Primary Anterior Teeth Research Articles

Tratamento endodôntico em dentes decíduos associado à reabilitação oral estética e funcional: relato de caso

Pediatric dentistry is an area within dentistry dedicated to oral health care for babies, children and even teenagers. The main focus of this specialty, as well as the focus of this work, is to promote awareness about the importance of creating healthy habits for children and maintaining the deciduous tooth in the alveolus until it is naturally replaced by permanent teeth. Endodontic treatment is usually proposed for two main causes: caries and dental trauma, which is very common in early childhood. The objective of this work was to carry out an endodontic treatment in deciduous teeth (51 and 61) and subsequent aesthetic rehabilitation of elements 51, 61, 52, 62 with composite resin. It can be concluded that the rehabilitation of the anterior deciduous teeth was extremely important from the aesthetic, functional and psychological point of view of the child. The use of maneuvers such as endodontics in deciduous teeth as well as the association of restorations with composite resins became a viable alternative in this clinical case, allowing the reestablishment of form, function and aesthetics.

Prefabricated Zirconia Crowns for Primary Anterior Teeth: Case Series

Prefabricated Zirconia Crowns for Primary Anterior Teeth: Case Series

Assessment of overall caries risk and mode of birth delivery in infants and children with and without ECC: a cross-sectional study.

The study assessed the caries risk in infants and children with and without early childhood caries (ECC) using American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Caries Risk Assessment Tool (AAPD CRAT) and identified the association between caries risk and mode of birth delivery. This cross-sectional study included 96infants and childrenwith all maxillary and mandibular primary anterior teeth and at least two primary molars erupted clinically in the oral cavity. The details on the mode of birth delivery were noted in a preformed template along with the demographic details, followed by caries risk assessment (CRA) to assess the caries risk of an individual. The outcome assessment for overall caries risk was performed for the ECC and non-ECC group and compared against the mode of birth delivery. Descriptive statistics were performed for all the study variables (gender, overall caries risk, mode of birth delivery, and term of delivery). The Chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables between the two groups (ECC and non-ECC groups). The high caries risk category contributed to 52.1% and 68.8% in the ECC and non-ECC groups, respectively. The prevalence of vaginal mode of delivery was 41.7% and 52.1% in the ECC and non-ECC groups, respectively. Caries risk increases with increasing age and the non-ECC group shows more risk (68.8%) than the ECC group. In comparison with the variables against the groups (ECC and non-ECC), Chi-square test revealed that only the term of delivery (p value = 0.035) and overall caries risk (p = 0.045) showed statistically significant difference. The proportion of high caries risk subjects was significantly more in the non-ECC groups. Children delivered by the C-section mode showed high caries risk (66.7%) when compared with the vaginal mode of delivery (53.3%). A validated CRAT for predicting caries risk is required.

In Vitro Fracture Strength of Primary Canine Teeth Reinforced With Prefabricated and Customized Fiber-Reinforced Post Systems.

The demand for esthetics has increased in today's worldand most parents prefer to preserve their children's primary anterior teeth until their natural exfoliation. However, an intracanal post is required to provide retention for reconstruction of severely damaged anterior teeth due to caries or trauma. Various materials and methods may be used for the fabrication of intracanal posts. This study assessed the fracture strength and fracture mode of primary canine teeth reconstructed with prefabricated and customized polyethylene and glass fiber posts. This in vitro study evaluated 60 extracted primary canine teeth in four groups (n = 15). After pulpectomy and post space preparation with 4 mm depth, composite resin post, prefabricated glass fiber post (Whitepost), customized glass fiber post (Interlig), or customized polyethylene fiber post (Ribbond) were placed in the root canals to provide retention, and the tooth crown was restored with bulk-fill composite resin. The fracture strength was then measured in a universal testing machine. The fracture mode was also evaluated visually. The mean fracture strength was 22.45 ± 5.06, 33.10 ± 8.5, 30.20 ± 7.33, and 32.61 ± 5.73 N/mm2 in the composite resin post, Whitepost, Interlig, and Ribbond groups, respectively. The fracture strength was significantly lower in the composite group than in the remaining three groups (p = 0.000). No other significant differences were found (p > 0.05).Also, no significant difference was observed among the study groups in the fracture mode (p = 0.241). The composite resin post yielded a significantly lower fracture strength than the prefabricated and customized glass and polyethylene fiber posts, but the fracture mode was not significantly different among the four groups.

