Prices Research Articles

La industria farmacéutica india en el capitalismo contemporáneo

<p>Este ensayo perfila la historia reciente de la industria farmacéutica en India. Para ello se contextualiza e identifica la ruta delineada por este sector, de vital importancia para sus pobladores y del mundo entero, y su actuación dentro de la economía mundial, que mueve a la industria local a convertirse en un actor internacional relevante.</p><p>El análisis aporta algunos elementos determinantes que definen el curso de la industria farmacéutica en esa región. El propósito no es discutir si su desempeño fue o no acertado, sino identificar las particularidades principales de actuación de este sector en la economía local y mundial. Se sostiene que la hipótesis que explica el relativo éxito en la etapa reciente es la conjunción de una serie de factores. Entre otros destacan, la adquisición de habilidades para la producción de fármacos de las empresas locales; regulación mediante el otorgamiento de patentes sobre procesos para la corporación local; en un entorno de competencia transnacional las empresas autóctonas utilizan deformulación o ingeniería inversa, para producir, a bajos precios y alta calidad, medicamentos genéricos altamente rentables.</p><div><div><p> </p></div></div>

THE EFFECTS OF CORONAVIRUS ON GLOBAL ENERGY PRICES

It appears that the impact of the crisis caused by the coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic in the world is experienced in many different areas, especially in health The drastic falls in oil prices indicate that energy is also one of those areas Oil prices were the first to suffer from this lack of demand, as measures taken to prevent the spread of the epidemic slowed the economy, severely reducing demand for energy Then there were also falls in the prices of natural gas and other energy sources In terms of the impact of the epidemic on the energy sector, it is seen that the economic crisis experienced in energy importer countries is directly reflected in energy exporting countries Even though decreasing energy prices, especially oil, firstly was a very positive development for energy-importing countries, the problems of the exporting countries in the framework of the global economic cycle will affect them eventually The success of energy exporting countries in their struggle with the crisis will determine the degree of dependence on the exports of these energy products Especially for countries whose share of energy exports in revenue budgets are very high and foreign exchange reserves are low, the low level of oil and gas prices for a long time can have serious economic and political consequences In this study, the effects of coronavirus on energy prices, the effects of countries on energy prices, the course of changes in energy prices and future scenarios are examined [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Avrasya Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of International Journal of Eurosia Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Avrasya Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

An essay on reaction of stock prices to earnings announcements

An essay on reaction of stock prices to earnings announcements

The Great Reversal: How America Gave Up on Free Markets. By Thomas Philippon. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019. xii + 343 pp. Figures, tables, glossary, appendix, references, index. Cloth, $29.95. ISBN: 9780674237544.

Prices of some important products—airline flights, mobile phone calls, broadband Internet service—are higher in the United States than in many other countries, notably those in Europe There are complications with each of these measures;the HHI for food retailing, to take one example, is hard to interpret when supercenters, drugstores, dollar stores, gas stations, meal kits ordered online, and prepared meals delivered by DoorDash all offer food for at-home consumption in competition with grocery stores The current stars’ pretax profit margins, he adds, are similar to those of stock market stars of earlier years;what distinguishes them is their much higher after-tax profit margins, a function of tax policy rather than productivity

Land rent values determinants: a Hedonic Pricing approach at local scale

Farmland values are driven by a complex set of factors. Starting from the idea that land rent values may reflect several characteristics both internal and external to agricultural sector, the paper has implemented a hedonic model based on land rent values in the metropolitan area of Milan, Northern Italy, assessing the influence of climate, soil, territorial and farm variables on a sample of farms. The model is based on data at rent contract level, matched with data at farm and municipal scale retrieved from different sources. Results confirm that land rent prices are affected by some climate variables, along with territorial and farm characteristics.

ANALISIS KESEIMBANGAN EKSPOR DAN IMPOR CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) INDONESIA

This research aims study is to explain the area of oil palm, the productivity of oil palm, CPO export offers for the year, CPO import demand and the balance of Indonesia CPO export and import. we use time series data for 1981-2014 years and econometrics models in the form of simultaneous equations with 2SLS method. The focus of the study is the balance of Indonesia's CPO export and import for the period 1981-2014 years. Statistical analysis of multiple linear regression using the Shazam 10. F Test Results show that the current domestic CPO prices, current domestic rubber prices, the area of oil palm land in the previous year had a significant effect on land area. Current CPO export prices, current domestic CPO prices, and previous year's oil palm productivity have a significant effect on CPO productivity and the current fertilizer prices have no significant effect. Current CPO export prices, current CPO production and previous year's CPO exports, the current rupiah exchange rate against the dollar today has a significant effect on CPO export offers while the current rupiah against the dollar has no significant effect on export offers. Current CPO import prices, current GDP have a significant effect on CPO import demand while the previous year's import demand had no significant effect on import demand. The CPO export offer of the previous year had a significant effect on the balance of Indonesia's CPO export prices while the rupiah exchange rate against the current dollar, current CPO production, CPO export of the previous year, current year's GDP and import of the previous year had no significant effect on Indonesia's CPO export price balance. Keywords: Land Area, Domestic CPO Production, CPO Productivity, CPO Exports, CPO Imports, Domestic CPO Prices, CPO Export Prices, CPO Import Prices, Rubber Prices, Exchange Rates, GDP and Fertilizer Prices.

