Primary Character Research Articles

Social and economic urbanization processes in communes in a metropolitan area

The article discusses selected social and economic changes taking place in the communes of a metropolitan area following a political transformation period in Poland, Central and Eastern Europe. Dynamic urbanization of communes of Polish metropolitan areas was one of the numerous results of socio-economic transformation of the country after 1989. The process played an important part in shaping both functional-spatial systems and awareness of self-governmental authorities and local communities in terms of the values of development of integrated systems of the technical infrastructure. Rapid changes taking place during the first years of the social and economic transformation caused a few negative functional-spatial phenomena in the communes bordering the central city. The analysis covered processes taking place in the communes that constitute a considerable part of the Poznań Metropolitan Area. Monitoring processes which promote increased electricity demand (of both social and economic nature, including migration and increase in the number of economic operators in years 2000-2018) taking place in areas of the communes within the impact area of the central city may enable selfgovernments to implement sustainable development rules and facilitate both controlled urbanization of communes of Polish metropolitan areas and correct sustainable development of the technical infrastructure. The example of the analysed selected economic and social issues concerning transformations of communes within the impact zone of the central city shows that the transformation process in the metropolitan areas in Poland after the political change occurs at different levels and to varying degrees. As a result, the new situation rendered it necessary to connect developing economic functions, urban in character, with the traditional functions of agricultural production space. However, expansion of the central city caused a lot of rural communes to lose their primary agricultural character. Combination of housing and economic functions along with traces of agricultural functions, development of technical infrastructure, and transportation network for cars and passengers caused qualitative and quantitative changes in areas of communes adjacent to the central city. The functional-spatial changes and socioeconomic transformation in Poland began a dynamic urbanization process of areas of rural communes bordering the central city. All the processes facilitated synergy in the transformation of communes. A variable pace and scale of the ongoing ecological, economic and social phenomena require constant monitoring both by architects and urban planners, both in practice and theory to examine synergistic processes occurring in contemporary urbanization in the rural areas. Self-governments and local communities, who share responsibility for functional-spatial planning and management of the communes in a metropolitan area, should modify tendencies of sustainable functional-spatial and socio-economic development. The need to design and realize new buildings with the diverse functions in rural communes activates their further development. Finally, this need stimulates synergistic processes occurring in functional-spatial and socioeconomic development in communes of a metropolitan area.

Prévalence et rôle des IgG anti-Chlamydia trachomatis chez une population d’hommes infertiles au Maroc

Infertility is a global public health problem that affects 15% of couples of childbearing age. Male infertility is involved in 20 to 50% of cases. These figures are sharply increasing around the world. Several factors may be responsible for this infertility with especially hormonal, genetic, toxic or infectious factors. The latter are dominated mainly by Chlamydia infection. Among the most serious complications of this infection are infertility related to urethritis, epididymitis and irreversible total azoospermia in men and tubal obstructions and ectopic pregnancies in women. To determine the prevalence of IgG anti-Chlamydia trachomatis in men consulting for infertility and the association between previous contact with this bacterium and the impairment of sperm quality and sperm function. Prospective study over 26months of 143 patients referred to the service for infertility assessment of the couple. Demographic data, primary or secondary character of infertility, risk factors (tobacco, inguinal hernia, varicocele and history of urogenital infections), semen parameters (volume, mobility, pH, vitality and morphological abnormalities) were studied as well as the determination of the anti-C.trachomatis IgG titer. The prevalence of Chlamydia infection and the association of the infection and alteration of the various parameters of the semen were analyzed. The average age of patients was 38.5±8.55. Infertility was primary in 72% of patients. Among the patients, 54.5% had an abnormal spermogram. Chlamydia IgG antibodies were positive in 37.1% of patients whose 58.5% had abnormal spermogram. Analysis of sperm parameters of patients with and without IgG C.trachomatis showed an altered vitality in Chlamydia positive patients with an OR at 2.41, P=0.02, (95% CI: 1.15-5.06). The prevalence of Chlamydia infection is high in infertile male. C.trachomatis IgG antibodies may be associated with an alteration of spermatozoa vitality without significant impairment of other semen parameters. 3.

