism Development

Bukittinggi City is a city in West Sumatra Province that is one of the popular tourist destinations for the public and tourists. The existence of tourist objects around the city center greatly affects the structure of urban space, in the use of space itself, it is very visible from the distribution of tourist facilities locations that spread around tourist objects that can attract hospitality and trade activities that spread to the downtown area in Bukittinggi. This study aims to determine how the spatial transformation of Bukittinggi City is based on tourism development from 1984 to 2021 and the factors that influence the development of the space. The method used in this research is qualitative. This study found that the City of Bukittinggi when viewed from the area of ​​development of the City of Bukittinggi reflects a concentric pattern, this can be seen from the location of the city of Ngarai Sianok which limits the development of the city to the west and north. Based on the performance agreement letter from the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office of Bukittinggi City in 2020, the percentage of suitability for spatial planning and utilization is 37.50%. The building mass in a developing tourist attraction has a heterogeneous textured area texture, where the shape of the mass and space configuration have different sizes, shapes, and densities. The high density of building mass only occurs in the core area of ​​the city with a percentage above 80%. The Bukittinggi City Regional Spatial Plan article 28 paragraph 2 explains that there are 5 types of road networks, namely primary arterial roads, secondary arteries, secondary collectors, local roads, and freeways. The road network in Bukittinggi City is growing rapidly towards the city center and in several residential areas. The distribution of tourist facilities is generally located in the city center and a small part is spread along Jalan Soekarno Hatta and Jalan Sudirman. The distribution of tourist objects has formed a concentric space in the city's core area with local and regional service scales.

Emergency nurses’ triage narrative data, their uses and structure: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionThe first clinical interaction most patients have in the emergency department occurs during triage. An unstructured narrative is generated during triage and is the first source of in-hospital documentation. These...

Collection and Commercialization of Minor Forest Products in West Medinipur District of West Bengal

The collection and trading of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) is seen as a lucrative business. It is a significant means of improving the socio-economic situations of indigenous groups living in forest periphery areas, particularly in India. In order to assess collecting, marketization costs of different NTFPs, pricespread, marketing channels, marketing challenges, and prospects of NTFPs in boosting the income of forest fringe people, a study was undertaken in the Paschim Medinipur area of West Bengal. The study also emphasises the significance of comprehending the wide range of use values that should be attributed to forest lands. The current study was conducted using primary and secondary data, as well as a market survey, in twelve sample villages with a total of sixty households. The information was analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and so on. In these villages in Paschim Medinipur district, there are about 15-20 NTFPs that are extensively found and commercialised. Dry fuel wood, sal leaf, mahua, and mushroom are the most often obtained NTFPs. Aside from that, medicinal herbs such as Kalmegh, Horitoki, and Bahera, among others, are picked and sold in the market. In this area, females are the primary NTFP collectors. Sal trees are the most valuable (UVSal = 3.5) among the species, while mushrooms and Kalmegh have the lowest use value (UVMushroom = 0.5, UVKalmegh = 0.5). When it comes to price-spread analysis, the highest price-spread ratio is for Sal leaves (13.78), followed by Kurchi seeds (7.0) and the smallest for mushrooms (0.25). NTFPs are mostly distributed through both informal and formal channels, with Mahua having the highest net income in terms of income generation among the NWFPs. The successful commercialization of MFPs in the current study area has the potential to raise local people’s living standards.

Collection and Commercialization of Minor Forest Products in West Medinipur District of West Bengal

