Primary Career Research Articles

Factors Influencing the Selection of Dentistry as a Career Among Prospective Candidates: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to analyse the impact of sociodemographic factors on dental school candidates' decision to pursue dentistry as their career of choice. Candidates shortlisted by three dental schools were invited to participate in a self-administered questionnaire study, featuring a validated instrument containing sociodemographic questions and 16 motivational items grouped into four domains: economic, professional, vocational and personal background reasons. The variations in motivational item scores across sociodemographic factors were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test (age, sex, ethnicity, having relatives in the dental profession and dentistry as the first choice) and Kruskal-Wallis test (dental school and family income). A total of 295 dental school candidates participated in the study (Universiti Teknologi MARA: 137; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: 99; MAHSA University: 59). Approximately 95% of participants identified dentistry as their primary career choice, with the vocational motivation of 'I like to help people' being the most prominent motivational factor. Dental school emerged as the critical factor significantly influencing three quarters of the motivational items. Sex, ethnicity and having relatives in the dental profession were the remaining factors significantly associated with variations in certain motivational items. Both dental school and ethnicity significantly affected four motivational domains (economic, professional, vocational and personal background). This study provides an insightful overview of the sociodemographic factors that impact career decision-making among prospective dental students. The scores for most motivational items varied among shortlisted candidates in three dental schools. The findings hold implications for policy development in dentistry by universities and public policymakers.

Preliminary Evaluation of a Web-Based International Journal Club for Ketamine in Psychiatric Disorders: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

The use of novel rapid-acting antidepressants for psychiatric disorders is expanding. The web-based Ketamine and Related Compounds International Journal Club (KIJC) was created during the COVID-19 pandemic by UK academic psychiatrists and trainees for interested global professionals to discuss papers related to the topic of ketamine for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The KIJC aimed to facilitate bidirectional discussions, sharing of ideas, and networking among participants. The aim of this study is a preliminary evaluation of the journal club's format for satisfaction and impact after the first year of running. A website, email, and word of mouth were used for recruitment. The journal club was held twice per month using videoconferencing software in 3 parts: a 20-minute presentation, a 15-minute chaired question and answer session, and a 25-minute informal discussion with participants' cameras on. The first 2 parts were recorded and uploaded to the website alongside links to the corresponding papers. In total, 24 speakers presented from 8 countries, typically within 2 (SD 2) months of publication. The average attendance was 51 (SD 20) audience members, and there were 63 (SD 50) views of each subsequent recording. Two anonymous web-based cross-sectional surveys were conducted from November 2021 to February 2022, one for speakers and another for audience members, separately. Various survey statements, 14 for speakers and 12 for the audience, were categorized according to satisfaction and impact, alongside obtaining participants' primary career roles and requesting optional written feedback. Responses were compared between both groups and analyzed, including an inductive thematic analysis and a summary of lessons learned. A total of 30 survey responses were obtained, demonstrating overall agreement with the statements. In total, 12 (50%) out of 24 speakers and 18 (35%) out of an average of 51 (SD 20) audience members regarded the journal club's format as satisfying and impactful. The majority (26/30, 87%) of respondents identified as clinicians (9/30, 30%), researchers (9/30, 30%), and clinician-researchers (8/30, 27%). Additionally, 11 (37%) of the 30 respondents also provided optional written feedback: 3 (10%) speakers and 8 (27%) audience members. From the written feedback, 5 main themes were derived: engagement with the journal club, desire for active participation, improving the platform, positive learning experiences, and suggestions for future sessions. The journal club successfully reached its intended audience and developed into a web-based community. The majority of the participants were satisfied with the format and found it impactful. Overall, the journal club appears to be a valuable tool for knowledge sharing and community building in the field of ketamine use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. A larger sample size and additional testing methods are required to support the generalizability of the journal club's format.

