Primary Antioxidant Research Articles

Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals.

Ascorbate (vitamin C in primates) functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymatic reactions represented by prolyl hydroxylases and as an antioxidant due to its ability to donate electrons, which is mostly accomplished through non-enzymatic reaction in mammals. Ascorbate directly reacts with radical species and is converted to ascorbyl radical followed by dehydroascorbate. Ambiguities in physiological relevance of ascorbate observed during in vivo situations could be attributed in part to presence of other redox systems and the pro-oxidant properties of ascorbate. Most mammals are able to synthesize ascorbate from glucose, which is also considered to be an obstacle to verify its action. In addition to animals with natural deficiency in the ascorbate synthesis, such as guinea pigs and ODS rats, three strains of mice with genetic removal of the responsive genes (GULO, RGN, or AKR1A) for the ascorbate synthesis have been established and are being used to investigate the physiological roles of ascorbate. Studies using these mice, along with ascorbate transporter (SVCT)-deficient mice, largely support its ability in protection against oxidative insults. While combined actions of ascorbate in regulating epigenetics and antioxidation appear to effectively prevent cancer development, pharmacological doses of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate may exert tumoricidal activity through redox-dependent mechanisms.

Primary and secondary antioxidant properties of scutellarin and scutellarein in water and lipid-like environments: A theoretical investigation

The scavenging capability of scutellarin flavonoid against the OOH radical has been studied, at Density Functional level of theory, by considering different reaction mechanisms in both lipid-like and water media. In water phase, the neutral and charged species present in solution, identified from the computed pKa equilibria, have been determined. Furthermore, the complexation ability of Scutellarin and its metabolite scutellarein with respect to the Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions has been determined at the same level of theory. From the obtained rate constants results that scutellarin is a better Fe(III) ligand while scutellarein show a revers behavior. The glucuronidation process affect both the primary and secondary antioxidant properties of the systems.

Effects of Exogenous Potassium (K+) Application on the Antioxidant Enzymes Activities in Leaves of Tamarix ramosissima under NaCl Stress.

Saline soil is a worldwide distributed resource that seriously harms plants’ growth and development. NaCl is the most widely distributed salt in saline soil. As a typical representative of halophytes, Tamarix ramosissima Lcdcb (T. ramosissima) is commonly grown in salinized soil, and halophytes have different abilities to retain more K+ under salt stress conditions. Halophytes can adapt to different salt environments by improving the scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by absorbing and transporting potassium (K+). In this study, electron microscope observation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents determination, primary antioxidant enzyme activity determination and transcriptome sequencing analysis were carried out on the leaves of T. ramosissima under NaCl stress at 0 h, 48 h and 168 h. The results showed that H2O2 and MDA contents increased in the 200 mM NaCl + 10 mM KCl and 200 mM NaCl groups, but the content increased the most in the 200 mM NaCl group at 168 h. In addition, the leaves of T. ramosissima in the 200 mM NaCl + 10 mM KCl group had the most salt secretion, and its superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were all higher than those of the 200 mM NaCl group and significantly higher than those of the control group. According to the results of transcriptome sequencing, it was found that the expression of 39 genes related to antioxidant enzyme activity changed significantly at the transcriptional level. Among them, 15 genes related to antioxidant enzyme activities were upregulated, and 24 genes related to antioxidant enzyme activities were downregulated in the leaves of T. ramosissima when exogenous potassium (K+) was applied under NaCl stress for 48 h; when exogenous potassium (K+) was used for 168 h under NaCl stress, 21 antioxidant enzyme activity-related genes were upregulated, and 18 antioxidant enzyme activity-related genes were downregulated in T. ramosissima leaves. Based on the changes of expression levels at different treatment times, 10 key candidates differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (Unigene0050462, Unigene0014843, Unigene0046159, Unigene0046160, Unigene0008032, Unigene0048033, Unigene0004890, Unigene0015109, Unigene0020552 and Unigene0048538) for antioxidant enzyme activities were further screened. They played an important role in applying exogenous potassium (K+) for 48 h and 168 h to the leaves of T. ramosissima in response to NaCl stress. Their expression levels were dominated by upregulation, which enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and helped T. ramosissima mitigate NaCl poison and resist NaCl stress. Particularly, Unigene0048538 in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity had the largest log2 fold-change in the comparison groups of 200 mM NaCl-48 h vs. 200 mM NaCl + 10 mM KCl-48 h and 200 mM NaCl-168 h vs. 200 mM NaCl + 10 mM KCl-168 h. Its expression level was upregulated and played an important role in NaCl toxicity. At the same time, the results of the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that Unigene0048538 had the closest genetic distance to Prunus persica in the evolutionary relationship. In summary, with the increase of exogenous potassium (K+) application time under NaCl stress, T. ramosissima can resist high NaCl stress by enhancing antioxidant enzymes’ activity and maintaining the growth of T. ramosissima. Still, it is not enough to completely eliminate NaCl poison. This study provides a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance and K+ mitigation of NaCl poison by the representative halophyte T. ramosissima in response to NaCl stress.