The collection and trading of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) is seen as a lucrative business. It is a significant means of improving the socio-economic situations of indigenous groups living in forest periphery areas, particularly in India. In order to assess collecting, marketization costs of different NTFPs, pricespread, marketing channels, marketing challenges, and prospects of NTFPs in boosting the income of forest fringe people, a study was undertaken in the Paschim Medinipur area of West Bengal. The study also emphasises the significance of comprehending the wide range of use values that should be attributed to forest lands. The current study was conducted using primary and secondary data, as well as a market survey, in twelve sample villages with a total of sixty households. The information was analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and so on. In these villages in Paschim Medinipur district, there are about 15-20 NTFPs that are extensively found and commercialised. Dry fuel wood, sal leaf, mahua, and mushroom are the most often obtained NTFPs. Aside from that, medicinal herbs such as Kalmegh, Horitoki, and Bahera, among others, are picked and sold in the market. In this area, females are the primary NTFP collectors. Sal trees are the most valuable (UVSal = 3.5) among the species, while mushrooms and Kalmegh have the lowest use value (UVMushroom = 0.5, UVKalmegh = 0.5). When it comes to price-spread analysis, the highest price-spread ratio is for Sal leaves (13.78), followed by Kurchi seeds (7.0) and the smallest for mushrooms (0.25). NTFPs are mostly distributed through both informal and formal channels, with Mahua having the highest net income in terms of income generation among the NWFPs. The successful commercialization of MFPs in the current study area has the potential to raise local people’s living standards.

HF01-07 HISTORY OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN UROLOGY

You have accessJournal of UrologyHistory of Urology Forum I (HF01)1 Sep 2021HF01-07 HISTORY OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN UROLOGY Ardy Sowe, Brian Joseph Sajorda, Arriana Rieland, Adam Metwalli, and Pamela Coleman Ardy SoweArdy Sowe More articles by this author , Brian Joseph SajordaBrian Joseph Sajorda More articles by this author , Arriana RielandArriana Rieland More articles by this author , Adam MetwalliAdam Metwalli More articles by this author , and Pamela ColemanPamela Coleman More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001992.07AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: While approximately 5% of physicians in the United States identify as Black/African-American, only 2% of urologists identify as such. Since 1936, African-Americans have contributed many firsts to the field of urology although their representation in the field remains comparatively low. We seek to chronicle the contributions of African-Americans to the field of urology. METHODS: Archival research methods were used to obtain and assess documents ranging from publications, biographies, interviews, urology program records, and documents shared publicly by professional societies and organizations. The names of Black/African-American graduates of the both currently accredited and previously accredited urology programs in the United States were searched. We performed a qualitative analysis through constructing broadly defined domains used to categorize contributions of subjects including publications, institutional positions held, and historical references. RESULTS: In 1918, Dr. Ubert Conrad Vincent became the first African-American intern at a major hospital at Bellevue Hospital in New York City where he introduced and improved a procedure for the surgical relief of varicoceles known as the "Vincent Operation”. In 1936, Dr. Richard Francis Jones became the first African-American to be board certified in urology and the first African-American member of the American Urological Association. In 1939, he was one of the earliest urologists to abandon the 2-stage suprapubic prostatectomy in favor of a 1-stage operation. More recent accomplishments include those of Dr. Bobbilynn Hawkins who became the first African-American full professor of urology and the first female urologist in the United States Army. Other achievements include the work of Dr. Arthur Burnett, whose assistance in the discovery of the role of nitric oxide in the regulation of penile erection contributed to the development of erectile dysfunction drugs such as sildenafil. CONCLUSIONS: Because only 2% of urologists identify as Black/African-American, the history of this group of urologists has not been well-documented. We hope to serve as a resource in providing information on how African-Americans have participated in the field. By documenting this history, we hope to ultimately increase the proportion of practicing African-American urologists. In the future, it may be necessary by means of primary data collectors and historians to work with the aging population of African-American urologists to appropriately record their experiences. Source of Funding: None © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e229-e229 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ardy Sowe More articles by this author Brian Joseph Sajorda More articles by this author Arriana Rieland More articles by this author Adam Metwalli More articles by this author Pamela Coleman More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

Traffic Noise Level Assessment in the Residential Area around Different Road Functions in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia

