Primary Areas Research Articles

Research on the global trends of COVID-19 associated acute kidney injury: a bibliometric analysis

Critically ill COVID-19 patients may exhibit various clinical symptoms of renal dysfunction including severe Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Currently, there is a lack of bibliometric analyses on COVID-19-related AKI. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the current research status and hot topics regarding COVID-19 AKI. The literature was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Subsequently, we utilized Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, Citespace, and Pajek software to revealed the current research status, emerging topics, and developmental trends pertaining to COVID-19 AKI. This study encompassed a total of 1507 studies on COVID-19 AKI. The United States, China, and Italy emerged as the leading three countries in terms of publication numbers, contributing 498 (33.05%), 229 (15.20%), and 140 (9.29%) studies, respectively. The three most active and influential institutions include Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan University and Harvard Medical School. Ronco C from Italy, holds the record for the highest number of publications, with a total of 15 papers authored. Cheng YC’s work from China has garnered the highest number of citations, totaling 470 citations. The co-occurrence analysis of author keywords reveals that ‘mortality’, ‘intensive care units’, ‘chronic kidney disease’, ‘nephrology’, ‘renal transplantation’, ‘acute respiratory distress syndrome’, and ‘risk factors’ emerge as the primary areas of focus within the realm of COVID-19 AKI. In summary, this study analyzes the research trends in the field of COVID-19 AKI, providing a reference for further exploration and research on COVID-19 AKI mechanisms and treatment.

Electric field envelope focality in superficial brain areas with linear alignment montage in temporal interference stimulation

Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) uses two pairs of conventional transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) electrodes, each with a different frequency, to generate a time-varying electric field (EF) envelope (EFE). The EFE focality in primary somatosensory and motor cortex areas of a standard human brain was computed using newly defined linear alignment montages. Sixty head volume conductor models constructed from magnetic resonance images were considered to evaluate interindividual variability. Six TIS and two tACS electrode montages were considered, including linear and rectangular alignments. EFEs were computed using the scalar-potential finite-difference method. The computed EFE was projected onto the standard brain space for each montage. Computational results showed that TIS and tACS generated different EFE and EF distributions in postcentral and precentral gyri regions. For TIS, the EFE amplitude in the target areas had lower variability than the EF strength of tACS. However, bipolar tACS montages showed higher focality in the superficial postcentral and precentral gyri regions than in TIS. TIS generated greater EFE penetration than bipolar tACS at depths <5–10 mm below the brain surface. From group-level analysis, tACS with a bipolar montage was preferred for targets <5–10 mm in depth (gyral crowns) and TIS for deeper targets. TIS with a linear alignment montage could be an effective method for deep structures and sulcal walls. These findings provide valuable insights into the choice of TIS and tACS for stimulating specific brain regions.

Comparative analysis of brain language templates with primary language areas detected from presurgical fMRI of brain tumor patients.

Functional brain templates are often used in the analysis of clinical functional MRI (fMRI) studies. However, these templates are mostly built based on anatomy or fMRI of healthy subjects, which have not been fully vetted in clinical cohorts. Our aim was to evaluate language templates by comparing with primary language areas (PLAs) detected from presurgical fMRI of brain tumor patients. Four language templates (A-D) based on anatomy, task-based fMRI, resting-state fMRI, and meta-analysis, respectively, were compared with PLAs detected by fMRI with word generation and sentence completion paradigms. For each template, the fraction of PLA activations enclosed by the template (positive inclusion fraction, [PIF]), the fraction of activations within the template but that did not belong to PLAs (false inclusion fraction, [FIF]), and their Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) with PLA activations were calculated. For anterior PLAs, Template A had the greatest PIF (median, 0.95), whereas Template D had both the lowest FIF (median, 0.074), and the highest DSC (median, 0.30), which were all significant compared to other templates. For posterior PLAs, Templates B and D had similar PIF (median, 0.91 and 0.90, respectively) and DSC (both medians, 0.059), which were all significantly higher than that of Template C. Templates B and C had significantly lower FIF (median, 0.061 and 0.054, respectively) compared to Template D. This study demonstrated significant differences between language templates in their inclusiveness of and spatial agreement with the PLAs detected in the presurgical fMRI of the patient cohort. These findings may help guide the selection of language templates tailored to their applications in clinical fMRI studies.