Evaluation of the proper use of medication available over the counter by subsistence and emerging farmers in Mbombela Municipality, South Africa

South Africa has two types of animal farming systems, being the commercial industry and subsistence farming in more rural areas, with commercial farmers having more access to veterinary services. To cater for the absence of sufficient veterinary service, the country allows farmers to access certain over the counter medications (stock remedies), as a way to assist them to farm sustainably and profitably. However, with any drug use, their true benefits are only realized following correct use. The aim of this study was to describe and assess the adequacy of the current use of veterinary drugs by rural-based farmers. A scheduled structured questionnaire with close-ended questions and direct observation was employed. The most important finding was the absence of proper training in the area, with 82.9% not receiving any training related to livestock production or use/handling of stock remedies, highlighting the urgent need for proper training. Of interest, a large proportion of the farmers (57.5%) left the care of their animals to herders. Concerns were also noted in the application of withholding periods, transport of medication, disposal of medication, calculation of drug doses, correct route of administration and carcass disposal with no difference in response between farmers receiving training and those who didn’t. These finding not only indicates the importance of farmer training, but shows that for such training to be effective, information should not only cover farming activities but must include primary animal health care and an understanding of information contained in package leaflets. It would also be important to ensure that herdsmen are also included in such training initiatives as they are the primary careers of the animals.

Comparative Family Policies in Nordic World and China: Learning from Nordic Model to Help Chinese Women in Corporations

The Nordic countries, which have the least gender inequality, have introduced parental leave for fathers and mothers since the 1970s. China started to introduce parental leave for both parents in 2021. This essay will explain the two regions parental leave policies and how their parental leave systems help with gender inequality problems and reduce womens disadvantages in the corporations. Then, the essay will analyse whether China can import the Nordic policy system to reduce the inequality gap and the disadvantages of women in corporations. This essay finds that China could import the longer duration of parental leave policies from the Nordic world so that more time is available for the parents to take care of their children. Also, China could import the reserved fathers leave system to increase the rate of fathers participation in child-caring. Nevertheless, there might be barriers from the company level that the companies might not expect the male workers to spend more time at home-caring. Another barrier might be from Confucian culture that there are deep-rooted beliefs of women being the primary career home, which could stop or slow down the development of family policies shifting into a less male-breadwinner model.

Adolescent parent perceptions on sustainable career opportunities and building employability capitals for future work

ABSTRACT As primary career influencers, parents must support adolescent children in navigating evolving and increasingly challenging employment landscapes. Using a capitals lens, this study explores secondary school parents’ capacity to provide informed career advice and their perceptions on factors known to enhance youth employability and employment prospects. Survey data were collected from 301 Australian secondary school parents to examine their understanding of sustainable youth career opportunities, what can aid youth’s employment prospects, and their utilisation of available resources to support career advice for adolescents. While parents’ perceptions of opportunities by sector and industry aligned with wider thinking, many lacked awareness of contemporary trends impacting on youth career progression, did not engage with external career resources, and were not confident in their understanding of youth labour markets. Some recognised the importance of cultural and psychological capital for securing and sustaining employment, yet undervalued aspects of human capital (work experience) and social capital (networks). Variations in parent perspectives by education level and their own career experiences highlights the need for targeted strategies to better support parents in providing informed career advice for future adolescents’ success.

A Moderating Role of Social Intelligence and Creativity During Primary Career Exploration in Late Adolescence

IntroductionCareer self-exploration activities can be defined as orienting oneself in one’s own vocational interests, skills, job, and organizational characteristics and as an important career pre-decision stage (Stumpf et al., 1983). Effective career exploratory behaviors are associated with less anxiety regarding uncertainty and difficulties during first career decision-making (Storme, Celik, 2017; Xu et al., 2014). In Study 1, we showed that productive career self-exploration in adolescence is associated with a high level of tolerance for uncertainty (TU) (Chesnokova, Churbanova et al., 2022).ObjectivesThe aim of Study 2 was to compare the social intelligence (SI) and creativity (Cr) of students with high and low level career adapt-abilities applied to present and prospective future career decisions.MethodsParticipants were 67 students (15-17 years old). SI was assessed by O’Sullivan & Guilford’s Tests (1966), Cr was measured by CAP consisted of Test of Divergent Thinking and Test of Divergent Feeling (Williams, 1980). Career adapt-abilities were estimated by CAAS (Savickas & Porfeli, 2012; Pryazhnikov, 2016).ResultsTwo contrast clusters based on SI and Cr mediated by TU level were analysed. One cluster included students with high pragmatic motivation concerning career path choice. There were students with high TU, high SI and cognitive Cr and low level of Divergent Feeling who focusing on nearest obstacles like entrance exams and distant professional future (professional revenues, social status and on task-oriented content). They are open to new career experiences and flexible in career choice (at r .56, p .001), but they lack social intelligence’s diplomatic techniques and cognitively complicated interpersonal situational awareness. They mostly rely on academic aptitude and self-efficacy. The second cluster of students was made up of those with low TU, average to low SI, and high levels of divergent feelings. They exhibited less pragmatist motivation and active career exploratory behaviors regarding both immediate and long-term professional paths, professional values, the human aspects of potential careers, the social structure of professional society, and the need to use emotional intelligence when interacting with clients and working in teams. They rely on social support from professional representatives and teachers during their career decision making.ConclusionsIn sum, SI and Divergent feelings may be significant mediators in the development of career adaptability and realistic self-perceived confidence in task-oriented content as well as interpersonal specificity of professional social environments. To reduce stress and anxiety of prospective students, the development of self-efficacy and motivation should be given priority over just academic readiness for exams and narrow professional skills.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