Noise due to motorized vehicles is a major problem in urban areas which can interfere with physiological and psychological health. This study aims to determine the extent of noise levels outside and inside the house around the function of different roads in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. The study was conducted by measuring the traffic noise level using a sound level meter. Measurements were taken in the afternoon between 16.00-21.00 during the peak of heavy traffic and outside working hours when residents were already at home. Statistical Student’s t-test analysis was used to test differences in the average noise level outside and inside the house on each road function. Variance analysis was used to compare noise levels around primary arterial roads, secondary arteries, primary collectors, secondary collectors, primary local, and secondary local. From the measurement results, it is known that the noise due to motorized vehicles is 84.28 dB on average. This exceeds the threshold based on the Decree of the State Minister for the Environment Number 48 of 1996. There was a significant difference in noise level between outside and inside the house on each road function. There was no significant difference in noise level between the functions of the road segments both outside and inside the house. The results of the study concluded that the traffic noise level at 16:00 to 21:00 hours on all roads that were targeted for research exceeds the national threshold. It is recommended that the level of traffic noise around roads in the city of Malang can be reduced to minimize the negative impact on physiological and psychological health.

Production Activities and Value Chain Analysis of Sericulture in Western Inner Terai Region of Nepal

The study was conducted in Nov 2019 – Feb 2020 with the objective of assessing the whole value chain of sericulture products in the Western inner terai region of Nepal. The beginning of sericulture in the region was due to some personal interest but gained popularity and huge return and turned out to achieve the objectives of food security and source of employment. As per the finding and research, Bi-voltine Silkworm (Bombyx mori) was mainly reared which feeds upon the leaves of the mulberry plant. The interview result indicates that producers produce cocoon at an average of 30.05 kg per ropani in one production round and production was made twice a year. In this region, three marketing channels were identified (producer to the primary collector/small hand processor) and (producer to primary processor or reelers) and the producer himself as the processor and distributor. Producers sold the cocoon to primary collectors at NRs 500per kg cocoon which was 15% more than percent sales while selling to the government, fetching an average BC ratio of 1.3. Problems recorded as per farmers were lack of appropriate technology to widen the scope of sericulture and modern silkworm rearing techniques, lack of proper irrigation facilities, and governmental aids and support. This research will address various problems and make an emphasis to make regional sericulture production mature and profitable.

Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration by Nicole R. Fleetwood

Reviewed by: Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration by Nicole R. Fleetwood Jennifer L. Lieberman Nicole R. Fleetwood. Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2020. 352 pp. $39.95. Marking Time, a book about art and mass incarceration, is a work of art in its own right. Using a blend of interview, analysis, and autobiography, Fleetwood details how images of criminality and carcerality circulate in popular culture—and how some artists subvert those dehumanizing images with their own creations. The book's Preface begins by describing the haunting absence of men and women who disappeared from communities in the 1980s and '90s as mass incarceration expanded its reach into the author's life and across the United States. Fleetwood writes that "As prisons rendered more and more people invisible, a spectacular visual assault on residents in communities like mine helped to justify mass incarceration" in speaking of state-crafted imagery such as "wanted posters, arrest photographs, crime-scene images, and mug shots" (xvi). In contrast, she argues, families circulated "artworks and illustrations … from prison." These pieces, Fleetwood argues, were not new in and of themselves but they were many and powerful. What follows is a stunning collection of full-color images alongside their thoughtful interpretations. Fleetwood's Introduction discusses how artists assert their humanity within the dehumanizing system of the prison. She writes that "[i]ncarcerated artists deliberately take the status of being labeled a social problem or failure as the very grounds for their artistic experimentation. Failure amplifies their aesthetic improvisation and the risks they will take to produce works and worlds that exceed the prison" (7). Of course, experimentation proves difficult in these spaces. While some artists included in Marking Time had the benefit of programs such as the Arts in Corrections workshop run by the William James Association, others, like Jared Owens, sought canvases and untraditional media only by evading surveillance and at great personal risk. In addition to cataloguing the different ways artists create within the prison, Fleetwood reflects on how these creations inflect our understanding of the world of art on the outside: "prison art shifts how we think about art collection and art collectors. The primary collectors of art made in prison are other imprisoned people and their loved ones. … 'Commission' and 'negotiation' are fraught terms to describe arrangements in which unfree artists are asked by people who hold enormous authority over their livelihood to make art in exchange for money, goods, or special treatment" (9). Fleetwood invites readers to learn a lesson about humanity and power in these pages: Even in the extreme conditions of the prison, people create. Might that in itself stand as one rationale for prison abolition? The first chapter of the book, "Carceral Aesthetics: Penal Space, Time, and Matter," builds on this implied question by discussing how "American prisons cannot be disentangled from racial capitalism" (30). In other words, assumptions about the inferiority and inherent criminality of nonwhite and specifically Black Americans is the justification for mass incarceration; the art that incarcerated people create even in these conditions contradicts the very logic of the prison. Incarcerated artists, like other creators in this tradition, create works that advocate [End Page 167] for liberation—freedom not only from the strictures of prison but from prevailing ideas about "value/worth, criminalization, and punitive governance" (31); the chapter also traces depictions of space and time, including the altered experience of time after incarceration. The pieces themselves are stunning, and Fleetwood's analyses of them perceptive: Her discussion of Raymond Towler's Salvador Dali-esque piece, Passing Time, includes melting clocks and a color scheme of "penal hues" (43). The discussion of Elizabeth Baxter's (pen name: Isis tha Saviour) series of videos, Ain't I a Woman (2018), is particularly rich and moving as it traces the intimate connections between public housing, public schools, and prisons. The art discussed here ranges from painting to video to landscape photography. Fleetwood carefully examines each piece, discussing how artists reimagine elements of their incarceration to tell narratives about healing. Chapter two, "State Goods: Clandestine Practices and Prison Art Collectives," focuses on how artists procure materials to create...