Bilateral median nerve stimulation and High-Frequency Oscillations unveil interhemispheric inhibition of primary sensory cortex

ObjectiveThis study aimed at investigating the effect of median nerve stimulation on ipsilateral cortical potentials evoked by contralateral median nerve electrical stimulation. MethodsWe recorded somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) from the left parietal cortex in 15 right-handed, healthy subjects. We administered bilateral median nerve stimulation, with the ipsilateral stimulation preceding the stimulation on the contralateral by intervals of 5, 10, 20, or 40 ms. We adjusted these intervals based on each individual’s N20 latency. As a measure of S1 excitability, the amplitude of the N20 and the area of the High Frequency Oscillation (HFO) burst were analyzed for each condition. ResultsThe results revealed significant inhibition of N20 amplitude by ipsilateral median nerve stimulation at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between 5 and 40 ms. Late HFO burst was suppressed at short ISIs of 5 and 10 ms, pointing to a transcallosal inhibitory effect on S1 intracortical circuits. ConclusionsFindings suggest interhemispheric interaction between the primary somatosensory areas, supporting the existence of transcallosal transfer of tactile information. SignificanceThis study provides valuable insights into the interhemispheric connections between primary sensory areas and underscore the potential role of interhemispheric interactions in somatosensory processing.

Census tract–level social determinants of health and variability in stage at diagnosis of bladder, breast, and non-small cell lung cancers.

11170 Background: Social determinants of health (SDOH) can identify underserved populations, inform the patient journey, and identify opportunities to improve outcomes. In cancer, SDOH may influence stage at diagnosis through exposure to risk factors for aggressive cancer and decreased access to care. However, privacy restrictions can limit research with SDOH in real world datasets, which often only know a patient’s broad location. Methods: Geocoding was undertaken on addresses of patients diagnosed between 1/1/17 and 9/30/22 with bladder (n=6078), breast (n=28,958), and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n=14,957) in the Syapse Learning Health Network of U.S. community health systems. Location was linked to five indicators of SDOH at the census tract level: the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI); percent (%) of tract spending &gt;30% of income on housing; % of tract with broadband internet; county designation as a primary care shortage area; and rural urban commuting area (RUCA). Nested multivariable ordinal logistic regression models estimated independent associations between demographic, clinical, and SDOH factors with stage at initial cancer diagnosis. The statistical significance of including SDOH variables was assessed using a likelihood ratio test (LRT) comparing the models before and after including SDOH. Results: After successful geocoding and linkage to census tracts, there were marginal differences in the distribution of the five SDOH across stages at diagnosis within the three tumor types. In multivariable models adjusted for year of diagnosis, age, sex, race, ethnicity, smoking, and primary payor, among the tested SDOH measures, county designated as primary care shortage (proportional odds ratios (OR): 1.31, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.05-1.64), and non-metropolitan area (0.69, 0.50-0.94) were statistically significantly associated with stage at bladder cancer diagnosis. SVI (1.52, 1.31-1.76) was also statistically significantly associated and directly proportional with stage at breast cancer diagnosis. Among patients with NSCLC, broadband internet access (1.01, 1.00-1.01), primary care shortage (1.15, 1.03-1.27) and non-metropolitan area (0.85, 0.74-0.99) were statistically associated with stage at diagnosis. In all three tumors, LRTs found that models with SDOH were statistically significantly better at predicting stage at diagnosis than those without (p &lt;0.001). Conclusions: Using granular, census-tract geospatial resolution for geocoding of SDOH, we find that patients who live in greater vulnerability are diagnosed at later stages than those who live in areas of less vulnerability, suggesting that consideration of SDOH variables is important in assessing stage at diagnosis and identify patients with an unmet need for outreach and screening.

