Primary Bone Tumors Research Articles

Global research development of chondrosarcoma from 2003 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis.

Chondrosarcomas are common primary malignant bone tumors; however, comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this field has not yet been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the research hotspots and trends in the field of chondrosarcoma through bibliometric analysis to help researchers understand the current status and direction of research in the field. Articles and reviews related to chondrosarcoma published between 2003 and 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science. Countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords in this field were visualized and analyzed using CtieSpace and VOSviewer software. Between 2003 and 2022, 4,149 relevant articles were found. The number of articles published on chondrosarcoma has increased significantly annually, mainly from 569 institutions in China and the United States, and 81 in other countries. In total, 904 authors participated in the publication of studies related to chondrosarcomas. Over the past 20years, articles on chondrosarcoma have been published in 958 academic journals, with Skeletal Radiology having the highest number of publications. Furthermore, keywords such as "gene expression," "radiotherapy," "experience," and "apoptosis" have been popular in recent years. Over the past 20years, the global trend in chondrosarcoma research has primarily been clinical research, with basic research as a supplement. In the future, communication and exchange between countries and institutions should be strengthened. Further, the future main research hotspots in the field of chondrosarcoma include mutated genes and signaling pathways, precision surgical treatment, proton therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other aspects.

A novel non-invasive electromagnetic extendable intercalary endoprosthesis: a proof-of-concept study.

Introduction: Femur and tibia are the most commonly affected sites for primary malignant bone tumors in children. The wide resection of the tumor frequently requires the physis to be resected. The normal growth of the unaffected limb will result in a significant limb length discrepancy at skeletal maturity. To compensate for this resulting LLD, different generations of extendible endoprostheses have been developed. Non-invasive extendable prostheses eliminate the need for surgical procedures and general anesthesia, enabling gradual and painless lengthening. Currently available non-invasive extendable prostheses focus on joint reconstruction, and no case series analysis of intercalary non-invasive extendable prosthesis has been reported. Therefore, we have designed a novel non-invasive electromagnetic extendable intercalary endoprosthesis. Methods: In vitro mechanical experiments and in vivo animal experiments were conducted. Results: In vitro experiments have confirmed that the prosthetics can extend at a constant rate, increasing by 4.4mm every 10min. The average maximum extension force during prosthetic elongation can reach 1306N. In animal in vivo experiments, the extension process is smooth and non-invasive, and the sheep is in a comfortable state. Discussion: The in vitro and in vivo animal studies provide evidence to support the extension reliability, laying the foundation for future large-scale validation experiments.

Philosophies And Surgical Techniques for Ewing's Sarcoma of Spine with Review of Literature.

Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a malignant and aggressive bony tumor affecting the most common age group of 5-20 years. It constitutes 10%-15% of all bone sarcomas and is the second most common primary malignant bone tumor after osteosarcoma. It usually presents with pain, which is typically constant and progressive in nature. The primary source of pain is due to the instability of the spine to support the weight of the body, the vertebral body's expanding cortices due to the growing mass, compression of nerve roots due to tumour mass, pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and invasion of tissue by the tumour mass. We reviewed the literature on Ewing's Sarcoma of the spine to evaluate its etiology, clinical presentations, differential diagnosis, imaging modalities and management with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical management. PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Cochrane key articles were searched. Keywords like 'Ewing's Sarcoma,' 'Spine,' 'etiology,' 'treatment,' 'surgical management,' and 'en bloc resection' were used. The current management of Ewing's sarcoma of the spine usually involves three primary modalities: combination chemotherapy, surgery and/or radiotherapy. Recent improvements in combination chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide +/- Ifosfamide and etoposide) are among the most significant factors for improving survival. Also, recent advancements in radiotherapy, instrumentation, and fusion techniques in surgical management have been demonstrated to improve local disease control and overall survival. Primary Ewing sarcoma of the spine is a rare condition affecting the most common age group of 5-20 years, accounting for 1-3 cases/million/year. About 5 % of cases have spine involvement. Recent improvements in combination chemotherapy have improved the overall survival rates. Enbloc resection and/or radiotherapy have improved local control of the disease.