Chironji (Buchanania lanzan): A Retreating Valuable Resource of Central India

Minor forest products have been a source of livelihood of millions of forest dwellers in India and other developing and third world countries. The seeds of Buchanania lanzan (Chironji) - a tree species belonging to the family Anacardiacae are commercially very useful for rural tribal people in various parts of India. The seeds/kernels of the plant yield fatty oil which is a substitute for olive and almond oils and widely used in confectionery as well as in the Indigenenous Medicine System (IMS). Due to unsustainable extraction of the seeds natural regeneration of Chironji has become a major issue among environmentalists and field biologists during the last few decades. The species listed in the Red Data Book of IUCN as a vulnerable medicinal plant species. The present article deals with the assessment of the nutritive/economic value of Chironji and regeneration techniques which might be helpful in the conservation and enhancement of this valuable species. The study reveals that the species have great nutritive values having indigenous and industrial significance. Vegetative propagation has shown good results compared to direct seed sowing. The conservation of the species can be promoted by adopting better regeneration techniques and creating awareness among primary collectors and suggesting appropriate scientific harvesting practices.

Issues and Challenges Associated with Data-Sharing in LMICs: Perspectives of Researchers in Thailand.

.Data-sharing helps advance scientific research and assures the benefits of research data are maximized. Previous work has highlighted ethical challenges, especially in low- and middle-income countrie (LMIC) countries. This study examined the views of researchers in a middle-income country, Thailand, regarding the most important data-sharing challenges. The target researchers worked in biomedical and related research. The survey was distributed to 38 academic and health-science institutes, 18 university hospitals, 84 nonuniversity hospitals, and 22 research institutes across Thailand; 229 researchers in clinical/basic and social/behavioral sciences, and pubxxlic health/policy participated. Thai researchers were less concerned with informed consent and the feasibility of conducting research and sharing data, focusing on the importance of safeguards when handling data, including transfer to others, and possible lack of control over subsequent data use. The respondents felt that researchers should decide what types of project data are shareable and which data are likely useful to the scientific community. They were more concerned with appropriate acknowledgment and protecting the legal rights of the primary data collectors and providers. Although they had concerns about data access conditions, they rated sharing sufficient data and metadata to reproduce the analysis of the primary outcomes as highly important. These results are important for future efforts of the LMIC countries to develop efficient data-sharing frameworks and establish institutional data access committees. They highlight the importance, for the sustainability and fairness of these efforts, to ensure that parties in LMIC countries receive appropriate credit and are involved in determining where/when/how their data may be used.

Diversity and Use of Edible Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets, and Katydids (Orthoptera) in Madagascar.