Comparison of the quality of three obturation techniques in primary anterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomography: An in vitro study

Background: This study aimed to compare the number of voids of primary anterior teeth obturated with Endoflas by using three different obturation techniques, namely, endodontic pressure syringe, modified disposable syringe, and reamer using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Thirty-six single-rooted primary incisors and canines with lengths ranging within 15–22 mm were randomly divided into three groups (12 teeth/group) according to the obturation techniques used. Group A, endodontic pressure syringe; group B, modified disposable syringe; and group C, reamer. A single operator instrumented and obturated all teeth by using Endoflas. An independent evaluator analysed the quality of the obturation techniques by using CBCT imaging to determine the number of voids in the root canals. Fisher's exact test and multiple pairwise comparisons adjusted by the Dunn–Bonferroni method were used to statistically assess the results. Results: All study groups showed no statistically significant difference in the number of voids (P > 0.05). Comparing the thirds of each group, the coronal and middle thirds of group A contained the maximum number of voids, followed by groups B and C, with no statistically significant difference. For the apical third, voids were highly presented in group C followed by group B. Meanwhile, group A was found to have no voids. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current research, we concluded that voids existed in all techniques used; however, they were the least when using endodontic pressure syringes. Thus, an endodontic pressure syringe used with an Endoflas obturation material may be preferred as an obturation technique.

Validation of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Model for Early Childhood Caries Detection in Dental Photographs.

Background/Objectives: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a widespread and severe oral health problem that potentially affects the general health of children. Visual-tactile examination remains the diagnostic method of choice to diagnose ECC, although visual examination could be automated by artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the future. The aim of this study was the external validation of a recently published and freely accessible AI-based model for detecting ECC and classifying carious lesions in dental photographs. Methods: A total of 143 anonymised photographs of anterior deciduous teeth (ECC = 107, controls = 36) were visually evaluated by the dental study group (reference test) and analysed using the AI-based model (test method). Diagnostic performance was determined statistically. Results: ECC detection accuracy was 97.2%. Diagnostic performance varied between carious lesion classes (noncavitated lesions, greyish translucency/microcavity, cavitation, destructed tooth), with accuracies ranging from 88.9% to 98.1%, sensitivities ranging from 68.8% to 98.5% and specificities ranging from 86.1% to 99.4%. The area under the curve ranged from 0.834 to 0.964. Conclusions: The performance of the AI-based model is similar to that reported for the internal dataset used by developers. Further studies with independent image samples are required to comprehensively gauge the performance of the model.

Anterior Crowns in Paediatric Dentistry

Abstract Primary dentition exposed to caries mainly affects the primary maxillary anterior teeth and primary molars. Restoring primary maxillary anterior teeth requires material to be retentive, resistant to fracture and should be esthetic. Anterior crowns thus help in phonation and aesthetics. Crowns available for restoration of primary anterior teeth include those that are directly bonded to the tooth and those crowns that are luted onto the tooth such as stainless steel crown and zirconia crowns. Over the years, many types of crowns have been developed and advanced to aid the clinician in rehabilitating deciduous anterior teeth. This review is to discuss various anterior crowns available for restoring anterior primary teeth.

Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of Hong Kong Kindergarten Children Receiving Silver Diamine Fluoride Therapy.