Exploring the Impact of Exosomal Cargos on Osteosarcoma Progression: Insights into Therapeutic Potential.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor with high metastasis. Poor prognosis highlights a clinical need for novel therapeutic strategies. Exosomes, also known as extracellular vesicles, have been identified as essential players in the modulation of cancer. Recent studies have suggested that OS-derived exosomes can drive pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic phenotypes by transferring specific cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, to neighboring cells, significantly impacting the regulation of cellular processes. This review discusses the advancement of exosomes and their cargos in OS. We examine how these exosomes contribute to the modulation of cellular phenotypes associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, we explore the potential of exosomes as valuable biomarkers for diagnostics and prognostic purposes and their role in shaping innovative therapeutic strategies in OS treatment development.

Delivery of miRNAs Using Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is the predominant primary malignant bone tumor that poses a significant global health challenge. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate gene expression are associated with osteosarcoma pathogenesis. Thus, miRNAs are potential therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma. Nanoparticles, widely used for targeted drug delivery, facilitate miRNA-based osteosarcoma treatment. Numerous studies have focused on miRNA delivery using nanoparticles to inhibit the progress of osteosarcoma. Polymer-based, lipid-based, inorganic-based nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles were used to deliver miRNAs for the treatment of osteosarcoma. They can be modified to enhance drug loading and delivery capabilities. Also, miRNA delivery was combined with traditional therapies, for example chemotherapy, to treat osteosarcoma. Consequently, miRNA delivery offers promising therapeutic avenues for osteosarcoma, providing renewed hope for patients. This review emphasizes the studies utilizing nanoparticles for miRNA delivery in osteosarcoma treatment, then introduced and summarized the nanoparticles in detail. And it also discusses the prospects for clinical applications.

A Systemic Review of Primary Malignant Long Bone Tumors in Children and Adolescents.

Managing bone tumours is complex, relying on limited evidence, expert opinions, and retrospective reviews. Multidisciplinary approaches and early diagnosis are crucial for better outcomes, especially in young patients with growing skeletons. The aim of this systemic review and meta-analysis is to give a comprehensive review of common malignant tumors affecting long bones in children and adolescents. A PubMed/Medline search for "primary malignant long bone tumours in children" initially retrieved 1120 papers, which were subsequently narrowed down to 110 articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. These articles were reviewed, focusing on clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, treatment options, surgical planning, and variations in presentation, including rare tumours. The two most commonly reported tumours were osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, leading to the division of studies into five groups. The inclusion criteria encompassed malignancies in patients aged 2-25 years, work-up, imaging, surgical treatment, rare tumour case reports, and surgical management principles, resulting in a heterogeneous group of articles. To enhance categorisation, it was clarified that studies with 10 or more cases were considered retrospective reviews. Reviewing of results thus demonstrate that the two likely tumours in children under consideration were osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. Their presentation findings and clinical features were discussed in detail in the review. It is worth noting here that in case of differential diagnosis this should be the first on the list. Although focus of literature is more on the two most common tumours. However, rare tumours should be considered as they can mimic these common tumors. primary, malignant, bone tumors, children, adolescent.

Circular RNA IARS modulates the progression and ferroptosis of osteosarcoma via sponging miR-188-5p from RAB14.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common primary bone tumor in children and adolescents. Circular RNA (circRNA)-IARS acts as an oncogene in multiple human tumors. However, the circ-IARS function in OS is unclear. This research aimed to elucidate the roles and mechanisms of circ-IARS in OS. In this study, circ-IARS expressions were raised in OS tissues and cells. circ-IARS expressions were closely related to clinical stage and distant metastasis. Furthermore, overall survival rates were reduced in OS patients with high circ-IARS levels. Also, silencing circ-IARS weakened OS cell proliferation and invasion, yet enhanced cell ferroptosis. Mechanistically, circ-IARS targeted miR-188-5p to regulate RAB14 expressions in OS cells. Moreover, circ-IARS knockdown repressed OS cell proliferation, invasion, and induced ferroptosis, yet these impacts were abolished by co-transfection with anti-miR-188-5p or pcDNA-RAB14. Meanwhile, interference with circ-IARS reduced OS cell proliferation, and decreased RAB14 (a member of the RAS oncogene family), GPX4, and xCT (crucial ferroptosis regulators) expressions in vivo. In conclusion, circ-IARS facilitated OS progression via miR-188-5p/RAB14.