An Intended or Alternative Profession?: ELL Undergraduates’ Attitudes towards Being an English Teacher

Purpose: Prospective teachers are trained with essential knowledge and skills in teacher education programs of all teaching fields at education faculties of universities in Turkiye. In addition, graduates of specific departments at faculties also have a chance to become a teacher by successfully completing pedagogical formation certificate programs. Thus, it is a matter of question what the main purpose of undergraduate students when beginning to study or studying at these departments is: becoming a teacher or not. Along with this inquiry, this paper presents a quantitative study focusing on reasons for department choice of undergraduates studying at English Language and Literature (ELL) department and their attitudes towards being a language teacher within the scope of teacher self-efficacy beliefs.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Data of this quantitative study were collected from 220 undergraduates studying at English Language and Literature department of a state university in Turkiye by administering scales on the research purpose.
 Findings: The findings suggested that the primary reason reported was an interest in the department with knowledge and skills to be gained, which was followed by becoming an English language teacher with high level of teacher self-efficacy.
 Highlights: Even though there is no explicit focus on becoming an English teacher as part of curricula of non-ELT departments, undergraduates studying at these programs consider being an English teacher as the primary career option, which could lead to a need to evaluate curricula of these programs and teacher education.

Educational Aspirations among the Students of Manipur University, India

Educational aspirations provide students valuable insights that can inform educational policies, improve career guidance, promote equitable opportunities leading to better educational outcomes, and increase success in students’ future careers. This study examined the educational aspirations of students in 2021 at Manipur University, India. A structured interview schedule was designed, and data were collected from 160 students through stratified random sampling from five Schools of studies of the postgraduate students of the University. Students in the School of Human and Environmental Sciences showed the highest Achievement Likelihood of Educational Aspiration Index (ALEAI). Study reveals that the majority of the students wanted to pursue higher education. Students’ primary career advice was found to be their interests. Students were also motivated about their career choice mainly by their parents’ support, followed by the influence of TV, radio, social media, and other media. Students should also be encouraged and empowered to decide on and stand for their right career. The study suggests that it is necessary to review the influences, programmes, and different factors affecting students at all stages of their education.

PENGARUH PROFESIONALISME DAN MORALITAS PELAKSANA WERVING TERHADAP KUALITAS TAMTAMA PRAJURIT KARIR TNI ANGKATAN LAUT

This research was conducted to determine the effect of professionalism and morality of werving implementers on the quality of the TNI AL's primary career soldiers. This study uses a quantitative method, where the data collected is analyzed in stages starting from the validity and reliability tests of the instruments of professionalism and morality and the quality of the recruitment results, then followed by a normality test using the Kolomogorov-Smirnov test method. The data were obtained from questionnaires of 54 Lapetal personnel. The results of this study using SPSS-25 concluded that the professionalism of werving executors was 18.4% and the morality of the werving implementers had an effect of 6.7% on the quality of the recruits for enlisted soldiers of the Navy's career soldiers. That is, simultaneously the professionalism and morality of the werving implementers has an effect value of 26.4% on the quality of the enlisted recruitment results of the Navy's career soldiers, the remaining 73.6% is influenced by other factors that are not examined.