An investigation of empathy in male and female fans of aggressive music

Concerns have been raised that persistent exposure to violent media can lead to negative outcomes such as reduced empathy for the plight of others. The present study investigated whether fans of aggressive heavy or death metal music show reduced empathic reactions to aggression, relative to fans of non-aggressive music. 108 participants who self-identified as fans of heavy or death metal, classical or jazz music ( n=36 per group) were presented with vignettes that described a primary character’s reaction (the ‘aggressor’) in response to a secondary character’s irritating action (the ‘instigator’). The aggressor’s reaction was either non-aggressive, mildly aggressive or strongly aggressive. After each vignette, participants provided ratings of state empathic concern (other-oriented empathy) and personal distress (self-oriented distress). They also completed measures of trait empathy, passion for music and its psychosocial functions. Fans of heavy or death metal exhibited lower trait empathic concern compared with classical and jazz fans. However, only male heavy or death metal fans exhibited lower state empathic concern than male classical and jazz fans. Finally, social bonding was a stronger motivation for heavy or death metal fans to listen to music than for classical fans. Results are discussed in light of research and public concern regarding the effects of long-term exposure to media violence.

Taming the tamed elephant: Rāvaṇa, aesthetics, and the generation of humor in Raviṣeṇa’s Padmapurāṇa

ABSTRACTThe seventh-century Digambara author Raviṣeṇa is an important figure in the history of pre-modern South Asian literature, having composed the earliest extant Jain Rāma narrative in Sanskrit, the Padmapurāṇa (‘The Deeds of Padma’), a text that stands at the forefront of centuries of Jain engagement with the Rāma story. This article examines for the first time Raviṣeṇa’s use of humor in constructing the character of Rāvaṇa, arguing first – with reference to both Bharata’s Nāṭyaśāstra and the works of Kālidāsa – that Raviṣeṇa establishes humor by subtly undercutting common Sanskrit literary tropes, and, second, that this humor serves three interrelated purposes vis-à-vis Rāvaṇa. First, the humor foreshadows Rāvaṇa’s primary character flaws that will lead to his abduction of Sītā and eventual death at the hands of Lakṣmaṇa. Second, the humor works to humanize Rāvaṇa, making him a sympathetic character to the reader. Third, the humor establishes Rāvaṇa in opposition to the calm and serious Rāma, thereby positing that, according to Raviṣeṇa, true heroism consists of controlling one’s passions.

Fanwork: Made From Something Different

Watching Deep Space Nine was an exercise in peering around corners and being unable to get a straight-on view of what I knew to be just beyond my field of vision. Not necessarily in terms of the greater world of the Star Trek universe – that I could see much more easily, as DS9 is still the only Star Trek series that took the time to consider what day-to-day life would be like in the greater world of the show outside of Federation starships thanks to it being set on a space station, boldly parking instead of going – but very specifically, in regards to Julian Bashir. The show’s primary medical character, a bright young doctor straight out of Starfleet Academy, who quickly learns there’s more to his mission than he thought while never losing any of his dedication or kindness.
 
 I’ve read about Alexander Siddig’s portrayal of Bashir, of his work turning him from someone deliberately unlikable into one of Star Trek’s beloved characters. I’m familiar with Bashir’s backstory and growth, his canonical developmental disorder and his transformation from fresh-faced graduate to hardened, mature officer. And throughout it all, I’ve always wondered, did they mean for him to sound like me?

Information transfer in a scholarly exhibition: The Corvina Library and the Buda Workshop, Budapest, National Széchényi Library, 6 November 2018–10 February 2019

From 6 November 2018 until 10 February 2019, the National Széchényi Library organized an exhibition of surviving items from the Bibliotheca Corviniana under the title The Corvina Library and the Buda Workshop. The exhibition, as its title suggests, focused on a single scholarly issue, the book production workshop established at the royal court. It showed how the purposeful process of library building (including the commissioning of books from Italy) was directed from Buda and which methods were used for the systematic development of the library. The exhibition had a monographic character and can be regarded the first survey of the subject. Therefore, the intention was to present not only the results of the research involved but also the process of reasoning and reaching the conclusions presented in the narrative. As a result, at the time of the exhibition and during its preparation, information transfer was happening at both cognitive and emotional levels. The nature of this information transfer was determined by the role certain pieces of information played in the story, depending on whether these were of primary or secondary character, explicitly communicated and centrally positioned, or used as a ‘supporting act’, making peripheral statements, acting as an emotionally charged but figurative account. Information was communicated explicitly through the detailed texts (object labels and summaries) and audiovisual displays accessible on screens, which demonstrated the process of research that went into the exhibition. The accompanying publications transmitted the main message on three levels. The exhibition, displaying 62 renaissance luxury codices, showed the power of homogeneity in a special way. The cultural and artistic aspect of the exhibition was exceptionally intensive, which enriched the visitors’ reception of it, creating a sense of completeness.