The objective of this prospective 12-month observational study is to examine the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among Hong Kong young children aged 3-4 years old receiving silver diamine fluoride (SDF) therapy for carious upper anterior primary teeth. A parental questionnaire was used to collect each child's sociodemographic background and oral health habits at baseline. Data on parents' satisfaction with their child's dental aesthetics were collected at baseline and during a 12-month visit. The Chinese Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (C-ECOHIS) was used to measure OHRQoL. A trained dentist performed examinations and recorded caries experience (dmft) and oral hygiene (visible plaque index) at baseline and 12 months. SDF was applied to the carious lesions. Out of 286 invited children, 248 (87%, 248/286) participated, and 211 (85%, 211/248) attended the 12-month examination. All SDF-treated carious lesions were discoloured at the 12-month examination. Regression analysis showed that the baseline C-ECOHIS score was associated with dmft (p < 0.001). The baseline and 12-month C-ECOHIS scores were 4.6 ± 5.5 and 5.0 ± 5.6, respectively (p = 0.42). The scores for parental satisfaction with dental aesthetics at baseline and 12 months were 59% to 46% (p < 0.001). Satisfaction was negatively associated with the number of discoloured upper anterior teeth (p < 0.001). In conclusion, SDF discoloured the carious upper anterior teeth of the Hong Kong kindergarten children. However, the discoloured lesions had no significant effects on the OHRQoL of these children. However, more parents became dissatisfied with their child's dental aesthetics after SDF therapy. Hence, clinicians should inform parents well before they perform SDF therapy on children.

Assessment of the Efficacy and Bond Strength of Different Dentin-bonding Agents with Adhesives on Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and strength of three various dentin-bonding agents used with adhesives on primary teeth. The study used 80 recently extracted, healthy human maxillary anterior primary teeth that had undergone physiologic resorption, or over-retention. Teeth were cut to expose a flat dentin surface at a depth of 1.5 mm. All samples were divided into four groups (20 samples in each group) as follows: Group I-Control group, Group II-Primary teeth bonding with 6th-generation bonding agent, Group III-Primary teeth bonding with 7th-generation bonding agent, Group IV-Primary teeth bonding with 8th-generation bonding agent. All of the samples' dentinal surfaces were covered with composite resin using a Teflon mold after adhesive had been applied. A universal testing machine (INSTRON) was used to assess the shear bond strength. Data were collected and statistically analyzed. The maximum mean shear bond strength was found in 8th-generation bonding agent (30.76 ± 0.16), followed by 7th-generation bonding agent (26.08 ± 0.21), 6th-generation bonding agent (25.32 ± 0.06), and control group (6.18 ± 0.09). Statistically significant difference was found between the three different bonding agents (p < 0.001). On conclusion, the 8th-generation bonding agent demonstrated a greater shear bond strength to dentin than the 7th and 6th-generation bonding agent. The emergence of different bonding techniques to the market improves the durability and quality of restorations. An effective bonding to the tooth would also reduce bacterial penetration, marginal microleakage, possibility of pulpal inflammation preserve tooth structure, and postoperative sensitivity by allowing less cavity preparation. How to cite this article: Alqarni AS, Al Ghwainem A. Assessment of the Efficacy and Bond Strength of Different Dentin-bonding Agents with Adhesives on Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):342-345.

Gingival health, plaque accumulation, and restoration outcomes in deciduous anterior teeth: evaluating zirconia crowns versus composite resin strip crowns.

Zirconia crowns, resembling crystals and with enamel-like aesthetics, are recent entrants in pediatric restorative dentistry. Despite growing use, their empirical efficacy remains under-explored. The aim of this study is to compare resin composite strip crowns and premanufactured zirconia crowns on primary maxillary incisors. In the Pediatric Dental Clinics, 240 primary maxillary incisors (69 patients) were treated with either zirconia (120 teeth) or composite strip crowns (120 teeth). Evaluations of gingival health, plaque, secondary caries, restoration failure, and opposing teeth wear occurred at 3, 6, and 12-month intervals. At 3 months, zirconia crowns showed less gum bleeding (P=0.006) and plaque. Through 6 and 12 months, zirconia crowns exhibited fewer failures but higher opposing teeth wear. Strip crowns indicated greater tooth material loss. Zirconia crowns demonstrated superior gingival health and durability over composite resin strip crowns but caused increased wear on opposing teeth.

