Primary Approaches Research Articles

Application of two-component neural network for exchange-correlation functional interpolation

Density functional theory (DFT) is one of the primary approaches to solving the many-body Schrodinger equation. The essential part of the DFT theory is the exchange-correlation (XC) functional, which can not be obtained in analytical form. Accordingly, the accuracy improvement of the DFT is mainly based on the development of XC functional approximations. Commonly, they are built upon analytic solutions in low- and high-density limits and result from quantum Monte Carlo or post-Hartree-Fock numerical calculations. However, there is no universal functional form to incorporate these data into XC functional. Instead, various parameterizations use heuristic rules to build a specific XC functional. The neural network (NN) approach to interpolate the data from higher precision theories can give a unified path to parametrize an XC functional. Moreover, data from many existing quantum chemical databases could provide the XC functional with improved accuracy. We develop NN XC functional, which gives exchange potential and energy density without direct derivatives of exchange-correlation energy density. Proposed NN architecture consists of two parts NN-E and NN-V, which could be trained in separate ways, adding new flexibility to XC functional. We also show that the developed NN XC functional converges in the self-consistent cycle and gives reasonable energies when applied to atoms, molecules, and crystals.

Environmental Effects of Bio-Waste Recycling on Industrial Circular Economy and Eco-Sustainability

Few prior studies have examined the social and environmental consequences of waste generation and recycling, resulting in a policy gap in the sustainability agenda. The research filled a knowledge vacuum in the literature by investigating the environmental repercussions of different waste generation and recycling processes in the Chinese economy. The study analyzed waste production and recycling statistics over the last 46 years, from 1975 to 2020, and their impact on the nation’s emissions per capita. This study used four primary approaches to determine the links between the examined variables, beginning with the unit root test, which identifies the stationary process of the variables’ underlying processes. Second, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to produce the variables’ short- and long-run estimates. Third, estimations of Granger causality examined the causal relationships between the variables. Finally, innovation accounting matrices (IAM)were utilized to predict the relationships between variables during the following decade. The unit root estimates imply the mix order of variable integration; hence, it is appropriate to employ ARDL modeling for parameter estimations. The ARDL estimations demonstrate that combustible renewables and waste decrease a nation’s carbon emissions by boosting industrial waste recycling. Despite recycling systems, carbon emissions have escalated to uncontrolled levels owing to the massive production of municipal solid garbage. Sustainable waste management and recycling are vital to reducing carbon emissions. Granger’s estimations of causation imply that combustible renewables and waste and carbon emissions cause industrial and municipal solid waste recycling. Additionally, population growth is responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, biowaste recycling, and industrial waste recycling. Furthermore, this shows the two-way connections between combustible renewables and waste and carbon emissions, implying the need to develop green waste recycling strategies in a nation. The IAM method identified future relationships between variables, which aids policymakers in implementing sustainable waste management practices for a nation. This study concludes that the environmental consequences of waste generation and recycling impede the nation’s circular economy agenda, which can be sustained by knowledge spillovers, chemical reduction in manufacturing, and allocating a certain amount of US dollars to ecological resource conservation.

The Tenure and Promotion Standards Used to Evaluate Creative Scholarship in the Media and Communication Fields

The tenure and promotion system influences whether, how, and the extent faculty members produce creative scholarship. A thematic analysis of 69 media and communication departments’ documents was carried out to systematically assess creative scholarship standards. The results showed most documents formally recognized creative scholarship and equated it to traditional research. Results showed less concreteness in comparison with traditional research standards. Artistic and professional peer review criteria such as securing awards, exhibitions, and festivals were the primary evaluative approaches. One implication is that leadership and senior faculty members need to rethink how to evaluate impact because scholars often seek to engage local nonacademics.