The role of social intelligence and creativity as personal resources for coping with uncertainty during primary career self-determination in late adolescence

IntroductionSocial intelligence (SI) and creativity (Cr) are resources to develop adaptive coping strategies and positive emotions that can help combat feelings of fragility and vulnerability caused by uncertainty during primary career self-determination as the developmental task in late adolescence.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to compare SI and Cr of students with high and low level of tolerance for uncertainty (TU) during two last years in the middle school.MethodsParticipants were 200 students (15-17 years old). The level of TU was estimated by Budner’s scale (Kornilova, 2010). Social intelligence was assessed by O’Sullivan & Guilford’s Tests, creativity was measured by CAP. In addition, we estimate career adapt-abilities applied to present and prospective future career decisions.ResultsTwo contrast clusters based on TU level were analysed. The level of SI and Cr were various within each group. There appears to be an association between TU and career adapt-abilities (at r ∼ .37, p < .05). Mostly female students with low level of TU and above average scores on SI and Cr demonstrate the effective coping strategy dealing with stress (at r ∼ .45, p < .01) emotionally focus on nearest professional future, seek social support. Coping strategy of students with high TU, SI and Cr is focusing on nearest and distant professional future, on task-oriented content and the social status of the future profession. They are open to new career experience and flexibility in the use of future professional skills (at r ∼ .56, p < .001).ConclusionsEmploying their SI and Cr give new opportunities to understand and prevent the development of stress and provide age-specific support to prospective students during primary career self-determination.DisclosureResearch is supported by the Russian Humanitarian Research Foundation, project No. 18-013-01067.

A Modified CREATE Approach for Introducing Primary Literature Into Psychological Sciences Courses

Background Previous research has indicated positive changes in student perceptions of primary literature using the CREATE primary literature approach (a collection of guide tools for reading primary literature). Objective The objective of this research was to examine how a modification of the CREATE approach relates to student perceptions of primary literature and STEM career interest in psychological sciences courses. Method The CREATE approach was modified for use as a one-time project and assessed in (a) two course levels (introductory-level and senior level) and (b) two course deliveries (face-to-face and online). Participants filled out a survey with six factor perceptions of primary literature and STEM careers before and after project administration. Results After project completion, there was a significant increase in perceptions of primary literature (five of the six factors), but not STEM career interest. Conclusion There were significant increases over time (pre- to post-survey) in five of the six factors of perceptions of primary literature, but there was no change in the “thinking like a scientist” factor or STEM career interest. Teaching Implications This one-time project can concurrently be administered with textbook-based curriculum in online or face-to-face psychological sciences courses to introduce students to primary literature.

Crafting latex-coated fabrics: An experimental study with a local material of southern Thailand

This article presents an experimental study of patterns created on latex-coated fabric by applying artistic and local craft techniques to create value-added aesthetics. The study sample was a southern community enterprise group in Southern Thailand, where the primary career was growing rubber trees. At present, rubber latex is used to coat fabrics in agricultural products such as artificial flooring pound, lime planting and planting trees for propagation. The experimental creative research was set up with the latex formula used for ponds or planting containers, local, readily available fabrics and techniques that can be applied by the community enterprise. The results found that the latex formula needed to be adjusted to reduce the stickiness so that it was suitable for particular pattern-making techniques. Using latex, it was possible to mix it with poster paint, acrylic paint, latex pigment and coloured latex to create other new colours. The rubber coating material was excellent in terms of water, and friction resistance, was washable and durable. The resulting coatings were combined with different textile techniques and applied as a material to enhance the aesthetics of other fabric and rubber-based products. The experiment resulted in new ways to create added value in the field of aesthetics to develop handicrafts imbued with local cultural identity. This innovative crafting process has the potential to be developed in association with a wide range of products, while increasing the economic value of rubber and the sustainability of the community.