UNVEILING THE POST AND CORE WONDERS IN PRIMARY TEETH-A SERIES OF CASE REPORT

Pediatric dentists face significant challenges when dealing with the aesthetic concerns of severely damaged primary anterior teeth due to early childhood caries, which is the most common chronic disease among preschool children. The cases presented here involves children under 4 years of age with severely decayed maxillary anterior teeth. Following pulp therapy treatment, various posts including modified omega posts, glass fiber posts, and prefabricated post and core systems were used to reinforce the primary maxillary incisors, followed by composite restoration to rebuild the teeth. This technique provides a straightforward and efficient approach of restoring severely decayed primary anterior teeth, restoring their shape, function, and aesthetics effectively.

Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of shaping ability of kedo-S square and fanta AF™ baby rotary files compared to manual K-files in root canal preparation of primary anterior teeth

BackgroundPediatric rotary file systems were developed to solve manual file limitations. With many systems available, it may be tricky to select the most appropriate one.Aimto assess & compare Kedo-S Square, Fanta-AF™-Baby rotary files with manual K-file concerning removed dentin amount, canal transportation, centric ability & root canal taper using CBCT in primary anterior teeth.DesignExtracted Seventy-five upper primary anterior teeth with intact 2/3 root length were collected and divided into three groups based on root canal instrumentation, group-I: prepared using K-file, group-II: prepared using Kedo-S Square, and group-III: prepared using Fanta AF™ Baby file. The teeth were imaged with CBCT before & following canal instrumentation. Then, the removed dentin amount was calculated at each root-canal level. The Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to statistically analyze study data.ResultThe difference among the three groups was highly statistically significant at cervical & apical thirds concerning dentin thickness changes on both mesial & distal sides following canal preparation with the least removed dentin in the Kedo-S Square group(P < 0.0001). Regarding transportation & centering ability, a non-significant difference between the three groups was found. 80% of the Fanta AF™ Baby group had good-tapered preparation compared to the Kedo-S Square (72%) and K-file (40%) groups(P < 0.05).ConclusionKedo-S Square was preferable to Fanta-AFTM-Baby & manual K-files in primary root canal preparation.

Body Height Estimation According to Deciduous Dental Crown Height in a Peruvian Sample of Preschool Children.

Odontometry and body height are distinctive biological traits, making their relationship relevant in the identification of individuals. The objective of this study was to estimate body height according to the height of the crown of deciduous teeth in Peruvian preschool children. This analytical study was applied to a calculated sample of 204 preschoolers between 3 and 5 years of age (34 per sex/age group) with fully erupted upper anterior deciduous teeth (from #53 to #63). Measurements included body height with a stadiometer (106 ± 6.56 cm; 94-123 cm) and crown height from canine to canine (3.06 mm in #62 to 8.13 mm in #53) in models with digital vernier (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.781). Linear regression models included calculation of the regression coefficient (β) to predict height based on crown height for each deciduous tooth at a significance level of P < 0.05. There was no correlation between body height and crown height by tooth type in the total sample (P ≥ 0.05), but there was in a 3-year-old female in #52 (r = 0.4: moderate) and a 5-year-old female in #53 and #63 (r = 0.36-0.38: low) (P < 0.05). Body height prediction equations are shown according to crown height per tooth and sex/age groups. The regressions were significant, explaining 13%-18% of 3-year-old females in #53 and #52 (1.85-1.86 cm error) and 5-year-old females in #53, #51, and #63 (4.61 at 4.63 cm error) (P < 0.05). The odontology method using crown height of the upper anterior deciduous teeth estimated body height in Peruvian girls of 3 and 5 years of age. The teeth are resistant to traumatic forces so these could be used as a body height estimation parameter for forensic human identification.

The effect of different intracanal irrigants on the push-out bond strength of dentin in damaged anterior primary teeth.

This experimental study investigated the effect of different intracanal irrigants on the push-out bond strength of dentin in damaged anterior primary teeth. The crowns of 90 anterior primary teeth were sectioned horizontally, 1 mm above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Following canal preparation with K-files, all groups except the negative control received normal saline irrigation. Canals were then irrigated with either 3% or 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% or 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution (except negative and positive controls). The roots were filled with Metapex material and covered with a calcium hydroxide liner. In root canals, the bond was applied by self-etching and then light-cured for 20 seconds before canals were restored incrementally with composite. Stereomicroscopes were used to assess failure patterns. Push-out bond strengths (MPa ± SD) were: 3% NaOCl (16.92 ± 5.78), 5.25% NaOCl (8.96 ± 3.55), 2% CHX (14.76 ± 5.56), and 0.2% CHX (7.76 ± 2.93). Significant differences were seen across the irrigants regarding the push-out bond strength of dentin sections (P <0.001). The most frequent failures were adhesive and cohesive. NaOCl and CHX irrigants increased the push-out bond strength compared to controls. Compared to controls, both 3% NaOCl and 2% CHX irrigants significantly increased the push-out bond strength of dentin in non-vital anterior primary teeth.