Development and preliminary validation of a platform for systematic, unbiased pre-screening of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) across three community oncology practices.

e23230 Background: With a rapidly increasing number of candidate drugs and clinical trials in oncology, efficiency in clinical trial execution has become a primary focus area for innovation. Currently, fewer than 5% of oncology patients enroll in clinical trials, and data suggests a lack of diversity in clinical trial patient populations compared to the broader patient demographic. To address these issues, we developed a systematic unbiased pre-screening platform for all patients. This approach holds the promise of hastening clinical trials by enhancing the identification of eligible patients and concurrently promoting diversity among those invited to participate in these trials. Methods: A framework for use of EMR ingested data and standardized abstraction of select 160 variables was developed for patients with NSCLC. An algorithm based on 7 key eligibility criteria was developed to generate an automated assessment of eligibility for a presumed trial. Abstracted data was compared to a medical oncologist’s assessment (gold standard) and the automated tool was validated by comparing eligibility assessment before each visit with that of a medical oncologist. Results: Three community oncology practices in the US participated. Source data-verified values for histology, ECOG PS, treatment history, line of therapy, and current metastatic status were available for &gt; 90% of patients in real-time. Tumor NGS testing rates for actionable alterations exceeded 75%. From Oct 23, 2023 to Jan 14, 2024, 786 NSCLC pts had MD visits. Preliminary validation of the automated tool in 79 patients revealed concordant classification in 76/79 pts (96.2%). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were &gt; 90%. Concordance for all variables was 98% between the abstractor and medical oncologist. Conclusions: A platform for systematic, unbiased pre-screening of patients for clinical trials in NSCLC has been developed to support and facilitate oncology sites without imposing financial or resource burdens or affecting routine clinical workflow. Preliminary validation supports high performance. Updated validation data will be presented in the meeting. The high levels of data completeness and quality, including NGS testing rates that are substantially higher than what has previously been reported in community centers, underscore their suitability as clinical trial sites.

SAT-325 Incidence and outcomes of drug-induced liver injury in a large primary care urban area

SAT-325 Incidence and outcomes of drug-induced liver injury in a large primary care urban area

Reduced TMS-evoked EEG oscillatory activity in cortical motor regions in patients with post-COVID fatigue

ObjectivePersistent fatigue is a major symptom of the so-called ’long-COVID syndrome’, but the pathophysiological processes that cause it remain unclear.We hypothesized that fatigue after COVID-19 would be associated with altered cortical activity in premotor and motor regions. MethodsWe used transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with EEG (TMS-EEG) to explore the neural oscillatory activity of the left primary motor area (l-M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) in a group of sixteen post-COVID patients complaining of lingering fatigue as compared to a sample of age-matched healthy controls. Perceived fatigue was assessed with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Fatigue Rating Scale (FRS). ResultsPost-COVID patients showed a remarkable reduction of beta frequency in both areas. Correlation analysis exploring linear relation between neurophysiological and clinical measures revealed a significant inverse correlation between the individual level of beta oscillations evoked by TMS of SMA with the individual scores in the FRS (r(15) = -0.596; p = 0.012). ConclusionsPost-COVID fatigue is associated with a reduction of TMS-evoked beta oscillatory activity in SMA. SignificanceTMS-EEG could be used to identify early alterations of cortical oscillatory activity that could be related to the COVID impact in central fatigue.

7T Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probabilistic Tractography-Based Evidence of Decussation of the Fibers Between the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and the Primary Visual Area

Background and ObjectivesGeniculocalcarine fibers are thought to be exclusively ipsilateral. However, recent findings challenged this belief, revealing bilateral recruiting responses in occipito-temporo-parietal regions upon unilateral stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in humans. This raised the intriguing possibility of bilateral projections to primary visual areas (V1). This study sought to explore the hypothetical decussation of the geniculocalcarine tract. MethodsForty healthy individuals' 7T MR images from the Human Connectome Project were examined. Employing MRtrix3 software with the constrained spherical deconvolution algorithm, scans were processed. LGN served as the seed region, and contralateral regions of interest – ROIs (splenium of the corpus callosum – SCC, posterior commissure, LGN, V1, pulvinar, and superior colliculus) were defined to reconstruct the hypothetical decussated fibers. Tractography included contralateral V1 as the target region in all segmentations, excluding ipsilateral V1 to eliminate fibers leading to or originating from this area. Additionally, a segmentation of the tract originating from LGN and projecting to the ipsilateral V1 was performed. Mean fraction anisotropy and mean diffusivity metrics were extracted from the density maps. ResultsObservations revealed a substantial volume of decussated fibers between LGN and contralateral V1 via the SCC, albeit much smaller than ipsilateral fibers. The volume of ipsilateral fibers was similar in both sides. Left LGN-originating decussated fibers were more than double those originating from the right LGN. Tract segmentation to other ROIs yielded no fibers. ConclusionsThis study suggests a partial decussation of the fibers between LGN and V1, likely constituting the geniculocalcarine tract.