Impact of agriculture intensification on forest degradation and tree carbon stock; promoting multi‐criteria optimization for restoration in Central India

AbstractForest conservation entails both halting destruction and protecting the state of the forest's vegetation. Monitoring forest cover and restoring degraded forests are critical ecological aspects for India's forestry sector's long‐term growth. Cropland expansion and intensification are the primary approaches for increasing agricultural productivity in response to increased biomass demand, but they are also major drivers of biodiversity loss. We evaluated the ecosystem carbon (C) stock and sequestration potential for dry deciduous forests while assessing the drivers of forest degradation in Central India to advance scientific knowledge and minimize the anthropogenic C emissions from prevalent agriculture intensification in the region. A multi‐criteria optimization approach was used to identify the priority areas forrestoration and quantify the magnitude of drivers of biodiversity loss in the region by investigating the links between forest carbon stock, agriculture intensification, and altering forest structure at various degrees of forest disturbance. The total existing carbon stock of trees in study area during March 2020, was 199.12 Mg C ha−1. Overall carbon stock of these forests showed a significant correlation with disturbance levels (r = 0.50). Changes in vegetation especially to intensive agriculture practices have resulted in loss of carbon stocks and will cause large‐scale forest decline if not addressed immediately. Considering the rapid loss of forests in situation where India has to fulfill Nationally Determined Contributions to UNFCCC, Forest Landscape Restoration becomes priority and needs specialized efforts with enhanced funding to reduce and halt loss of forests.

THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON ENHANCING MUSEUM’S VISITOR EXPERIENCE: THE CASE OF THE SHARJAH MUSEUM OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

Museums are progressively using ICT to reinforce cultural and heritage tourism. Museums are vital in transmitting cultural values, propagating traditions, and linking current generations to their heritage. ICT has recently gained prominence for its ability to stimulate creative approaches. The use of ICT in museum operations is widespread, particularly in the areas of presentation and preservation. Museums, according to previous research, use a range of ICT tools to enhance the visitor experience (VX) through modernizing their exhibits and object interpretation. The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the VX as well as to evaluate the visitors' standpoint on ICT in museums. The research was applied to the Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization. Two primary approaches were used, which include qualitative data such as literature reviews and interviews, as well as quantitative data as the main ways that employ questionnaires. Findings indicate that integrating technological tools can enrich the VX in museums by allowing for the usage of a variety of digital media types.

Elbow prosthesis after acute fractures : Indications and technique

Good to very good clinical results can be achieved in older patients with the implantation of atotal elbow prosthesis in cases of distal humeral fractures by taking the morphological features of the fractures, the bone quality as well as the individual patient requirements and variables into account. The most commonly used design is the cemented semiconstrained linked total elbow endoprosthesis. The unlinked prosthesis design and hemiarthroplasty require intact or adequately reconstructable musculoligamentous structures or condyles and apreserved or replaced radial head. The recommended weight limit after total elbow prosthesis as well as potential intraoperative and postoperative complications must be considered and discussed with the patients. Asecondary total elbow arthroplasty is also possible after primary conservative treatment approaches, e.g., in the case of contraindicated surgery in the fracture situation, persistent pain and functional restrictions. This article provides an overview of the technique and the appropriate indications.

PROMOSI PRODUK MELALUI MEDIA SOSIAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEREKONOMIAN PADA PELAKU USAHA KERAJINAN AKRILIK

The Covid-19 pandemic that has been plaguing Indonesia since 2020 has affected many people, particularly MSME. These MSME have an important role to play in boosting the local economy and improving the quality of life for everyone. Businesses can exist and compete thanks in part to their ability to compete and market their products effectively. Since the pandemic, many micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) have turned to e-commerce in an attempt to increase sales. However, the MSME actors' ability to use technology is still low. Changing the marketing model is a necessity for business actors who wish to have their products compete on the global market. Padang City Acrylic Craft business actors have a lot of issues when it comes to product marketing, and they still rely on traditional marketing and don't use social media effectively. The goal of this activity is to educate MSME owners about the advantages of social media marketing and teach them how to use social media to boost their product sales. Training and mentoring are the primary approaches. It is also possible to use social media to promote and market products as a result of these activities.