Chronic Pain and Bone-Related Pathologies: A Narrative Review.

Pain related to bone may occur as a result of trauma, bone fracture, genetic disease, arthritis, benign or malignant primary bone tumors and bone cancer metastases. We discuss the pathophysiology of chronic bone-related pain, treatment options and therapeutic perspectives. Using predefined terms, we searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar for meta-analyses, evidence-based reviews, and clinical practice guidelines. This narrative article reviews pathologies linked to chronic bone pain and discusses the preventive and therapeutic strategies for better bone pain management. Pathophysiology of bone-related pain is complex, especially in cancer conditions and missing gaps are underlined. Treatment of pain, after adequate evaluation, includes classical analgesics, adjuvants for neuropathic and refractory pain, specific bone drugs, surgery and non-pharmacological approaches. Prevention of chronic bone pain encompasses prevention of central sensitization and of causal diseases. Translational research, drug repurposing, an interdisciplinary approach and a person-centered assessment to evaluate, beyond pain, physical, social and functional abilities, are proposed future directions to improve chronic bone pain management and optimize independence and quality of life. Chronic bone-related pain is frequent and is associated with an impairment of quality of life. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology of chronic bone pain, describe treatment approaches and envisage new avenues for pain alleviation. Our article will help doctors manage chronic bone pain and address unmet needs for future research to alleviate bone-related pain.

Limb Salvage Surgery - Microsurgical Reconstructions of Extensive Defects after Primary Bone Tumor Resections Among Pediatric Patients

Limb Salvage Surgery - Microsurgical Reconstructions of Extensive Defects after Primary Bone Tumor Resections Among Pediatric Patients

Exploring the effects of taurolidine on tumor weight and microvessel density in a murine model of osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant primary bone tumor. The prognosis for patients with disseminated disease remains very poor despite recent advancements in chemotherapy. Moreover, current treatment regimens bear a significant risk of serious side effects. Thus, there is an unmet clinical need for effective therapies with improved safety profiles. Taurolidine is an antibacterial agent that has been shown to induce cell death in different types of cancer cell lines. In this study, we examined both the antineoplastic and antiangiogenic effects of taurolidine in animal models of osteosarcoma. K7M2 murine osteosarcoma cells were injected, both intramuscular and intraperitoneal, into 60 BALB/c mice on day zero. Animals were then randomized to receive treatment with taurolidine 2% (800 mg/kg), taurolidine 1% (400 mg/kg), or NaCl 0.9% control for seven days by intravenous or intraperitoneal administration. After 35 days, mice were euthanized, and the tumors were harvested for analysis. Eighteen mice were excluded from the analysis due to complications. Body weight was significantly lower in the 2% taurolidine intraperitoneal treatment group from day 9 to 21, consistent with elevated mortality in this group. Intraperitoneal tumor weight was significantly lower in the 1% (p = 0.003) and 2% (p = 0.006) intraperitoneal taurolidine treatment groups compared to the control. No antineoplastic effects were observed on intramuscular tumors or for intravenous administration of taurolidine. There were no significant differences in microvessel density or mitotic rate between treatment groups. Reduced body weight and elevated mortality in the 2% taurolidine intraperitoneal group suggest that the lower 1% dose is preferable. In conclusion, there is no evidence of antiangiogenic activity, and the antitumor effects of taurolidine on osteosarcoma observed in this study are limited. Moreover, its toxic profile grants further evaluation. Given these observations, further research is necessary to refine the use of taurolidine in osteosarcoma treatment.

Fully Endoscopic Resection of Frontal Osteomas.