Identification and Analysis of Enamel Rod End Patterns in Primary Anterior Teeth Using Automated Biometrics: An In Vitro Study.

Recording enamel rod end patterns can be considered an alternative to fingerprints, which are susceptible to decomposition or mutilation. The available literature revealed that limited research has been performed on the recording of enamel rod end patterns, and none has been performed on primary teeth. Hence, this in vitro observational study was performed with the aim of identifying and analyzing the different patterns of enamel rod endings of primary anterior teeth. The objectives of this study were to record the different patterns of enamel rod endings obtained from the enamel surface of primary maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth through biometric analysis. The enamel rod end patterns of 30 noncarious primary anterior teeth with intact crown structures were recorded using the acetate peel technique. The photomicrographs of the imprints were then subjected to biometric conversion using Verifinger Standard Software Development Kit® (SDK®) version 6.5 software. The enamel surface of primary anterior teeth, the following enamel rod end patterns were detected and recorded-wavy branched (WB), linear branched (LB), linear unbranched (LUB), Whorl (W), loop (L), and stem-like (SL) patterns. WB was the only pattern that predominated all of the samples. Only WB and LB emerged as a single subpattern. The patterns LUB, L, W, and SL were never observed alone; rather, they were combined with two, three, or four other subpatterns, primarily WB and LB. In this study, six enamel rod end patterns were identified and recorded on the enamel surface of primary anterior teeth. Suvarnan SK, Baghkomeh PN, Farzan JM. Identification and Analysis of Enamel Rod End Patterns in Primary Anterior Teeth Using Automated Biometrics: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(2):149-152.

Fracture Resistance and Push-Out Bond Strength of Three Post Types in the Restoration of Anterior Primary Teeth - A In Vitro study.

Restoration fractures and displacement are the two main causes of failure after the rehabilitation of severely worn primary anterior teeth. Compare the effect of three post types on the fracture and push-out bond strength. Sixty undamaged maxillary anterior primary teeth were allocated into three groups according to post type: (I) Tetric N Ceram composite post, (II) prefabricated glass fiber post, and (III) high viscous glass ionomer post. Each group was further subdivided into two sub-groups depending on the test used: fracture resistance test and push-out bond strength test. The all specimens were mounted in acrylic resin blocks and tested using a universal testing machine. The fracture and failure mode were determined by a stereomicroscope inspection of all the specimens. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni post hoc test ( P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between fracture resistance and push-out bond strength values for the experimental groups ( P < 0.05). The most significant fracture resistance value was in Group II and core/post fracture (restorable fracture) was the most obvious fracture in the three groups with the highest percentage in Group I. The most significant push-out bond strength value was in Group I and adhesive failure between dentin and luting cement/post was the most common type in the groups. The fracture resistance and push-out bond strength were affected by the type of post ( P = 0.000). Prefabricated glass fiber posts showed the highest fracture resistance in this study. However, Tetric N Ceram composite posts had the most restorable fracture. Tetric N Ceram composite posts had the highest bond strength with adhesive failure mode.