The impact of authentic leadership on project success: the mediating effect of organizational learning and innovation

PurposeThe study exemplifies authentic leadership (AL) and relates it to project success (PS) with the mediating variables of organizational learning (OL) and organizational innovation (OL). None of the existing studies on AL and PS have worked on the mediation of OL and OI on these factors. So far, this paper tries to fill gap between these factors.Design/methodology/approachThe study is done by testing the hypothesis by utilizing the approach of deduction. The tool of data collection utilized is a survey. The methods of data collection involved qualitative techniques as primary approaches of investigation. The study population involves multinational and national companies/organizations working directly or indirectly for CPEC projects. A total of 295 questionnaires were used to gather data from top-level and middle–level management from private or government sector companies working individually or collaboratively on CPEC projects. Out of 295 questionnaires, 35 were rejected for being incomplete, and 260 were further analyzed for research purposes. SPSS and AMOS-21 statistical packages were used for analysis or correlation among variables.FindingsThis study claims the positive impact of AL on PS while the OI and OL play a mediating role.Practical implicationsThis study will add significant literature related to project management. These outcomes gave data on the primary systems of project management that are utilized in the projects or in various organizations to assess the accomplishment of the project with AL, OL and OI.Originality/valueIt has gained popularity in the world of management researchers due to its uniqueness and desirability. This study of AL and PS has been comprehensively deliberate to find the variables that affect them. The idea is to analyze the possible effects of OL and innovation on authentic leaders and the overall PS in the China–Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC).

Parental roles, financial literacy and budgeting behaviour: a survey during the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThis study aims to provide evidence on the importance of parental financial heads in the family in promoting students' financial literacy levels and budgeting habits.Design/methodology/approachUsing survey data on 730 college students in Vietnam, this study investigated the relationship between parental financial heads, students' financial literacy and budgeting habits. Multiple regression and logit function are the primary approaches in the study.FindingsThis study found a positive association between parental head roles and students' financial literacy and budgeting habits after controlling for demographics. Students whose parents are primarily responsible for financial decisions in the family perform higher in financial literacy and make a budget more frequently. The results are robust to alternative approaches.Practical implicationsThis study’s results help parents, especially mothers who are often more vulnerable in the family, better understand the important role of being the financial deciders in the family and how this can increase their children's financial literacy and help their children manage money more effectively.Originality/valueThis is the first study to address the importance of parents' head roles in enhancing students' financial literacy and budgeting behaviour.

A Critical Review on Artificial Intelligence for Fuel Cell Diagnosis

In recent years, fuel cell (FC) technology has seen a promising increase in its proportion in stationary power production. Several pilot projects are in operation across the world, with the number of running hours steadily rising, either as stand-alone units or as part of integrated gas turbine–electric energy plants. FCs are a potential energy source with great efficiency and zero emissions. To ensure the best performance, they normally function within a confined temperature and humidity range; nevertheless, this makes the system difficult to regulate, resulting in defects and hastened deterioration. For diagnosis, there are two primary approaches: restricted input information, which gives an unobtrusive, rapid yet restricted examination, and advanced characterization, which provides a more accurate diagnosis but frequently necessitates invasive or delayed tests. Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms have shown considerable promise in providing accurate diagnoses with quick data collecting. This work focuses on software models that allow the user to evaluate many different possibilities in the shortest amount of time and is a vital method for proper and dynamic analysis of such entities. The artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, random forest, support vector machine, and extreme learning machine are common AI approaches discussed in this review. This article examines the modern practice and provides recommendations for future machine learning methodologies in fuel cell diagnostic applications. In this study, these six AI tools are specifically explained with results for a better understanding of the fuel cell diagnosis. The conclusion suggests that these approaches are not only a popular and beneficial tool for simulating the nature of an FC system, but they are also appropriate for optimizing the operational parameters necessary for an ideal FC device. Finally, observations and ideas for future research, enhancements, and investigations are offered.

The changing role and definitions of aquaculture for environmental purposes

AbstractAquaculture is the fastest growing form of food production across the globe. The expansion of the industry has brought about a diversity of approaches to mitigate social and ecological impacts associated with aquaculture production systems. At the same time, there is a growing interest in utilizing aquaculture for conservation purposes including species recovery, habitat restoration and offsetting the impacts of wild capture on vulnerable harvested species. The diversification of the aquaculture sector and the overlapping use of terminology to describe alternative aquaculture approaches can create challenges for policy makers, managers and industry practitioners. Clear distinction between alternative aquaculture approaches and intent may improve regulatory, permitting, monitoring and consumer awareness outcomes. Here, we examine the use of four primary aquaculture approaches in the scientific literature: ‘commercial aquaculture’, ‘conservation aquaculture’, ‘restorative aquaculture’ and ‘regenerative aquaculture’ to elucidate the similarities and differences and improve understanding of the approaches. We propose definitions for the terms based on empirical analysis of related words used in scientific texts and fitness into a particular initiative. In addition, we discuss the use of those terms within the context of benefits to ‘people and nature’, namely activities that include economic, social and environmental outcomes and the variability therein. Clear definition of terms and related activities in a burgeoning field can minimize semantic confusion while improving opportunities to craft robust policy guidelines and improve stakeholder understanding and practice of aquaculture activities.