INDIA'S TRIBES: THEIR ECONOMIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT VIA ART

The guardians of nature are the tribes. Most of India's tribal population—92 per cent—lives in arid, hilly, or wooded regions. Their main sources of nutrition are minor forest products and agriculture. The primary areas of India where the tribal population resides are the central region, the middle belt, and the northeastern states. India's tribal arts are steeped in history and have developed unique methods and traits. Many people acknowledge various tribes as autonomous creative forms with unique visual value. Everything that contributes to a creative creation's uniqueness, such as composition, line, colour, texture, and rhythm. This study paper examines in-depth the socioeconomic growth of Indian tribes via art. The Indian government need to devise a unique strategy with the primary goal of encouraging the overall development of tribes being the preservation and integration of these ethnic communities.

Neural Similarity and Synchrony among Friends.

Researchers have long recognized that friends tend to exhibit behaviors that are more similar to each other than to those of non-friends. In recent years, the concept of neural similarity or neural synchrony among friends has garnered significant attention. This body of research bifurcates into two primary areas of focus: the specificity of neural similarity among friends (vs. non-friends) and the situational factors that influence neural synchrony among friends. This review synthesizes the complex findings to date, highlighting consistencies and identifying gaps in the current understanding. It aims to provide a coherent overview of the nuanced interplay between social relationships and neural processes, offering valuable insights for future investigations in this field.

Facilitators and Barriers to Passing Local Policies That Prohibit the Sale of Flavored Tobacco Products: Qualitative Analysis of Strategies Implemented by 36 Communities in California, 2017-2021.

To reduce youth access to tobacco products, the California Tobacco Prevention Program funded local tobacco prevention programs from July 2017 through December 2021 to address its Communities of Excellence Indicator 3.2.9: "the number of jurisdictions with a policy eliminating or restricting the sale and/or distribution of any mentholated cigarettes and other flavored tobacco products, and paraphernalia." We examined the strategies by which community coalitions attempted to limit the number of stores selling flavored tobacco across California. Thirty-six final evaluation reports (FERs) were used for our analysis. We examined certain elements or factors as primary areas of interest because of their apparent link to successful outcomes in analyses of FERs in the past. Over half (19 of 36) of FERs reported successfully passing at least 1 policy to regulate the sale of flavored tobacco products. Urban communities passed more policies (16 of 18) compared with rural communities (3 of 18). Successful campaigns tended to involve youth, demonstrate illegal sales to minors and public support for a ban, and identify a champion. Barriers included the COVID-19 pandemic, California wildfires, staffing shortages, and conservative political climates. This evaluation offers insights into the successes and challenges faced by local coalitions seeking policy changes for tobacco use prevention, which can be different for urban and rural communities. The evaluation also indicates the necessity of adopting flexible tactical plans for overcoming environmental factors that affected intervention and evaluation activities.

Development and Challenges of Additive Manufactured Customized Implant

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) technology aligns with the direction of precision and customization in future medicine, presenting a significant opportunity for innovative development in high-end medical devices. Currently, research and industrialization of 3D printed medical devices mainly focus on nondegradable implants and degradable implants. Primary areas including metallic orthopaedic implants, polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) bone implants, and biodegradable implants have been developed for clinical and industrial application. Recent research achievements in these areas are reviewed, with a discussion on the additive manufacturing technologies and applications for customized implants. Challenges faced by different types of implants are analyzed from technological, application, and regulatory perspectives. Furthermore, prospects and suggestions for future development are outlined.