Osteomas are the most common primary bone tumors of the calvaria, with an incidence of less than 0.5%. In skull vault osteomas, the exostotic form that grows from the outer table is more common than the enostotic ones which arise from the inner table and grow intracranially. Osteomas of the forehead are very noticeable and disfiguring; patients usually seek medical advice for cosmetic reasons. Forehead osteomas were traditionally excised via either a direct incision over the lesion using the naturally occurring creases or a conventional bicoronal flap. More recently, endoscopic approaches for excision of forehead osteomas were introduced. The results were very encouraging and the technique was adopted by many groups worldwide yet with many technical variations. In this chapter we elaborate on the surgical technique and nuances of the fully endoscopic resection of frontal osteomas. From a prospective database of endoscopic procedures maintained by the senior author, clinical data, imaging studies, operative charts, and videos of cases of forehead osteomas were retrieved and analyzed. The pertinent literature was also reviewed. The surgical technique of the fully endoscopic resection of frontal osteomas was formulated. The endoscopic technique has many advantages over the conventional procedures. In our hands, the technique has proven to be less time-consuming, efficient, and minimally invasive with excellent cosmetic results.

COMPARISON OF LIMB SALVAGE WITH MEGA PROSTHESIS VERSUS AUTO GRAFT RECONSTRUCTION AFTER CRYOTHERAPY IN LIMB SARCOMA PATIENTS

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, with children and adolescents being the most at-risk population. It accounts for 2% of all childhood tumors. The main goal of this study was to compare the use of limb salvage with mega prosthesis versus auto graft reconstruction after cryotherapy in patients with limb sarcoma. This retrospective study was conducted at Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry Darul Sehat Hospital Karachi from June 2023 to August 2023. The data was collected with the permission of the hospital's ethical committee. A standard uniform management protocol was adopted for each case. All patients were skeletally immature, with the predicted overall growth of less than 3 cm calculated using the Multiplier method. The data was collected from 45 patients with a mean age of 13.8±4.6 years. The predominant type of tumor was Osteosarcoma (77.14%) followed by Ewing Sarcoma and Chondrosarcoma. Five patients required a more extended hospital stay after mega prosthesis as compared to the other group. It is concluded that patients with limb sarcomas treated with Mega prosthesis had better functional outcomes than those treated with autograft reconstruction after cryotherapy.

Osteosarcoma: Epidemiology, genetic mutations, and therapeutic strategies

Osteosarcoma accounts for about 3% of all childhood cancers and is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. It primarily peaks in adolescence, around the age of 15 - 19. However, it is still possible for adults to be affected by osteosarcoma. Current treatment for osteosarcoma includes a combination of surgical resection and chemotherapy. However, the increasing resistance to chemotherapy drugs has led to an increase in disease mortality. In addition, its complex genetic underpinnings contribute to its aggressive behavior and resistance to current therapies. This review explores osteosarcoma's epidemiology, potential risk factors, molecular mechanisms, and current diagnostic and treatment strategies. The disease exhibits a bimodal age distribution, with variations across racial and ethnic groups. Distinct genetic mutations, including TP53 and RB1, disrupt cell cycle regulation and drive uncontrolled proliferation. Despite advances in treatment, challenges such as resistance to chemotherapy persist. Emerging targeted therapies, including MDM2 and CDK4/6 inhibitors, offer promise, but further research is essential. The multifaceted nature of osteosarcoma necessitates collaborative efforts to enhance understanding, refine diagnostics, and develop innovative therapies.

Investigating cell death responses associated with histotripsy ablation of canine osteosarcoma

Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequently occurring primary bone tumor in dogs and people and innovative treatment options are profoundly needed. Histotripsy is an emerging tumor ablation modality, and it is essential for the clinical translation of histotripsy to gain knowledge about the outcome of nonablated tumor cells that could remain postablation. The objective of this study was to characterize the cell death genetic signature and proliferation response of canine OS cells post a near complete histotripsy ablation (96% ± 1.5) and to evaluate genetic cell death signatures associated with histotripsy ablation and OS in vivo. Methods In the current study, we ablated three canine OS cell lines with a histotripsy dose that resulted in near complete ablation to allow for a viable tumor cell population for downstream analyses. To assess the in vivo cell death genetic signature, we characterized cell death genetic signature in histotripsy-ablated canine OS tumors collected 24-h postablation. Results Differential gene expression changes observed in the 4% viable D17 and D418 cells, and histotripsy-ablated OS tumor samples, but not in Abrams cells, were associated with immunogenic cell death (ICD). The 4% viable OS cells demonstrated significantly reduced proliferation, compared to control OS cells, in vitro. Conclusion Histotripsy ablation of OS cell lines leads to direct and potentially indirect cell death as evident by, reduced proliferation in remaining viable OS cells and cell death genetic signatures suggestive of ICD both in vitro and in vivo.