Pattern of Traumatic Dental Injuries and Treatment Receipt among Children Attending the University Dental Hospital in Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern and distribution of traumatic injuries to primary and permanent anterior teeth in 2–14-year-old pediatric dental patients in AlHassa region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study sample consisted of pediatric dental patients visiting the university dental complex seeking treatment for traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) during the period from February 2022 to April 2023. Data were collected by means of interviewing the children and/or parents regarding the history of trauma and clinical examination for evidence of dental trauma to primary and permanent teeth. Results: A total of 122 children (184 teeth) including 78 (63.9%) boys and 44 (36.1%) girls sustained traumatic injuries to their teeth. The most common reason for dental trauma was falls, and maxillary right central incisor was the most frequently affected permanent teeth. Enamel-dentine fractures in permanent teeth and luxation injuries among primary teeth were predominantly noted. Majority of the injuries (47.5%) have been found to have not received timely attention for treatment. Conclusions: Early treatment of dental trauma should be emphasized, and preventive strategies targeted at parents and teachers at the community level are needed to promote and reduce the burden of TDIs.

Primary double teeth in archeological medieval material from the area of Poland: A report on two cases

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate primary double teeth in archeological material from the area of Poland and a brief review of the literature on the subject. Two cases of fusion of anterior primary teeth in two infants from past populations living in eastern (8th–9th cent. CE) and southern (15th cent. CE) parts of Poland are presented. A macroscopic as well as a radiographic assessment of the teeth was performed, which, in case 1, included a periapical X‐ray and CBCT imaging (Gendex–USA GXDP‐800) and, in case 2, scanning with a SkyScan micro‐CT scanner, along with reconstruction images made using NRECON SkyScan. In case 1, cross‐section and axial CBCT images showed that the fused teeth were joined by dentin in the lower portion of the crown and had two separate pulp chambers and one wide root canal. In case 2, a cross‐sectional microscan confirmed partial fusion with two distinct crowns, two pulp chambers, and one wide common root canal. The discovery of fused teeth in the remains of children, which are typically poorly preserved, is a rare event. Consequently, the reported first cases of double teeth originating from the 8th–9th and 15th centuries CE, found in Poland in Central Europe, are of great value, as they can be used to map dental anomalies in archaeological populations. 3D imaging technologies are essential to establish the final diagnosis of double teeth.

Esthetic Rehabilitation of Severely Mutilated Anterior Primary Teeth Using Fiber Post – Case Reports

ABSTRACT Premature loss of primary teeth due to early childhood caries could be treated with different options. Presented cases discuss the clinical sequence of rehabilitation of maxillary anterior primary teeth. Endodontic treatment was followed by composite resin restoration reinforced with fiberglass post. Two case reports present a treatment option for severely mutilated primary maxillary incisors due to early childhood caries.

Mechanical Properties and Clinical Success of Intracanal Posts in Primary Maxillary Anterior Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Intracanal posts are commonly used to restore lost permanent/primary tooth structure and the smile of the patient. This systematic review aims to evaluate the clinical success of intracanal posts used in primary maxillary anterior teeth and compare their mechanical properties. An extensive literature search was performed using Medline via PubMed, Embase via embase.com, LILACS, CINAHL via EBSCO, Cochrane Oral Health Group Specialized Register, Scopus, and Web of Science until December 2021 and was updated till December 2022. In vivo and in vitro studies in the English language that assessed clinical success and mechanical properties were included. Distiller SR software was used for everything from title screening to data extraction. A total of 30 studies were analyzed, including 11 in vivo and 19 in vitro studies. Four studies were included in a meta-analysis, and all 30 studies qualified for qualitative analysis. The meta-analysis showed that fiber posts are clinically superior to composite resin posts (CRPs) (p = 0.02). No significant difference was observed between the fracture resistance of CRPs and no posts (p = 0.73). Most of the included studies showed a high risk of bias. Conclusive evidence about the effectiveness of various intracanal posts cannot be established. This is due to the limited number of clinical trials and included studies of low to moderate quality with a high risk of bias. To validate the use of posts in primary maxillary anterior teeth, further research, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of higher quality, is required. The use of intracanal posts in primary teeth is a commonly used treatment modality among pediatric dentists. However, the quality of the evidence to support its use is low. This systematic review provides a comprehensive summary of the current literature and highlights the need for further research. Results were interpreted with caution, as the evidence supporting the use of intracanal posts in primary teeth is limited. Shanmugam Y, Raghu A, Muthu MS, et al. Mechanical Properties and Clinical Success of Intracanal Posts in Primary Maxillary Anterior Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-3):S293-S305.