PACMMOD Volume 2 Issue 3: Editorial

Welcome to Issue 3 of Volume 2 of the Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data. This issue has papers submitted to the SIGMOD research track of PACMMOD, whose submission deadline was October 15, 2023. Out of 287 submissions in this round, a total of 70 articles were accepted and are presented in this issue. We provide statistics of paper submissions and acceptance, by primary subject area, across all submissions to the SIGMOD research track of PACMMOD in 2023. Accepted papers from this pool have been invited for presentation at the ACM SIGMOD 2024 conference to be held from 9th to 14th June 2024, in Santiago, Chile.

The influence of dynamic pitching on the aerodynamic performance of large horizontal axis wind turbines

To delve into the aerodynamic changes of wind turbines during pitching, this study employs the user-defined function (UDF) and dynamic mesh technique. The dynamic aerodynamic performance of a 3.3 MW turbine blade during variable pitch is investigated via numerical simulation. The results show that the optimal pitch angle increases with increasing incoming wind speed. At the initial and final stages of pitch change, the wind turbine experiences the influence of impact loads, leading to minor fluctuations in torque and thrust coefficients. Within the dynamic pitch change process, the pitch angle notably affects the aerodynamic performance of airfoils at blade x/ c = 0~0.6 c cross sections. The primary stress area of the airfoil contracts, with the blade root experiencing comparatively less impact. In the constant-wind-speed pitching scenario, the low-speed region in the immediate wake of the wind turbine diminishes, resulting in a 10.7% enhancement in the average wind speed at 2.5D wake.

The Digital Evolution Strategies for Overcoming Cybersecurity and Adoption Challenges in French SMEs

French Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) face a crucial juncture in their path towards digital transformation. They encounter notable obstacles in embracing digital technologies and bolstering cybersecurity measures. This integrative literature review examines the complex relationship between digitalization and cybersecurity, highlighting their importance for enterprises' ongoing competitiveness and operational security. The study is focused on two primary areas: the integration of digital technologies and the establishment of robust cybersecurity frameworks. This review thoroughly examines existing research to offer strategic insights for leaders of French SMEs and IT policymakers. It employs rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, detailed data extraction, and comprehensive synthesis to ensure a systematic analysis. The findings emphasize the critical roles of organizational culture and innovation diffusion in shaping the adoption of technology and the implementation of security practices. The review puts forward practical suggestions to address the digital divide, strengthen cybersecurity readiness, and promote a digital environment accessible to all sectors of French SMEs. These recommendations focus on enhancing operational efficiency, minimizing expenses, and fortifying the security framework to bolster a solid national digital transformation. The study's conclusions highlight the significance of these findings for future research and practice, providing a thorough guide for incorporating digital transformation and cybersecurity in the context of French SMEs.

Chilean Botrytis cinerea Isolates with Reduced Sensitivity to Fludioxonil Exhibit Low to Null Fitness Penalties.

The main phytosanitary problem for table grape production in Chile is gray mold caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. To manage this issue, the primary method utilized is chemical control. Fludioxonil, a phenylpyrrole, is highly effective in controlling B. cinerea and other plant pathogens. Consistently, there have been no field reports of reduced efficacy of fludioxonil; however, subpopulations with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil are on the rise globally, as per increasing reports. Our study involved a large-scale evaluation of B. cinerea's sensitivity to fludioxonil in the Central Valley of Chile's primary table grape production area during the growing seasons from 2015 to 2018. Out of 2,207 isolates, only 1.04% of the isolates (n = 23) exceeded the sensitivity threshold value of 1 μg/ml. Remarkably, 95.7% are concentrated in a geographic region (Valparaíso Region). Isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil showed growth comparable with sensitive isolates and even more robust growth under nutritional deficit, temperature, or osmotic stress, suggesting greater environmental adaptation. When table grape detached berries were stored at 0°C, isolates less sensitive to fludioxonil caused larger lesions than sensitive isolates (2.82 mm compared with 1.48 mm). However, the lesions generated by both types of isolates were equivalent at room temperature. This study found no cross-resistance between fludioxonil and fenhexamid, an essential fungicide integrated with fludioxonil in Chilean B. cinerea control programs. All the Chilean isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil were controlled by the fludioxonil/cyprodinil mixture, a commonly employed form of fludioxonil. The cyprodinil sensitivity in the isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil explains their low field frequency despite their null fitness penalties. However, the emergence of fludioxonil-resistant isolates inside the Chilean B. cinerea population demands a comprehensive analysis of their genetic bases, accompanied by monitoring tools that allow the permanence of field fludioxonil efficacy.