Hippocampal glutathione depletion with enhanced iron level in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease compared with healthy elderly participants.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, and it is potentially driven by the depletion of primary antioxidant, glutathione, as well as elevation of the pro-oxidant, iron. Present study evaluates glutathione level by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, iron deposition by quantitative susceptibility mapping in left hippocampus, as well as the neuropsychological scores of healthy old participants (N = 25), mild cognitive impairment (N = 16) and Alzheimer’s disease patients (N = 31). Glutathione was found to be significantly depleted in mild cognitive impaired (P < 0.05) and Alzheimer’s disease patients (P < 0.001) as compared with healthy old participants. A significant higher level of iron was observed in left hippocampus region for Alzheimer’s disease patients as compared with healthy old (P < 0.05) and mild cognitive impairment (P < 0.05). Multivariate receiver-operating curve analysis for combined glutathione and iron in left hippocampus region provided diagnostic accuracy of 82.1%, with 81.8% sensitivity and 82.4% specificity for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease patients from healthy old participants. We conclude that tandem glutathione and iron provides novel avenue to investigate further research in Alzheimer’s disease.

Human β defensins-1, an antimicrobial peptide, kills Candida glabrata by generating oxidative stress and arresting the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase

Candida glabrata is the most frequently isolated non-albicans Candida species in clinical samples and is known to develop resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs. Human β defensins (hBDs) are antimicrobial peptides of immune systems and are active against a broad range of pathogens including Candida species. Herein, the antifungal effect of hBD-1 and its mechanism of action in C. glabrata was studied. The antifungal susceptibility of hBD-1 against C. glabrata was calculated by broth microdilution assay. To study the mechanism of antifungal action, the impact of hBD-1 on cell cycle, expression of oxidative stress enzymes, and membrane disintegration were assessed. The susceptibility results confirmed that hBD-1 possessed the minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.12 µg/mL and prevented the growth and caused yeast cell death to various extents. The peptide at subinhibitory and inhibitory concentrations blocked the cell cycle in C. glabrata in G0/G1 phase and disturbed the activity of primary and secondary antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, at higher concentrations disruption of membrane integrity was observed. Altogether, hBD-1 showed candidicidal activity against C. glabrata and was able to induce oxidative stress and arrested cell cycle in C. auris and therefore has a potential to be developed as an antifungal drug against C. glabrata.

Synthesis and evaluation of a novel natural-based phosphine antioxidant for the thermal stabilization of polyethylene

A new phosphine-type potential secondary stabilizer was synthesized successfully with large natural raw material content. The stabilizer is a waxy white powder with a relatively low melting temperature. Both the thermal and the storage stability of the stabilizer are sufficient for practical use. The new stabilizer was introduced into a Phillips-type high-density polyethylene, and its stabilizing efficiency was determined by multiple extrusions. Commercial phosphite and phosphonite stabilizers were used as references. The additive packages contained a primary antioxidant and a phosphorus compound, both added at 1000 ppm. The chemical structure of the polymer, viscosity, color, and residual stability were determined after each extrusion. The comparison of the stabilizing efficiency of the three secondary antioxidants showed that the phosphine stabilizer is at least as efficient as the phosphorous secondary stabilizers available in the market. The new stabilizer proved to be the most efficient in melt stabilization and in preventing discoloration; the residual stability of the polymer was similar in the presence of all three secondary antioxidants. This feasibility study proved that the new compound could be used as a potential stabilizer in practice.