Madagascar has a long history of using Orthoptera as food and feed. Our understanding of the biological diversity of this resource, its contemporary use, and its future potentials in Madagascar is extremely limited. The present study contributes basic knowledge of the biological diversity and local uses of edible Orthoptera in Malagasy food cultures. Data was collected with key informants in 47 localities covering most of the ecoregions of Madagascar and corresponding to 12 of the 19 ethnic groups. Orthoptera are consumed throughout Madagascar. We report 37 edible Orthoptera species, of which 28 are new species records of edible Orthoptera in Madagascar and 24 are new species records of edible Orthoptera in the world. Most species are endemic and occur in farming zones. Children are the primary collectors and consumers of edible Orthoptera. The insects are eaten both as snacks and main meals. Edible Orthoptera are primarily collected casually and marketing is rare, with the notable exceptions of the large cricket Brachytrupes membranaceus colosseus and during locust outbreaks (e.g., Locusta migratoria). The use of Orthoptera as feed seems rare. Further investigations of cultural and personal preferences are required to assess the future potential roles of Orthoptera in Malagasy food habits.

The synergistic interaction between dithiophosphate collectors and frothers at the air-water and sulphide mineral interface

Dialkyl dithiophosphates (DTP) are commonly used as primary or secondary collectors in base metal sulfide and platinum group mineral flotation. However, evidence in the literature suggests that, under basic conditions, DTP does not adsorb onto certain minerals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactions between DTP or xanthate collectors and frothers at the solid-liquid and air-liquid interfaces. Microflotation and contact time tests showed that DTP synergistically improved recoveries and attachment probabilities of galena and pyrite in the presence of frother. These improvements were not seen for any of the single reagents or, most importantly, for mixtures of a xanthate collector and frother. By measuring the residual collector concentration in solution, it was shown that no DTP adsorbed onto the galena surface and only minimal amounts onto the pyrite surface, either in the presence or absence of frother. In contrast, all of the xanthate collector adsorbed onto both pyrite and galena. Investigations at the air-water interface included surface tension and bubble size measurements. These showed that DTP, unlike xanthate, was weakly active at the air-water interface, but did not show evidence of synergistic interaction with frother. It was concluded that DTP can have an alternative mechanism of flotation enhancement to conventional collectors by adsorbing at the air-liquid interface and not the solid-liquid interface. Various theories of the detailed mechanism are discussed in the paper.

The incidence and burden of time loss injury in Australian men’s sub-elite football (soccer): A single season prospective cohort study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to conduct the first injury surveillance study in sub-elite football in Australia, using methods from the international football consensus statement. DesignDescriptive epidemiological study. Methods1049 sub-elite football players were recruited during the 2016 season. Injury and exposure data was collected by trained Primary Data Collectors (PDCs) who attended every training session and match. ResultsThere were 1041 time loss injuries recorded during 52,127h of exposure resulting in an injury incidence rate of 20 injuries/1000h (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 15.9–23.3). The injury burden (days lost to injury relative to exposure) was 228days lost/1000h. Muscle and ligament injuries were the most prevalent (41% and 26%) and incurred the highest injury burden (83 and 80days lost/1000h, respectively). The most common injuries were observed at the thigh (22%) and ankle (17%), with hamstring (13%) the highest reported muscle injury. The profile of injury severity was: mild — 35%; minor — 29%; moderate — 28% and severe — 8%. Recurrent injuries accounted for 20% of all injuries. ConclusionsBy addressing issues identified with injury recording in sub-elite football, this study found that the injury incidence was twice that observed in previous research in elite and sub-elite football cohorts. Injury burden was also twice that of the elite setting, with similar injuries associated with the highest burden. The results highlight the need for investment into medical provision, facilities, coach education and injury mitigation programmes to reduce healthcare costs to sub-elite players in Australia.