Research on primary school Chinese character recommendation algorithm based on collaborative filtering

Collaborative filtering is to calculate the similarity between users by taking all the preferences of a user as a reference value. After finding adjacent users, the information mining of relevant recommendations can be realized through similar behavior history. This paper proposes a Chinese character recommendation algorithm based on user collaborative filtering technology by digging deeply into the recorded information of students’ Chinese character learning.

Contours of Ethno Nationalism in Jammu and Kashmir

Cultures gave birth to language. In the course of time languages became most powerful mode as carrier of culture. Through languages cultural values get spread. Cultures transmit their identities through languages. Thus languages are the vehicles of preserving identities of groups and societies. Language has thus become a primary character of culture. It’s beyond argument that language and culture are intertwined. Languages do contact homogeneity of culture and share historic journey of civilizations through its folklore, literature and scriptures. Group identities form societies are defined through cultural symbols, religion, race, language, traditions, customs and bio-geographic philosophies and existences. Thus language and culture both function at physical and metaphysical levels. Societies are formed from these ethnic proximities. The ethnograph defines the spread of language in a given cultural space. Many a times it’s only language which defines one community or society.

Aspekt polskiego czasownika jako problem przekładu oraz wyzwanie dla uczących się i nauczających języka polskiego jako obcego

Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia słowiańskiego aspektu polskiego czasownika w ujęciu kontrastywnym. Podstawę analizy materiałowej stanowi przekład polsko-niemiecki i niemiecko-polski, a jej systematyczne i kompletne przeprowadzenie umożliwia nowa perspektywa badawcza, którą otwiera kognitywne ujęcie omawianego zagadnienia. Szczególne znaczenie mają tu konkluzje R. Grzegorczykowej i V. Lehmanna dotyczące kognitywnej prymarności lub sekundarności danego partnera w ramach opozycji aspektowej. Płynące z analizy materiału wnioski zogniskowane są wokół następujących problemów: repertuaru wykładników aspektu w języku bezaspektowym, relewancji omawianej kategorii w języku polskim, rzeczywistego udziału kontekstu w wyrażaniu znaczenia opozycji dokonaności : niedokonaności oraz znaczenia wykładnika kognitywnego dla rozpoznawania aspektu. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań mogą znaleźć zastosowanie nie tylko w praktyce translatorskiej, ale także w glottodydaktyce polonistycznej. Stanowią dobry punkt wyjścia do ponownego otwarcia dyskusji na temat sposobów nauczania aspektu w grupach niesłowiańskich oraz prezentacji omawianego zagadnienia w podręcznikach i innych materiałach dydaktycznych do języka polskiego jako obcego.

The Development of Authentic Assessment Instrument to Expand the Character Values of CitizenshipEducation at Primary School No 104202 and No 106811 Bandar Setia, Medan, Indonesia

This developmental research aims to produce an authentic assessment instrument in the domain of skills to develop the character values of citizenship. The subjects of this research are: (1) Primary School teachers; (2) Primary School students; (3) Eight experts for validation of assessment instruments that is the validation experts of mathematics for Primary Schools, Natural Science for Primary School, Social Sciences for Primary School, Bahasa Indonesia, Civics for Primary School, Assessment, Psychology, and Character Education. The method used in this research is a developmental research method of formative research type which in its development is focused on 2 stages that is preliminary stage and formative evaluation stage. The data were collected through questionnaires and field tests. The results of field tests (small and large scale) show that the eveloped authentic assessment instruments have excellent validity and high reliability. Thus, based on the results of validation expert and field tests, it can be concluded that the authentic assessment instruments have been valid and have a category of reliability which is very high, so the instrument is worthy to develop the character values of citizenship.

Dialoging with Bigger Thomas: A Reception History of Richard Wright’sNative Son

ABSTRACTThis essay develops a reception history of the Communist Party of the USA’s (CPUSA) responses to Richard Wright’s Native Son. Drawing on what Fiona Paton calls “cultural stylistics,” I argue that the voices residing in Native Son itself participated in the broader interpretive politics surrounding the novel. Specifically, Wright’s primary character, Bigger Thomas, functioned as a disruptive performance of blackness that revealed the limitations of communist orthodoxy for bringing expression to black subjectivity. I conclude by reflecting on the ways cultural stylistics poses salient ethical challenges to all of us who engage in the labor of critique.