Developing active and intelligent films through the incorporation of grape skin and seed tannin extracts into gelatin

To achieve sustainability in the wine industry, by-products from winery operations are being diverted from waste streams and turned into beneficial use. Grape seed tannin (SeedT) and skin tannin (SkinT) extracts were used to modify the properties of gelatin films, and to prepare active/intelligent films. The SeedT extract showed a higher phenolic content (~ 440 mg gallic acid (GA)/g extract) and antioxidant inhibition (~ 20 %) than the SkinT extract (14 mg GA/g extract, 2 % antioxidant inhibition), while both extracts presented colour variations with an increase of solution pH. The addition of extracts into the gelatin formulation resulted in coloured and transparent films with lower wettability (water contact angle increased up to 92°) and higher UV-light absorbance (secondary antioxidant function) properties. The films were capable of releasing tannins by up to 20 % which led to antioxidant inhibition values of up to 13 % (primary antioxidant function). The addition of SkinT tannins into the films provided the films with a pH indicator ability (intelligent function).

Plant Antioxidants in the Oxidative Mayonnaise Spoilage Study

The article presents the data systematization results on the plant antioxidants use in mayonnaise, that is a popular seasoning at home and in the food industry. The objective disadvantage of fat-containing products is the process of self-oxidation under the influence of a number of factors changing the organoleptic properties of mayonnaise, reducing nutritional value, safety and shelf life. Manufacturers solve the lipid oxidation problem of fat-containing products and the fat phase of mayonnaise by using officially registered antioxidants / oxidation inhibitors mainly of synthetic origin. Due to the increased demand for natural antioxidants caused by the growing market of food products with natural food additives, one of the promising approaches to the mayonnaise oxidation prevention is the use of isolated individual substances and plant extracts with the high antioxidant activity. The paper systematizes the examples of the plant antioxidants use in the mayonnaise composition described in modern scientific literature, reveals the features of their influence on the oxidative spoilage process and organoleptic indicators. A man indicated that plant extracts containing polyphenolic substances, vitamins, carotenoids, α-tocopherol and terpenes inhibit the mayonnaise oxidative spoilage process, acting as primary antioxidants slowing down the lipid oxidation onset, and secondary – reducing the oxidation rate. The research proved the plant antioxidants ability to suppress targets of oxidant activity – hydroxyl radical, superoxide, singlet oxygen lipid radical, lipid peroxides and metals of variable valence.

Possible selective physisorption of lower molecular mass of epoxy-vinyl ester chains on the montmorillonite nanoplatelets: A rheological approach

Na+-montmorillonite nanoplatelets were surface functionalized by triethoxyvinylsilane through sol-gel reactions. The functionalized, and pristine nanoplatelets were then impregnated by Octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert.butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, a primary phenolic antioxidant, to be used in an epoxy vinyl ester resin. The FTIR, Raman and, TGA results confirm that the functionalization reactions, and the antioxidant impregnation process have been successfully carried out. FE-SEM micrographs demonstrate that particle morphology significantly changed as a result of the processes. In the next step, three different concentrations of the obtained nanofillers were added to an epoxy vinyl ester resin, and the attained colloids underwent rheological assessment. Both steady-shear, and dynamic complex viscosity diagrams showed significantly increased values, by two orders of magnitude, for untreated Na+-montmorillonite compared to the other nanofillers, i.e. vinyl-functionalized, and antioxidant-loaded ones. It was then demonstrated that such an increase is most certainly attributed to a proposed theory as possible selective physisorption of lower molecular mass of epoxy vinyl ester chains on the untreated montmorillonite nanoplatelets.

Germinated high‐resistant starch rice: A potential novel functional food

SummaryHigh‐resistant starch rice has been showing great potent in preventing diabetes but with inferior eating quality. Germinated brown rice (GBR) shows improved eating quality, GBR intake can reduce the risk of some chronic diseases and is beneficial for human health. Germination treatment might be a good solution to the dilemma between nutrition and sensory qualities. To deepen the understanding on the physiochemical properties of high RS rice during germination and widen the applications of high RS rice in functional food industry. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant RS4 (RS ca.10.3%), GZ93 (RS ca.0.1%) and the wild‐type R7954 (RS ca.1.6%) were used to investigate the primary physicochemical properties, antioxidant and functional substances after germination. After germination, though the contents of RS were decreased in R7954, GZ93 and RS4, the RS content in RS4 was still as high as 4.09%. Meantime, RS4 exhibited pronouncedly enhanced lipids, free glucose, polyphenolic compositions, flavonoid, GABA and β‐glucan contents after germination. Germination treatment decreased the gelatinisation temperature of RS4, made RS4 cooked easier but maintained lower digestibility and higher nutrients. Germinated RS4 with high RS content might be potent in food industry as antioxidant, hypolipidaemic and immune‐enhancing ingredients.