Sustainable Implementation of Physician-Pharmacist Collaborative Clinics for Diabetes Management in Primary Healthcare Centers: A Qualitative Study

BackgroundAlthough physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics for diabetes management have been shown to be effective and cost-effective worldwide, there is limited understanding of the factors that influence their sustainable implementation. This study aims to identify the associated factors and provide sustainability strategy to better implement physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics for diabetes management in primary healthcare centers in China.MethodsA sample of 43 participants were participated in face-to-face, in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used to identify facilitators and barriers to implementing physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics for diabetes management in primary healthcare centers, and to explore discriminating factors between low and high implementation units. A sustainable strategy repository based on dynamic sustainability framework was established to inform further implementation.ResultsThis study demonstrated that clear recognition of intervention benefits, urgent needs of patients, adaptive and tailored plan, highly collaborative teamwork and leadership support were the major facilitators, while the major barriers included process complexity, large number and poor health literacy of patients in primary areas, inappropriate staffing arrangements, weak financial incentives and inadequate staff competencies. Six constructs were identified to distinguish between high and low implementation units. Sixteen strategies were developed to foster the implementation of physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics, targeting Intervention, Practice setting, and Ecological system.ConclusionThis qualitative study demonstrated facilitators and barriers to implementing physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics for diabetes management in primary healthcare centers and developed theory-based strategies for further promotion, which has the potential to improve the management of diabetes and other chronic diseases in under-resourced areas.

Soil erosion associated with roads—A global review and statistical analysis

AbstractGlobal soil degradation due to road erosion is an escalating concern. This study employed bibliometric analysis using the Science Citation Index‐Expanded dataset to gain insights into research trends in road erosion. It covered the years 2000–2021, revealing a steady increase in annual research publications, particularly after 2018. The United States and Catena was the leading contributor and the most popular journal, respectively. The primary research areas identified by keywords and statistical analysis are the forests and arid regions in the temperate climate zone (including temperate continental climate and temperate monsoon climate) and the tropical climate zone (including tropical rainforest climate and tropical monsoon climate). Since 2012, a noticeable shift from traditional methods to emerging technologies like isotope tracing (e.g., 137Cs, 210Pb) and machine learning (e.g., random forest) was observed, indicating evolving in methodologies with changes in research scales. The study emphasized the inevitability of road erosion, highlighting the crucial role of effective road management and restoration. It proposed integrating best management practices and ecosystem restoration strategies into watershed management, combined with advanced technological approaches, to foster sustainable watershed development.

Regressive autism with autoimmune encephalitis: case report and literature review of subtype of autism spectrum disorder

About one-third of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show a sudden loss of acquired skills between the 2nd or 3rd years of life. The primary areas of loss were grouped into language skills, social interest, adaptive functioning, and motor skills. A 4-year and 2-month-old boy presented to the child and adolescent mental health and disease outpatient clinic with his parents with complaints of decreased eye contact, and regression in speech. His developmental milestones were within the typical range of three years and two months. During the investigation into the organic etiology of regression, serum anti-CASPR2 positivity was detected, and intravenous immunoglobulin administration was initiated. After 6 months of treatment and special education, there was a slight decrease in the CARS score along with improvements in adaptation to change, visual response, and non-verbal communication. This rare case of regressive autism accompanied by autoimmune encephalitis provides further evidence in the field that autoimmune encephalitis may influence the development of the regressive subtype of ASD. Differential diagnosis is crucial because additional immunotherapy may be beneficial in these cases. Further investigation is needed to identify the relationship.