God pictures in Korean contexts: the ownership and meaning of shaman paintings

Shamans depicted walking on knives, fairies shown riding on clouds, kings astride dragon mounts: some find such pictures unsettling, some charming. Pursued by collectors, venerated as seats of gods, Korean shaman paintings are all of these Laurel Kendall, Jongsung Yang, and Yul Soo Yoon explore what it is that makes these works magical or sacred-more than just paintings. What does it mean for a picture to carry trace of a god? Once animated and revered, can it ever be a mere painting again? How have shaman paintings been revalued as art? Do artfulness and magic ever intersect? Is market value of a painting influenced by whether or not it was once a sacred object? Navigating journey shaman paintings make from painters' studios to shaman shrines to private collections and museums, three authors deftly navigate borderland between scholarly interests in production and consumption of material religion and consumption and circulation of art. Illustrated with sixty images in color and black and white, book offers a new vantage point on the social life of things. This is not story of a collecting West and a disposing rest: primary collectors and commentators on Korean shaman paintings are South Koreans re-imagining their own past in light of their own modernist sensibility. It is a tale that must be told together with recent history of South Korea and an awareness of problematic question of how paintings are understood by different South Korean actors-most particularly shamans and collectors who share a common language and sometimes meet face-to-face.

Decreasing Thermal Stresses in Steam Generator Collector Weld's Area Using External Cooling

Numerous WWER-440 steam generators showed a very serious problem of cracking in weld joints which are connecting primary collectors to the steam generator's vessel. As a cause of this cracking was determined stress corrosion cracking mechanism. The weld is connecting austenitic steel collector to the carbon steel vessel, so it is a dissimilar metal weld. There are two approaches how to lower the possibility of stress corrosion cracking in the weld. First one is to improve the secondary water chemistry in the weld's surrounding to stop the corrosion and second one is to decrease presented stresses in weld's area. It is better to combine both approaches. This paper deals with the second approach of possibilities to decrease presented stresses. Inspired by Russian study of external cooling on WWER-1000 steam generators, it was an attempt to adapt the external cooling idea on the WWER-440 steam generators and their problem of weld cracking. It was shown that by using the external cooling it is possible not just lower the presented tensile stresses but to change the tensile stresses into compressive stresses. This will of course result in significant reduction of stress corrosion cracking possibility in the steam generator primary collector weld's area.

The marketing of non-timber forest products in the western ghats region of Attappady, Kerala

The marketing of non-timber forest products (NTFP) are the main source of income to earn a livelihood for the indigenous communities residing to the fringe areas of the forest. The study analyzed the significance of different marketing agencies involved in the marketing of NTFP's to the livelihood of the indigenous communities of Attappady. Primary data and secondary data were used for the study. Among the marketed 23 NTFP's, nine products were exclusively marketed through the society and one product exclusively through the private shop, 10 products through society and private shops, one product marketed through the Eco Development Committee (EDC) and private shop and 2 products through all the 3 channels. Even though the procurement price given by the private shops and EDC for commercially important NTFP's were higher than that of the Kurumba society, the indigenous people were more benefited by the marketing through the society. Because the EDC and private shops do not share their profit with the collectors, where as the society gives certain percentage of their profit back to the primary collectors in addition to the procurement price. But the financial constraints during the lean seasons are forcing the indigenous communities to sell their products to the private shops. If the society and EDC can start the value addition units of the NTFP's with the involvement of indigenous communities, it ensures effective utilization of their free time and a better livelihood through enhancement of their income from NTFP's.

The Massachusetts State Cabinet Herbarium Revisited and Revitalized: A Collection of New England Plants From the Early 19th Century

Abstract In 1867, the State Cabinet, an extensive collection of specimens representing the natural history of Massachusetts, was transferred from the State House in Boston, MA, to the new Massachusetts Agricultural College in Amherst (now the University of Massachusetts). The botanical portion of the State Cabinet has remained intact, and relatively unknown, for the last 148 years at the University of Massachusetts Herbarium. Over the course of two years we completely curated the collection, performed restoration work, and researched the history of the collectors associated with the State Cabinet with a goal of making the collection available online. We were able to assign collectors and collection dates to 84% of the collections that were missing this information. The primary collectors, Charles Jarvis (1800–1826), Edward Jarvis (1803–1884), and Henry Little (1802–1826), were a group of Harvard-educated physicians whose botanical interests were probably inspired by the instruction they received in natura...