The RelB-BLNK Axis Determines Cellular Response to a Novel Redox-Active Agent Betamethasone during Radiation Therapy in Prostate Cancer.

Aberrant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are potential mechanisms that contribute to both cancer therapy efficacy and the side effects of cancer treatment. Upregulation of the non-canonical redox-sensitive NF-kB family member, RelB, confers radioresistance in prostate cancer (PCa). We screened FDA-approved compounds and identified betamethasone (BET) as a drug that increases hydrogen peroxide levels in vitro and protects non-PCa tissues/cells while also enhancing radiation killing of PCa tissues/cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Significantly, BET increases ROS levels and exerts different effects on RelB expression in normal cells and PCa cells. BET induces protein expression of RelB and RelB target genes, including the primary antioxidant enzyme, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), in normal cells, while it suppresses protein expression of RelB and MnSOD in LNCaP cells and PC3 cells. RNA sequencing analysis identifies B-cell linker protein (BLNK) as a novel RelB complementary partner that BET differentially regulates in normal cells and PCa cells. RelB and BLNK are upregulated and correlate with the aggressiveness of PCa in human samples. The RelB-BLNK axis translocates to the nuclear compartment to activate MnSOD protein expression. BET promotes the RelB-BLNK axis in normal cells but suppresses the RelB-BLNK axis in PCa cells. Targeted disruptions of RelB-BLNK expressions mitigate the radioprotective effect of BET on normal cells and the radiosensitizing effect of BET on PCa cells. Our study identified a novel RelB complementary partner and reveals a complex redox-mediated mechanism showing that the RelB-BLNK axis, at least in part, triggers differential responses to the redox-active agent BET by stimulating adaptive responses in normal cells but pushing PCa cells into oxidative stress overload.

0130 Central and Peripheral Markers of Oxidative Stress and Sleep in Mood Disorder: A Pilot MR Spectroscopy Study

Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbance is both a symptom of and a risk factor for mood disorders. Oxidative stress may impact the relationship between sleep disturbance and mood. However, the relationships between sleep and in vivo measurements of oxidative stress in the brain have not been examined in humans. Therefore, we tested the relationship between patient-reported sleep disturbance with peripheral and central concentrations of glutathione (GSH), the primary antioxidant in the brain. Methods Participants (2 women and 7 men) were individuals with (n=2) and without mood disorder (n=7), ages 35-61 years. MR spectroscopy at 7 Tesla (TE=20ms, TM=10ms, TR=3000ms) was used to measure cortical GSH levels in the brain in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Peripheral GSH was assayed from a fasted morning blood draw. Sleep disturbance and related impairment was assessed via the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance (PROMIS-SD) and Sleep-Related Impairment (PROMIS-SRI) questionnaires. Pearson correlations were assessed between peripheral and central GSH levels with PROMIS-SD and PROMIS-SRI T-scores. Results We observed significant negative correlations between DLPFC GSH with sleep disturbance (r=-0.744, p=0.022) and sleep-related impairment (r=-0.753, p=0.019). We did not detect correlations between sleep-related endpoints and peripheral GSH levels or GSH levels in the ACC or VMPFC. Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that more sleep disturbance and related impairment may be associated with lower levels of cortical GSH and implicate a role for sleep disturbance to impact oxidative stress in a region associated with rapid eye movement sleep and modulation of affective states. Support (If Any) This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health R01MH110979 (PBM) and T32MH017119 (JB).