Evaluation of the guess project results (global student entrepreneurship survey) in the context of the influence of primary career experience on graduate choice (international aspect)

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the results of the GUESSS project in the context of building career plans for students. The GUESSS project explores the entrepreneurial spirit of students globally and spans 54 countries around the world. The materials of the project are used to carry out scientific works and publications in the world’s leading journals. Entrepreneurship has become an important part of the learning process. The development of students’ entrepreneurial skills is of great importance at the present stage. OECD countries take into account and develop their youth entrepreneurship programs based on projects like GUESSS. Current labor market trends are destroying utopian models of “well-paid” jobs in a global competitive environment. Digitalization, the economy of smart cities, sustainable development and shared consumption, new trends in healthcare, retail, mass communications and tourism create new opportunities for the development of private entrepreneurship. In the study of the career preferences of students from different countries, one can consider the general tendencies characteristic of modern youth. The article assesses the career preferences of five different countries that are very different in terms of GDP, demographic and socio-cultural characteristics. The assessment of changes in the career preferences of students immediately after graduation and five years after gaining career experience is carried out.

The author and the piano student: The transferability of the creative process in practice

Sustaining a career in music by pursuing multiple paths, usually performing and teaching, is neither new nor unusual. In this article, I consider another option—the musician-writer—to demonstrate how the process used to create in one’s primary field or career path may be transferrable to the pursuit of new endeavors. Analyzing and comparing the process of writing my book about piano teachers and studying the fourth movement of the Schubert Sonata in A Major, using a framework extrapolated from my experiences as a writer and piano student, reveals similarities between these seemingly different endeavors. Written prior to the pandemic, the message of transferability is even more important now, given the immediate and long-term challenges to performing and teaching music, which demand alternative approaches (e.g., podcasts and music lessons via Zoom). Exploring the questions raised in this article should assist a performer, teacher, or student to identify their personal creative process and facilitate its conscious, deliberate, and systematic transfer to other endeavors and fields to sustain a career in music.

Mechanisms for Hopeful Employee Career Development in COVID-19: A Hope-Action Theory Perspective

The Problem Under the pandemic, employees face unique career challenges depending on their contexts and situations. For example, essential workers need to find ways for themselves and their families to be safe. Remote workers need to learn about new ways of working and communicating. In addition, for displaced or soon-to-be displaced workers, a job search is a primary career concern. The Solution All agents—the organization, supervisors, and employees—can take actions to help employees sustain hope in their careers and recover from the pandemic. This study outcome which involves 257 intervention ideas can be utilized to support the career development of four different types of workers by employing the Hope-Action Theory framework. The Stakeholders The results of this study can guide Human Resource Development (HRD) practitioners and researchers in assisting employee career development by engaging the entire organization, supervisors, and employees. Organizational leaders and employees can also benefit directly from the study results.

Pop-Up Book of Profession as a Career Service Media for Elementary School Students

Career awareness is part of the career maturity that a child needs to achieve and needs to be provided at the primary school level. One of the media used by counselors/teachers in delivering career counseling services for elementary school children is Pop-up Book. This research is a type of development research that uses the Research and Development (R&D) technique developed by Borg and Gall until the revision stage of the test results of prospective product users. The research sample was selected using the simple random sampling technique. The research subjects were elementary school students in grade 6. The researcher involved three experts validates to assess the level, relevance, accuracy, readability, and feasibility of the media (material experts, media experts, and elementary school education experts). The instruments used were an assessment scale and a readability questionnaire for trials on elementary students. The data obtained were quantitative and qualitative data and were analyzed by manual counting using formulas. The professional pop-up book as a medium for primary school student career services developed by researchers has fulfilled relevance, accuracy, readability, and feasibility. These media are declared valid and can be used as alternative media to provide career information services for elementary school students. The results of expert testing and testing of prospective product users obtained 80.2 results with very feasible criteria to be applied and used as an alternative media for guidance and counseling services.

LACK OF FUNDING AND LONG-TERM JOB SECURITY THREATENS TO HAVE PROFOUND EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCHER RETENTION IN AUSTRALIA