Reconciling the Conservation of Cultural Heritage with Rural Development

Reconciling the Conservation of Cultural Heritage with Rural Development

A numerical investigation of a heat transfer augmentation finned pear-shaped thermal energy storage system with nano-enhanced phase change materials

Thermal energy storage using latent heat and phase change materials is a frequently utilized technique in energy storage systems. It is critical to search for various thermal enhancement approaches in order to further improve the poor thermal conductivity of phase change materials in these systems. Two primary thermal enhancement approaches (fins and the use of a nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM)) are discussed in this study for a pear-shaped TES system. The TES unit is filled with n-octadecane PCM incorporated with Al2O3 nanoparticles and equipped with fins. Different concentrations of Al2O3 (such as 0, 3, and 6 vol%), fin shapes (2-fin, Y-shaped fin, and T-shaped fin), and fin materials (aluminum, copper, and steel) are tuned to obtain an optimal heat transfer and acceleration of PCM melting process. The results indicated that when a dose of 6 % of Al2O3 nanoparticles and copper fins are utilized, the melting time is lowered by 14 % and 32 %, respectively, compared to pure PCM with steel 302 fins. Additionally, the best choice for accelerating energy storage in a pear-shaped unit is to equip it with a Y-shaped copper fin. The use of steel 302 fins causes a dominance of the heat transfer irreversibility compared to the fluid friction irreversibility. Nonetheless, two rectangular aluminum fins may be considered a more cost-effective option due to the moderate difference in performance between the cases, the fact that aluminum is cheaper and lighter than copper, and the simplicity and convenience of producing the two rectangular fins.

Çoğuldizgeye göre postmodern yazının oluşumunda çevirinin rolü: Patrick Süskind’in postmodern eseri “Koku”nun dizgeye katkısı

Mevcut çalışmada Türk edebiyat tarihinde postmodern yazının oluşumunda çevirinin rolünü genel hatlarıyla saptamak amaçlanmaktadır. Özelde ise Alman yazar Patrick Süskind’in çok ses getiren ve birçok dile çevrilen postmodern eseri Koku, Bir Katilin Hikâyesi’nin (Das Parfum, Die Geschichte Eines Mörders) Türk postmodern yazın dizgesine katkısı tartışılmaktadır. Tüm bu incelemelerin kuramsal art alanı, İsrailli araştırmacı Itımar Even Zohar’ın geliştirmiş olduğu çoğuldizge kuramına dayandırılmaktadır. Türk edebiyat tarihindeki postmodern çeviri yazın ve söz konusu postmodern eserin katkısı, Zohar’ın kuramsal yaklaşımı doğrultusunda merkez-çevre; birincil edebiyat-ikincil edebiyat ve kültür repertuarı doğrultusunda yorumlanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Öncelikle postmodern yazın çoğuldizgesinde çevirinin rolü saptanmaya çalışılırken, Türk modern edebiyatının zayıf ve henüz gelişmemiş bir konumda olduğu, dizgede açık bulan postmodern çeviri yazın ile devinim gerçekleştiği, böylelikle modern edebiyatın ikincil edebiyat konumuna düştüğü sonucuna varılmaktadır. Ayrıca özellikle Amerikalı postmodernist yazarların çeviri eserlerinin dizgeyi yönlendirdiği ve Umberto Eco, Italo Calvino gibi İtalyan yazarların ise Türk postmodern yazının temsilcileri üzerinde etkili oldukları saptanmaktadır. Postmodern yazının ilk çeviri eserlerinden kabul edebileceğimiz Koku’nun ise henüz oluşmakta olan postmodern edebiyat çoğuldizgesine yenilik getirdiği; gelişim, eğitim, polisiye roman türü özelliklerini aynı anda taşımasından; üstkurmaca, metinlerarasılık, gerilim gibi postmodern yazının niteliklerine sahip olmasından ötürü Türk edebiyatının ve kültür repertuarının gelişimine olanak sağladığı saptamalarında bulunmak mümkündür. Çalışmanın sonucunda postmodern çeviri yazının, Türk postmodern yazının oluşumuna ve kültür repertuarına katkı sağladığı ve yönlendirici etkisi olduğu çıkarımına varılmaktadır.