Dialoging with Bigger Thomas: A Reception History of Richard Wright’s Native Son

ABSTRACTThis essay develops a reception history of the Communist Party of the USA’s (CPUSA) responses to Richard Wright’s Native Son. Drawing on what Fiona Paton calls “cultural stylistics,” I argue that the voices residing in Native Son itself participated in the broader interpretive politics surrounding the novel. Specifically, Wright’s primary character, Bigger Thomas, functioned as a disruptive performance of blackness that revealed the limitations of communist orthodoxy for bringing expression to black subjectivity. I conclude by reflecting on the ways cultural stylistics poses salient ethical challenges to all of us who engage in the labor of critique.

Reequilibration Processes Occurring in Plagioclase‐Hosted Melt Inclusions From Plagioclase Ultraphyric Basalts

AbstractPlagioclase‐hosted melt inclusions are infrequently used to investigate magmatic processes owing to the perception that they are less robust than olivine‐hosted inclusions. Based on a set of time series experiments ranging from 30 min to 4 days, we demonstrate that plagioclase‐hosted melt inclusions can preserve the original (primitive) magmatic signal if steps are taken to correct for post entrapment crystallization. Diffusion within plagioclase‐hosted melt inclusions is sufficiently fast that the melt inclusions can be homogenized within 30 min through heating experiments. As heating time increases, the composition of melt inclusions drifts. We attribute this longer‐term phenomenon to plastic deformation of the host plagioclase (crystal relaxation) inducing a decrease in the internal pressure in the melt inclusion combined with diffusion of elements across the host/melt inclusion interface. The rate of chemical reequilibration within melt inclusions is limited by the much slower rate of diffusion within the solid host. Indeed, the host/melt inclusion partition coefficient for MgO decreases by 25% from the 30‐min to the 4‐day experiments. Our results suggest that the primary character of plagioclase‐hosted melt inclusions can be recovered if one recognizes and corrects for the effects of the complex physical and chemical processes that occur during melt inclusion homogenization.

Heavy Metals Content and Pollution in Tin Tailings from Singkep Island, Riau, Indonesia

Instead of its economic impact, tin mining activities cause environmental problems. The tin occurrence which is related to tin-bearing alteration on S-type Muncung Granite and its mining history in Singkep Island describes in this study. This work assessed the heavy metals concentration in six tin tailings and two soils from Singkep using inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry in correlation to environmental hazard. Both primary and placer mining methods applied in tin excavations on the studied area. Concentration tendency of heavy metals in the six studied tailings samples is generally Cr>Pb>As>Ba≈V. The identical heavy metals trend represented by the three samples from Bukit Tumang might reflect a similar primary tailings character. On the other hand, anthropogenic activities and different surrounding rocks caused the dissimilarity of heavy metals pattern on placer wastes. Higher environmental problems are detected on the primary wastes than the placer one, especially arsenic and chrome. Severe arsenic pollution degree is also indicated in the soil sample just outside the mining location at Betong Village. Conservation and amelioration programs are useful in improving the environmental condition on studied locations.

A new family of dissimilarity metrics for discrete character matrices that include inapplicable characters and its importance for disparity studies.

The use of discrete character data for disparity analyses has become more popular, partially due to the recognition that character data describe variation at large taxonomic scales, as well as the increasing availability of both character matrices co-opted from phylogenetic analysis and software tools. As taxonomic scope increases, the need to describe variation leads to some characters that may describe traits not found across all the taxa. In such situations, it is common practice to treat inapplicable characters as missing data when calculating dissimilarity matrices for disparity studies. For commonly used dissimilarity metrics like Wills's GED and Gower's coefficient, this can lead to the reranking of pairwise dissimilarities, resulting in taxa that share more primary character states being assigned larger dissimilarity values than taxa that share fewer. We introduce a family of metrics that proportionally weight primary characters according to the secondary characters that describe them, effectively eliminating this problem, and compare their performance to common dissimilarity metrics and previously proposed weighting schemes. When applied to empirical datasets, we confirm that choice of dissimilarity metric frequently affects the rank order of pairwise distances, differentially influencing downstream macroevolutionary inferences.

Lactate dehydrogenase A: A key player in carcinogenesis and potential target in cancer therapy.