Effect of natural carbon filler on thermo-oxidative degradation of thermoplastic-based composites

Thermo-oxidative degradation of thermoplastic-based composites filled with two types of carbon filler including bituminous (Pittsburgh No.8, P8) and sub-bituminous (Powder River Basin, PRB) coals were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis. Oxidation induction time (OIT) and activation energy (AE) for coal plastic composites (CPCs), HDPE, and commercially available wood plastic composites (WPCs) were determined using isothermal and isoconversional kinetic methods. OIT values for CPC increased with coal content, indicating higher thermo-oxidative stability. AE values obtained using isothermal method were 52–116 kJ/mol for all CPC formulations, 32 kJ/mol for HDPE, and 33–114 kJ/mol for WPCs. AEs for CPCs obtained using isoconversional methods were not constant but rather dependent on the degree of degradation with CPC/ P8 coal possessing higher overall AE. Incorporating coal into HDPE increased thermo-oxidative stability of the resulting composite, indicating coal potentially acts as a natural primary and secondary antioxidant for polymer materials.

Optimization of Temperature and Drying Time of Lemongrass and Lime Juice to Produce Antioxidant-Rich Instant Powder

Lemongrass has the primary compounds antioxidants of citronellal and geraniol. Lime contains antioxidants of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, and flavonoids. These ingredients can be made into functional drink powders that easy served by the foam mat drying method. The temperature and drying time influence the antioxidant content of the final product. The purpose of this study was to obtain the optimal drying temperature and time for drying lemongrass and lime to produce a high antioxidant of instant powder. This study used Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Factor 1 is the drying temperature (X1) with a lower limit of 60°C and an upper limit of 70°C, and the drying time (X2) with a lower limit of 5 hours and an upper limit of 9 hours. The responses were tested for antioxidant levels, water content, yield, and solubility. The results showed that the optimal drying temperature was 61.23°C and a drying time of 8.73 hours. Verification of optimal conditions obtained IC50 of 44.019 ppm, the water content of 8.57%, yield 27.86%, and solubility of 64.08% with a deviation of each response less than 2% or the model obtained is good. Optimal drying conditions have produced instant powder of lemongrass and lime with high levels of antioxidants.

On the free radical scavenging and metallic ion chelating activities of pyridoxal - Could the pro-oxidant risk be competitive?

Primary and secondary antioxidant activities of pyridoxal have been investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) at the M05–2X level combined with 6–311++G(d,p) basis set for non-metallic atoms and LanL2DZ for metallic ions. The former has been examined by its free radical scavenging activity towards HOO●, HO●, and NO2●via different mechanisms including formal hydrogen transfer (FHT), proton transfer (PT), single electron transfer (SET), and radical adduct formation (RAF). The latter has been accomplished through its transition metal-chelating ability with Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Cu(II)/Cu(I) ions. The results show that pyridoxal illustrates as an efficient radical scavenger, especially, for HO● and NO2● in water. The overall rate constants (koverall) for the reactions with HOO●, HO●, and NO2● radicals are 1.30 × 104, 5.76 × 109, and 1.43 × 109 M−1s−1, respectively. The SET from the anionic state is the most dominant for the HOO● and NO2● scavenging reactions, while both RAF and SET contribute largely to the reaction with highly reactive HO● radicals. Moreover, the anionic form of pyridoxal demonstrates a better role as a metal chelator than the neutral. However, the pro-oxidant risks of the formed complexes could be observed if there are superoxide radical anion (O2●–) and ascorbate (Asc–) in aqueous media.

Involvement of AMP-activated Protein Kinase α/Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-derived 2) Like 2-iniatived Signaling Pathway in Cytoprotective Effects of Wasabi 6-(Methylsulfinyl) Hexyl Isothiocyanate.

6-(Methylsulfinyl) hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MSITC) is an active ingredient present in Wasabi, which is a popular pungent spice used in Japanese cuisine. Our previous studies suggested that the primary antioxidant activity of 6-MSITC may link to other biological activity. This study aimed to clarify how the antioxidant activity of 6-MSITC contributes to preventing overloaded lipid stress in hepatic cell model. HepG2 cells were treated with 6-MSITC at defined concentrations and times in normal medium or in combined fatty acids (CFA) medium, and the targeted proteins were detected by Western blotting. The kinetic data revealed that 6-MSITC activated AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) like 2 (Nrf2), and then enhanced the protein expression of Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and Sirtuin1 as well as that of the Nrf2 target proteins, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase (HO-1). Furthermore, lipid metabolic stress was mimicked in HepG2 cells by overloading CFA. 6-MSITC significantly alleviated CFA-induced formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fat accumulation. Signaling analysis data revealed that 6-MSITC enhanced phosphorylation of AMPKα, upregulated the expression of Nrf2, NQO1, heme oxygenase 1, FOXO1, and Siruin1, and downregulated the expression of PPARα. Taken together, our results suggested that the AMPKα/Nrf2-mediated signaling pathways might be involved in the cytoprotective effects of Wasabi 6-MSITC against metabolic lipid stress.