Software Testing Techniques: A Study

The concept of software product strains represents a paradigm shift in the software development industry since it calls for the adaptation and implementation of business manufacturing practices. This paradigm places a significant emphasis on reusing materials and enhancing the level of traceability that exists between the many artifacts produced along the line. They define the best practices for software development in an environment that is controlled flawlessly by using software engineering methodologies a do so in the context of describing these best practices. This article presents a thorough analysis of the previous research on analyzing software program product strains. The goal of this project is to investigate important challenges in this area of knowledge, unanalyzed primary approaches currently used for assessing software program product lines and present a current state of the art that might potentially serve as a foundation for revolutionary research projects. The study also investigates how SPL studies may be of use when evaluating software programs and how

Abstract 757: Clinical interpretation and utility of whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing for precision oncology

Abstract The New York Genome Center CLIA laboratory has been providing New York State approved molecular diagnostic whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing (WGTS) since October 2018. Indications for testing are cancers (solid tumors or hematological malignancies) where a mutational profile from multiple genes would be informative for disease stratification, prognosis, treatment options or alternative treatments or clinical trials. Germline analysis for ACMG designated cancer predisposition variants also is performed for consented patients. To date we have provided clinical next generation sequencing (NGS) genomic profile reports for 139 oncological cases from 31 different cancer types including GBM (41 cases), Pancreas (17), CRC (15), Lung (8) and others. The clinical interpretation of WGTS data of molecular tumor markers from NGS encompasses automated variant calling tools with human interpretation. The final mostly manual review of data is intensive, involving highly trained scientists engaged in substantial literature review and interpretation for each case alongside pathologists, molecular geneticists, and treating oncologists. We first present the technical challenges of validating a WGTS oncological diagnostic assay for appropriate clinical grade accuracy and sensitivity acceptable for patient care. We then present case studies illustrating the varying degree of tumor profiling and analysis outlining the current clinical utility and challenges of precision oncology medicine and therapeutic associations from sequencing of cancer patient tumors. We conclude with a previously unreported summary of therapeutic actionability derived from WGTS for all cancer cases sequenced at NYGC. We show that 28% percent of all samples in our cohort contain a tier 1 variant but additional second line therapies (or off-label drugs) can be considered for over 75% of WGTS sequenced cancer patients. Our case studies being in both solid tumor and hematological cancers illustrate the variability in sequencing data and the individual patient specificities in each interpretation of clinical findings. We show how NGS sequencing can offer multiple treatment outcomes when combining all genomic aberrations (copy number, structural variants and SNV/indels) found in a subtype of prostate cancer. We present hematological malignancies that show how certain DNA mutations point to RNA aberrations leading to therapeutic associations. In pancreatic cancer we present how a unique alteration in BRAF can lead to second line treatment with clinical benefit. We therefore demonstrate that more complete NGS assays those examining both the whole genome and transcriptome have added value in precision oncology practice enabling to find second-line treatment options or alternative therapeutic options when primary approaches fail or are not identified following a targeted sequencing approach. Citation Format: Kazimierz O. Wrzeszczynski, Heather Geiger, Sowmya T. Srinivasa, Marilena Melas, Valisha Shah, Vanessa Felice, Luisa Suarez, Endre Hegedus, Shruti Phadke, Saurav Guha, Dina Manaa, Dino Robinson, Lena Fielding, Vaidehi Jobanputra. Clinical interpretation and utility of whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing for precision oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 757.

Cost of primary care approaches for hypertension management and risk-based cardiovascular disease prevention in Bangladesh: a HEARTS costing tool application

ObjectiveTo estimate the costs of scaling up the HEARTS pilot project for hypertension management and risk-based cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention at the full population level in the four subdistricts (upazilas)...