Elevated glycolysis remains a universal and primary character of cancer metabolism, which deeply depends on dysregulated metabolic enzymes. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) facilitates glycolytic process by converting pyruvate to lactate. Numerous researches demonstrate LDHA has an aberrantly high expression in multiple cancers, which is associated with malignant progression. In this review, we summarized LDHA function in cancer research. First, we gave an introduction of structure, location, and basic function of LDHA. Following, we discussed the transcription and activation mode of LDHA. Further, we focused on the function of LDHA in cancer bio‐characteristics. Later, we discussed the clinical practice of LDHA in cancer prevention and treatment. What we discussed gives a precise insight into LDHA especially in cancer research, which will contribute to exploring cancer pathogenesis and its handling measures.

Field Guides

In this article, Mike Pearson challenges what Guy Debord suggests is ‘the primary urban character’ of the dérive. Following a memorable encounter with a pair of European Nighjars, he reflects upon how birds might occasion, guide, lead and dramaturgically orchestrate drifting and upon choreographies of bird watching. How, in their quest, birds engender expectation and urgency, necessitating preparation – going equipped with specialist optical tools, clothing, footwear – and precipitating heightened senses of attention and concentration. How their appearance and encounter sets and punctuates the tempo and rhythm of the excursion. How this leads to adjustments: of timings – halting, lingering, waiting, rushing to follow; of ways of seeing – negotiating looking up and out simultaneously, getting one’s eye in, accustoming it to colour and movement in this terrain, oscillating between near and far, scanning, rapid shifting; of listening – cocking an ear, focusing direction. Above all, of posture, gait and locomotion: moving in slow motion, walking sideways, holding the body at odd angles, crouching, crawling, twitching. Conjuring improvised responses of concealment and revelation in relation to a landscape: of becoming attuned and absorbed – another feature of this place. How it prompts memories of similar occurrences here, of this place at different times, of these birds in other places … ‘Field Guides’ points of reference are J.A. Baker’s The Peregrine (1967) in which the author trails the raptor across the flat Essex marshes; Mark Cocker’s Crow Country (2012), the memoire of a ‘rook-following man’; John Berger’s essay ‘Field’ (1971) in which ‘Finches chasing each other from bush to bush’ might constitute a ‘first event’ – that fixes ones attention and that then leads you to apprehend further events within a field; and the hypotactic conflations of optic and haptic in John Clare’s poetry – ‘With every smell and sound and sight beguiled’ (‘The Village Boy’).

How Chain Length and Branching Influence the Alkene Cracking Reactivity on H-ZSM-5.

Catalytic alkene cracking on H-ZSM-5 involves a complex reaction network with many possible reaction routes and often elusive intermediates. Herein, advanced molecular dynamics simulations at 773 K, a typical cracking temperature, are performed to clarify the nature of the intermediates and to elucidate dominant cracking pathways at operating conditions. A series of C4–C8 alkene intermediates are investigated to evaluate the influence of chain length and degree of branching on their stability. Our simulations reveal that linear, secondary carbenium ions are relatively unstable, although their lifetime increases with carbon number. Tertiary carbenium ions, on the other hand, are shown to be very stable, irrespective of the chain length. Highly branched carbenium ions, though, tend to rapidly rearrange into more stable cationic species, either via cracking or isomerization reactions. Dominant cracking pathways were determined by combining these insights on carbenium ion stability with intrinsic free energy barriers for various octene β-scission reactions, determined via umbrella sampling simulations at operating temperature (773 K). Cracking modes A (3° → 3°) and B2 (3° → 2°) are expected to be dominant at operating conditions, whereas modes B1 (2° → 3°), C (2° → 2°), D2 (2° → 1°), and E2 (3° → 1°) are expected to be less important. All β-scission modes in which a transition state with primary carbocation character is involved have high intrinsic free energy barriers. Reactions starting from secondary carbenium ions will contribute less as these intermediates are short living at the high cracking temperature. Our results show the importance of simulations at operating conditions to properly evaluate the carbenium ion stability for β-scission reactions and to assess the mobility of all species in the pores of the zeolite.