Objective: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Australia, yet funding has stagnated in recent years, resulting in economic challenges within the cardiovascular research sector. Here we investigated the challenges faced by cardiovascular researchers in Australia as an initiative of the Emerging Leaders Committee of the Australian Cardiovascular Alliance (ACvA). Design and method: We developed a questionnaire, which was distributed via email and social media to ACvA members, Australian cardiovascular societies, councils, universities and research institutes for 6 months during April-November 2019. Results: There were 548 completed responses (out of 703, 80%). The respondents primary career stage was group leader or laboratory head (40%) followed by post-doctoral (33%), most were females (53%), and 31% reported career interruptions, especially parental leave. Only 23% had permanent (ongoing) employment. Eighty one percent of full-time workers said they regularly work more than 40 hours per week, and 85% were not compensated for overtime work. Sixty eight percent said they have considered leaving the cardiovascular research sector. If their position could not be funded in the next few years, 43% would consider leaving Australia to work in cardiovascular research overseas, and only 9% said they would not leave the sector. Greater job security (76%) and government investment in cardiovascular research (71%) were highlighted as the main strategies for retaining cardiovascular researchers in the sector in Australia. Compared to male cardiovascular researchers, women were less likely to be a laboratory head, hold secure funding or have confidence in a long-term career path as cardiovascular researcher, and were more likely to consider leaving the sector (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our survey suggests that the current lack of funding in cardiovascular research, combined with a lack of long-term job security, threatens to have profound effects on cardiovascular researcher retention in Australia, especially for women. Strategies to increase retention and address the issues highlighted by our survey are urgently needed.

Lawyers and Non-Lawyers in International Arbitration: Discovering Diminishing Diversity

This paper highlights a curious lack of diversity within the proliferating discourse about the lack of diversity in international arbitration. There is hardly any awareness or at least sustained discussion about limited diversity of professional backgrounds, and more specifically the dominance nowadays of those with practising lawyer positions or primary careers, across the key groups and publication outlets for international arbitration. Yet this encroachment of lawyers was still being contested in the 1990s, as being linked to burgeoning costs and delays, and such “formalisation” has been re-emerging in recent years. Diversifying the world of international arbitration to involve more non-lawyers, including academics, could promote various other objectives too, as outlined in the introduction. This paper therefore analyses empirically the ways lawyers have come to dominate key nodes of influence within the world of international arbitration. Part I looks at key general associations or organisations promoting international arbitration, including their leadership and presenters at symposiums. Part II focuses on various arbitration centres globally, which actually administer cases. Part III examines contributions to some key arbitration journals, an influential book series, and a widely-read Blog. The conclusion reiterates that restoring more non-lawyers in the world of international arbitration should help not only to reduce formalisation and inefficiencies in international arbitration, but also have various other salutary effects, including potentially improving gender diversity.

Is the profession of dentistry losing its yesteryear's glory? An exploratory study from dental students' perspective.

The regard for dentistry as a profession has been declining over the recent years in light of the increasing number of dental students graduating per year with negligible improvement in the utilization of oral health care services. In this context, it is important to document the perceptions and apprehensions of the current dental students as these feelings would have an influence on the roles they assume as dentists in future. With this background, this study attempts to document the willingness of dental students from three South Indian states to re-choose dentistry given an opportunity. This cross-sectional survey was conducted among house surgeons from 12 dental institutions, 4 each from the southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Tamilnadu. The semi-structured questionnaire used in this study consisted of five primary questions along with details on the participants' gender, type of admission. It aimed at documenting the willingness to re-choose dentistry given an opportunity, and the reasons for their willingness or otherwise. A total of 822 students constituted the final sample. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyse the data. Majority of the study participants were from Tamil Nadu, not reported dentistry as their primary career choice, and demonstrated reluctance in re-choosing dentistry given an opportunity. A significantly higher percentage of dental students from Tamil Nadu reported dentistry as their first professional choice. This observation persisted in the response of students for the question on their willingness to re-choose dentistry. The study results demonstrate the declining interest and regard for dentistry among the current dental students with nominal variations between students from the three South Indian states.

The carrier attitudes of graduates of medical university

The article considers issues of professional orientation of future medical students. Their professional and career attitudes were identified. The percentage of students (19%) was determined who already at the stage of education have no plans to work in health care area, partly due to disappointment in their choice of profession. It is established that primary professional career paths for graduates of medical universities are admission to clinical residency (67%) and work in hospital. It is noted that the percentage of graduates wishing to work in private sector of medical services reached 20%. The respondents indicated among causes of problematic employment of graduated professionals lack of experience, lack of knowledge, low wages and overrated expectations of graduates themselves. It is recommended to improve quality of professional selection of applicants, to increase the degree of possession of practical skills and applied knowledge, to ensure increasing of accessibility of clinical residency training and to expand financial support of graduates of medical universities.