Chemical repair of damaged leucine and tryptophane by thiophenols at close to diffusion-controlled rates: Mechanisms and kinetics.

Thiophenols are chemical species with multiple desirable biological properties, including their primary and secondary antioxidant capacity. In this work, the repairing antioxidant activity of eight different thiophenols has been investigated for damaged leucine and tryptophane. The investigation was carried out employing quantum mechanical and transition state methods to calculate the thermodynamic and kinetic data of the reactions involved, while simulating the biological conditions at physiological pH and aqueous and lipidic medium. The analysis of the atomic charges and the spin densities at each of the points on the potential energy surface was the tool that allowed the elucidation of the reaction mechanisms through which thiophenols repair the oxidative damage caused to the amino acids leucine and tryptophan. It was found that thiophenols can repair leucine via a hydrogen atom transfer mechanism in a manner which is similar to the one used by glutathione to repair the carbon-centered radicals of guanosine. In addition, thiophenols can also restore tryptophane, a nitrogen-centered radical, via proton-coupled electron transfer and single electron transfer mechanisms. Moreover, both processes occur at close to diffusion-controlled rates.

The correlation between primary dysmenorrhea and oxidative stress markers in adolescents

Objectives: Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological complaint in adolescent girls. Among many factors, oxidative stress (OS) is thought to be a potential factor in the etiology of primary dysmenorrhea. In this study, it is thought that the use of IMA, thiol, and disulfide levels as a diagnostic marker in primary dysmenorrhea and antioxidant interventions may play a role in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea and may benefit the pathophysiological and treatment process of the disease. Methods: Thirty adolescent girls (study group) with grade 2.3 primary dysmenorrhea who applied to outpatient clinic and 30 healthy young girls (control group) of similar age group were included in the study. Primary dysmenorrhea grade was analyzed with the help of the visual analog scale (VAS) and verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS). Patient`s basal hormone levels in the early follicular phase, serum albumin, IMA, total thiol, native thiol, disulfide, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) were recorded as main parameters. Results: Oxidative stress markers were compared between the primary dysmenorrhea and control groups. Although albumin, IMA, and disulfide levels were higher on average in the group with dysmenorrhea, the difference was not statistically significant. Disulfide level was found to be significantly higher in the group with CA125 ≥ 35. Conclusions: In our study, we examined serum albumin, IMA, total thiol, native thiol and disulfide levels in two groups resuts were not statistically significant. In this study, we concluded that as the CA125 level increased, the disulfide level increased in parallel.

Effect of ultraviolet radiation on molecular structure and photochemical compounds of &lt;i&gt;Salvia hispanica&lt;/i&gt; medical seeds

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Some seeds are a major source of vitamins and minerals and contain primary and natural antioxidants, making them useful as medical resources to treat infectious diseases in poor and developing countries. This research aimed to study and analyze the effects of ultraviolet A radiation on the molecular structure, chemical composition and photochemical compounds of &lt;italic&gt;Salvia hispanica&lt;/italic&gt; L. seeds (chia seeds). The results show that ultraviolet A radiation significantly affected the arrangement, size, interconnection and orientation of the &lt;italic&gt;Salvia hispanica&lt;/italic&gt; seed molecules. Also, significant changes in the carbohydrate, protein and fat contents were observed, with little variation in the total fibers comprising the &lt;italic&gt;Salvia hispanica&lt;/italic&gt; L. (chia seeds), after exposure to ultraviolet A radiation for different times at dissimilar distances. The phenolic content and flavonoid content in the &lt;italic&gt;Salvia hispanica&lt;/italic&gt; L. seeds varied after exposure to ultraviolet A radiation for 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours at 5-cm and 20-cm distances from the ultraviolet source.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor in brain repair after focal ischemic stroke.

Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor in brain repair after focal ischemic stroke.