High-grade superficial bladder tumors (PT1G3): Prognostic factors of recidive and progression

PT1G3 High-grade bladder tumors are superficial, poorly differentiated, they are characterized by there architectural disorganization and marked cytologic abnormalities. These tumors pose a diagnostic problem for the pathologist and a therapeutic problem for the urologist. The aim of this work is to study the predictive factors for recurrence and progression of pT1G3 bladder tumors. Material and method We undertook in this work a retrospective descriptive study, including 100 patients who were treated in the urology department between January 2010 and December 2012 at the University Hospital of Rabat (Morocco) for urothelial carcinoma classified T1G3. Rates of recurrence, progression were studied, and specific survival was done by the Kaplan–Meier method. The prognostic factors associated with this type of tumor were then investigated by Cox regression. The overall mean decline in the study was 53.7 months about 4.5 years. The patients were 91 (91%) men and 9 (9%) women. The average age of our patients was 58 years old with extremes ranging from 25 to 71 years old. Of the 100 patients in the study, 66 (66%) were classified T1G3 from the outset, while 34 were classified T1G3 during a recurrence (T1G3 secondary). Initial treatment consisted of deep and complete transurethral resection (RTU) in all patients. Follow-up of a BCG protocol therapy in 56 patients, among 56 (56%) patients who received BCG therapy 15 (26%) recidivated including 5 in progression, for another 44 (44%) patient group 30 (68%) recidivated, 12 of which were under progression. In univariate analysis, the significantly identified risk factors for recurrence were: tumor size > 5 cm (P = 0.01), multifocality of lesions and the lack of the adjuvant treatment to the transurethral resection of the bladder (P = 0.001) including BCG therapy. In multi-varied analysis, the significantly identified risk factors for progression and recurrence were: the presence of carcinoma in situ and the failure of BCG therapy (P = 0.001). The primary or secondary character of the tumor was not significant (P = 0.4). Thus, the difference in overall survival as a function of the initial or secondary status of T1G3 tumors was not significant when the other prognostic factors were taken into consideration. The results of this retrospective study suggest that T1G3 tumors can be safely controlled by the RTU + BCG combination. These results justify a good deep resection followed by a second resection at 6-week intervals and intravesical BCG instillations. This study also identifies PT1G3 patients at high-risk of recurrence and progression and requires close monitoring.

Predictive factors of failure of BCG therapy in high-level superficial bladder tumors

Introduction High-grade bladder tumors are superficial, poorly differentiated, they are characterized by there architectural disorganization and marked cytologic abnormalities. The treatment of superficial tumors of the bladder has a twofold objective: the first one is to reduce the frequency of local recurrences and, on the second one is to prevent progression towards muscular infiltration. Hence, the indication of the adjuvant treatment to the transurethral resection of the bladder. The purpose of our work is to study the predictive factors for the failure of intravesical BCG instillations in the management of these tumors. Failure was defined by the progression or recurrence of superficial high-grade bladder tumors. Material and method We undertook in this work a retrospective descriptive study, including 80 patients who were treated in the urology department “A” at the RABAT CHU for high-grade urothelial carcinoma PTa and PT1 between January 2010 and June 2013. Rates of recurrence, progression after BCG therapy were studied. The prognostic factors associated with this type of tumor were then sought after by Cox regression. The overall average decline in the study was 50 months or about 4.5 years. Results The patients were 71 men and 9 women. The average age of our patients was 60 years old with extremes ranging from 38 to 71 years old. At 50 months, 60% of patients treated with BCG therapy are free from recurrence. This rate is 69% for PTa tumors and 53% for pT1 tumors ( P = 0.03); 22 (27%) patients had a recurrence under the same histological grade in the first 24 months, 11 (13%) patients had tumor progression, 4 of which were infiltrating cystectomy treated. In univariate analysis, the significantly identified risk factors for recurrence were: multifocal lesions ( P = 0.001), presence of associated in situ carcinoma, vascular invasion ( P P = 0.001), and the lack of maintenance therapy with BCG therapy. The risk factors for progression were: the presence of CIS, the crossing of the lamina propria especially in PT1G3 tumors, and the size greater than 5 cm. In multi-varied analysis, the presence of CIS, crossing the lamina propria and the tumor size in case of tumor PT1G3 are the significant factors of the failure of BCG therapy ( P = 0.001). The primary or secondary character of the high histological grade of tumor, patient age and multifocality ( P = 0.4) were not significant. This multi-varied study also showed a strong correlation between tumor size and invasion of the lamina propria. Conclusion The results of this retrospective study suggest that high-grade tumors must be compulsorily controlled by BCG therapy with a maintenance protocol. This study also made it possible to select patients with very high-risk of recurrence and progression after BCG therapy who should receive close monitoring and cystectomy if BCG therapy fails.