The Role of TAM Receptors in Bone.

The TAM (TYRO3, MERTK, and AXL) family of receptor tyrosine kinases are pleiotropic regulators of adult tissue homeostasis maintaining organ integrity and self-renewal. Disruption of their homeostatic balance fosters pathological conditions like autoinflammatory or degenerative diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematodes, or liver fibrosis. Moreover, TAM receptors exhibit prominent cell-transforming properties, promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance in various cancer entities. Emerging evidence shows that TAM receptors are involved in bone homeostasis by regulating osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Therefore, TAM receptors emerge as new key players of the regulatory cytokine network of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and represent accessible targets for pharmacologic therapy for a broad set of different bone diseases, including primary and metastatic bone tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoporosis.

Shared decision making in primary malignant bone tumour surgery in children and young adults

BackgroundChildren and young adults needing surgery for a primary malignant bone tumour around the knee face a difficult, life changing decision. This study describes the level of shared decision making (SDM) experienced and preferred by these patients, parents and physicians in surgical consultations, and its relation to experienced decisional conflict and decisional regret. MethodsMulticentre, cross-sectional cohort study. All patients who underwent surgery for a primary bone tumour around the knee in the Dutch designated orthopaedic oncological centres between 2012 and 2015, and their parents, were invited to complete the SDM-patient-Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9), Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS), Decisional Regret Scale (DRS) and Control Preferences Scale (CPS). Physicians completed the SDM- physician-Questionnaire (SDM-Q-Doc) and CPS. ResultsTwenty-four patients >16 years with twenty-two parents, and ten parents of patients between 5 and 16 years old, completed the questionnaires. Patients’ median SDM-Q-9 score was 60 (8.9–97.8), parents’ 77.8 (8.9–100) and physicians’ 82.2 (66.7–97.8). The SDM-Q-9 scores of patients (rs=−0.753, p < 0.01) and parents (rs=−0.850, p < 0.01) correlated with their DCS scores. DCS scores were correlated with decisional regret in patients (rs=0.701 p < 0.01) and parents (rs=0.405, p < 0.05). Fourteen patients (78%), twenty-eight parents (96%) and twenty-three physicians (92%) preferred a shared relationship in decision making on type of surgery. ConclusionsPatients, parents and physicians agree on sharing responsibility choosing a surgical option. Patients and parents who reported more involvement in the decision-making process experienced less decisional conflict; less decisional conflict was associated with less decisional regret. These findings show the importance of SDM in these life changing surgeries.

Automatic detection, segmentation, and classification of primary bone tumors and bone infections using an ensemble multi-task deep learning framework on multi-parametric MRIs: a multi-center study.