Reflexive Practice as an Approach to Improve Healthcare Delivery for Indigenous Peoples: A Systematic Critical Synthesis and Exploration of the Cultural Safety Education Literature.

Cultural safety is increasingly being taught in tertiary programmes of study for health professionals. Reflexivity is a key skill required to engage in culturally safe practice, however, there is currently limited literature examining how reflexivity is taught or assessed within cultural safety curricula. A systematic review of the literature up until November 2021 was conducted, examining educational interventions which aimed to produce culturally safe learners. Studies were limited to those with a focus on Indigenous health and delivered in Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. A total of 46 documents describing 43 different educational interventions were identified. We found that definitions and conceptualisations of reflexivity varied considerably, resulting in a lack of conceptual clarity. Reflexive catalysts were the primary pedagogical approaches used, where objects, people, or Indigenous pedagogies provided a counterpoint to learners’ knowledges and experiences. Information regarding assessment methods was limited but indicates that the focus of existing programmes has been on changes in learner knowledge and attitudes rather than the ability to engage in reflexivity. The results demonstrate a need for greater conceptual clarity regarding reflexivity as it relates to cultural safety, and to develop methods of assessment that focus on process rather than outcomes.

Patient- and Community-Oriented Primary Care Approaches for Health in Rural, Remote and Resource-Dependent Places: Insights for Eco-Social Praxis

Accelerating ecological and societal changes require re-imagining the role of primary care and public health to address eco-social concerns in rural and remote places. In this narrative review, we searched literatures on: community-oriented primary care, patient-oriented research engagement, public health and primary care synergies, and primary care addressing social determinants of health. Our analysis was guided by questions oriented to utility for addressing concerns of social-ecological systems in rural, remote contexts characterized by a high degree of reliance on resource extraction and development (e.g., forestry, mining, oil and gas, fisheries, agriculture, ranching and/or renewables). We describe a range of useful frameworks, processes and tools that are oriented toward bolstering the resilience and engagement of both primary care and public health, though few explicitly incorporated considerations of eco-social approaches to health or broader eco-social context(s). In synthesizing the existing evidence base for integration between primary care and public health, the results signal that for community-oriented primary care and related frameworks to be useful in rural and remote community settings, practitioners are required to grapple with complexity, durable relationships, sustainable resources, holistic approaches to clinician training, Indigenous perspectives, and governance.

The concept of social determinants of health in health promotion policies in Thailand, Sweden, England, USA, and Japan: A narrative review

Objectives The Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that national and municipal governments take adequate steps to "improve daily living conditions," "(create governance to) tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resources," and "measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of" government actions. This study provides an analysis of the health promotion policies of Japan and other countries and examines their conformance to these recommendations, and offers suggestions for developing a conducive social environment for Japan's health promotion policies.Methods We reviewed grey literature on health promotion policies in Japan, the USA, England, Sweden, and Thailand, extracting the definitions of health inequalities and their characterization in each policy, and analyzing each document vis-á-vis the CSDH's three recommendations and "comprehensive national health equity surveillance framework."Results The health promotion policies of Japan, England, Sweden, and the USA had similar definitions of health inequality, emphasizing fairness and prioritizing the reduction of health inequality as the key strategy for health promotion. However, their primary approaches to improve daily living conditions varied: In Japan, the primary approach is to create opportunities for participation and ensure access to social resources. Meanwhile, the USA relies largely on objective assessments and scientific evidence-based actions. England focused on enhancing support for socially disadvantaged individuals and areas. In Sweden, a universal intervention based on life-course perspectives was stressed, while Thailand attached much value to a multi-sectoral collaboration. All these countries, however, had a health policy implementation plan in quest of the elimination of unfair distributions of power, money, and resources. The USA planned to monitor a total of 187 social factors, the largest number among the 6 subject countries. It also had a wide range of perspectives on health inequalities, including income and disability, as well as conducting assessments using information from outside the health sector, with items assessed at various levels, including individual, regional, and national policies.Conclusion With reference to these approaches in other countries, for Japan's health promotion policies, we recommend: (1) grasping of health inequalities from more diversified perspectives and adopting measures to address them, (2) setting targets based on multi-level social determinants of individual behavior and health status, including individual socioeconomic status, and (3) promoting collaborative initiatives and use of indicators with entities outside the health sector.