To develop an ensemble multi-task deep learning (DL) framework for automatic and simultaneous detection, segmentation, and classification of primary bone tumors (PBTs) and bone infections based on multi-parametric MRI from multi-center. This retrospective study divided 749 patients with PBTs or bone infections from two hospitals into a training set (N = 557), an internal validation set (N = 139), and an external validation set (N = 53). The ensemble framework was constructed using T1-weighted image (T1WI), T2-weighted image (T2WI), and clinical characteristics for binary (PBTs/bone infections) and three-category (benign/intermediate/malignant PBTs) classification. The detection and segmentation performances were evaluated using Intersection over Union (IoU) and Dice score. The classification performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and compared with radiologist interpretations. On the external validation set, the single T1WI-based and T2WI-based multi-task models obtained IoUs of 0.71 ± 0.25/0.65 ± 0.30 for detection and Dice scores of 0.75 ± 0.26/0.70 ± 0.33 for segmentation. The framework achieved AUCs of 0.959 (95%CI, 0.955-1.000)/0.900 (95%CI, 0.773-0.100) and accuracies of 90.6% (95%CI, 79.7-95.9%)/78.3% (95%CI, 58.1-90.3%) for the binary/three-category classification. Meanwhile, for the three-category classification, the performance of the framework was superior to that of three junior radiologists (accuracy: 65.2%, 69.6%, and 69.6%, respectively) and comparable to that of two senior radiologists (accuracy: 78.3% and 78.3%). The MRI-based ensemble multi-task framework shows promising performance in automatically and simultaneously detecting, segmenting, and classifying PBTs and bone infections, which was preferable to junior radiologists. Compared with junior radiologists, the ensemble multi-task deep learning framework effectively improves differential diagnosis for patients with primary bone tumors or bone infections. This finding may help physicians make treatment decisions and enable timely treatment of patients. • The ensemble framework fusing multi-parametric MRI and clinical characteristics effectively improves the classification ability of single-modality models. • The ensemble multi-task deep learning framework performed well in detecting, segmenting, and classifying primary bone tumors and bone infections. • The ensemble framework achieves an optimal classification performance superior to junior radiologists' interpretations, assisting the clinical differential diagnosis of primary bone tumors and bone infections.

Giant Cell Tumor of Mandible : A Case Report.

Giant cell tumor is locally aggressive primary benign neoplasm of bone with tendency of frequent recurrence, metastasis and malignant transformation. Because of the rarity of the disease involving mandible, no definite treatment guideline is established. Surgical treatment is the treatment of choice for giant cell tumor. Due to its proximity to vital structures including skull base, the recurrent disease associated with less invasive procedure could be difficult to manage while more invasive procedure will result in higher morbidity and complex reconstruction. Medical management with denosumab or zoledronic acid has been advocated in surgically unresectable disease. We present a rare case of giant cell tumor of mandible. Patient was a 33 years old lady who presented with gradually progressive painful swelling in chin. After exclusion of distant metastasis by F-18 FDG PET scan, she underwent en-bloc resection of the tumor with free fibula flap reconstruction. During 6 months of follow up visit patient had no recurrence.

Essential genes analysis reveals small ribosomal subunit protein eS28 may be a prognostic factor and potential vulnerability in osteosarcoma

BackgroundOsteosarcoma, the most common primary malignant bone tumor, is currently treated with surgery combined with chemotherapy, but the limited availability of targeted drugs contributes to a poor prognosis. Identifying effective therapeutic targets is crucial for improving the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. MethodsWe screened the DepMap database to identify essential genes as potential therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was employed to elucidate the biological roles of these essential genes. Promising candidates were filtered through univariate and multivariate Cox analyses, as well as Kaplan-Meier survival analyses using the GSE21257-OSA and TARGET-OSA datasets. The functional role of the target gene was assessed through cell experiments. Additionally, an in situ nude mice model was established to observe the gene's function, and RNA sequencing was utilized to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. ResultsA total of 934 essential genes were identified based on their effects (Chronos) using the DepMap database. These genes were primarily enriched in the ribosome pathway according to GSEA analysis. Among them, 195 genes were associated with the ribosome pathway. Rps28, Rps7, and Rps25 were validated as promising candidates following univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of the TARGET-OSA and GSE21257-OSA datasets. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses indicated Rps28 represented an especially promising target, with high expression correlating with poor prognosis. Knockdown of small ribosomal subunit protein eS28, the protein of Rps28, inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Silencing RPS28 affected the MAPK signaling pathway in osteosarcoma. ConclusionIn summary, Rps28 has been identified as an essential gene for osteosarcoma cell survival and eS28 may serve as a potential vulnerability in osteosarcoma.

A Rare Case of Cutaneous Metastasis of Osteosarcoma

Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone tumor, usually seen in childhood or adolescence. With an estimated incidence of 5 in every 100,000 new cases detected per year, OS is an aggressive malignant mesenchymal tumor. The most common sites for this tumor are the distal end of the femur and the proximal tibia. Metastases from OS are most commonly seen in the lung or other bones. Patients with skin and subcutaneous tissue metastases are a relatively rare subset. Here, we report a rare case of an 18-year-old girl who presented to the hospital with an unusual site of metastasis from OS.