Grid Parity and Defection Studies in Major Philippine Cities Using Solar Photovoltaic-Plus-Storage Configuration

Due to the rapidly declining costs of solar photovoltaic (solar PV) modules and batteries, the possibility of defecting from the grid is starting to become an alternative for some consumers. Should many consumers defect from the grid, given the current rate structures, electricity prices would increase even faster which will further encourage more people to defect from the grid. This positive feedback loop has been called the “utility death spiral”. Previous grid defection studies were conducted in the United States, Australia, as well as some countries in Europe. In this work, the technical feasibility and economic viability of grid parity and defection were determined for residential customers in the major cities of the Philippines (Manila, Cebu and Davao) based on the franchise areas of Manila Electric Company, Visayan Electric Company, and Davao Light and Power Company. The grid defection analysis was divided into customer clustering, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) calculation, and finally grid parity comparison. Three main clusters were identified based on the k-means clustering by utilizing 18 different features in order to get a more detailed overview on how many customers of each type are more likely to defect based on the representative load profiles from MERALCO. Average silhouette widths of 0.657, 0.587 and 0.585 were obtained for the three clusters. Based on the clusters, the LCOE of optimally sized solar PV-battery systems were calculated using Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources Software, from 2018 up to 2050. The LCOE data were then compared to the projected retail electricity prices based on the actual data from the mentioned distribution utilities to find the economic viability of grid defection per customer cluster. Results show that grid parity and defection would be possible for residential customers starting in the next 30 y, with customers from Cebu more likely to defect first followed by Manila and then Davao. Based on the clustering, it was observed that the grid parity occurred earliest in Cluster C, followed by Cluster B, and then Cluster A. Different scenarios were also explored depending on the rate of decrease of local prices of photovoltaics, lithium-ion batteries, and a combination of both. Results show that decreasing battery prices play a bigger role achieving grid parity in the country.

What happens when the stock markets are closed

The normality of the log-return of stock prices is often assumed by the market players in order to use some useful results, as for instance, the Black-Scholes formula for pricing European options. However, several studies regarding different indexes have shown that the normality assumption of the returns usually fails. In this paper we analyse the normality assumption for intra-day and inter-day log-returns, comparing opening prices and/or closing prices for a large number of companies quoted in the Nasdaq Composite index. We use the Pearson's Chi-Square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, Shapiro-Wilks and Jarque-Bera goodness-of-fit tests to study the normality assumption.We find that the failure rate in the normality assumption for the log-return of stock prices is not the same for intra-day and inter-day prices, is somewhat test dependent and strongly dependent on some extreme price observations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the normality assumption for the log-return of stock prices dealing simultaneously with a large number of companies and normality tests, and at the same time considering various scenarios of intra-day, inter-day prices and data trimming.

Precio del carbón y dinámica laboral en Valledupar

En esta investigación se realiza un análisis del mercado laboral en Valledupar en el periodo 2007-2017 encontrando que, a partir de la caída de los precios del carbón en 2014, este se deterioró de manera significativa; así, durante este periodo creció la tasa de desempleo, especialmente entre los más educados, las mujeres y los jóvenes. Los resultados econométricos confirman que los cambios en los precios del carbón tienen un efecto positivo en la participación laboral y en los salarios reales; adicionalmente, se encuentra que los retornos a la educación superior en Valledupar son menores en comparación con otras ciudades del país.

Market-Based Executive Compensation Contract under Endogenous Information Acquisition

The study investigates how a publicly traded firm's liquidation value and stock price are used in an executive compensation contract when information acquisition in the asset market is endogenized. If the inside owner offers marketbased compensation contract to the risk-averse manager, the inside owner expects higher utility than when stock prices are excluded from the contract. If information cost displays an intermediate value, changes in the exogenous parameters generate the direct effect and the indirect effect via the information market. Finally, we find that the market-based compensation contract contributes to the increase of social welfare.

Oil Price Pass-Through into Consumer Prices: Evidence from U.S. Weekly Data

Using U.S. data from Monday of each week, this paper estimates oil price pass-through into consumer prices (PC) and oil price pass-through into gasoline retail prices (PG) in a continuous way. The results show that PC (PG) is about 0.5% (13%) after a week, 1.5% (37%) after three months, and 4.2% (50%) in the long run. The estimated PC is further decomposed into direct PC (representing oil price effects on consumer prices through gasoline retail prices) versus indirect PC (representing oil price effects on consumer prices through ex-gasoline prices). While direct PC contributes more in the short-run, indirect PC contributes more in the long-run, suggesting that long-run oil price effects on consumer prices are mostly through ex-gasoline consumer prices. Despite having distinct pass-through estimates, about three-fourths of weekly volatility in both gasoline retail and consumer prices are explained by oil price shocks in the long run. Important policy implications follow.

Cost accounting of telemedicine service items based on improved activity-based costing

Telemedicine can optimize deployment of medical resources and minimize diagnosis discrepancies.Formulation of a rational project pricing and scientific compensation policy will be conducive to its future development.The concept of human resource consumption in RBRVS was used as reference to improve the activity-based costing(ABC)method.The authors sorted out the resource cost repository, identified the activity system, classified the motivation resources into respective activity cost repositories, and calculated the cost of respective cost object distribution.The cost of three telemedicine service items(remote single discipline consultation, remote image consultation and remote pathology consultation were 119.69, 147.03 and 161.61 yuan respectively)was calculated by the improved ABC.It can better indicate project costs than that calculated by the traditional ABC(137.30, 147.17 and 144.08 yuan), and proves more consistent with the existing prices of other province(134.00, 150.00 and 174.00 yuan). Key words: Telemedicine; Activity-based costing; Cost accounting; Medical service

Housing Prices，Public Goods and the Willingness of Floating Populations to Stay in the City

In recent years, floating populations have continued to gather in large cities with high levels of economic development, and housing prices in these cities have continued to rise. Based on these two characteristic facts, this paper empirically investigates the relationship between urban housing prices and the willingness of floating populations to stay in the city by using the matching datasets of the national dynamic monitoring survey of floating populations and urban housing prices in 2012 and 2014. This study finds that under the premise of controlling a series of variables, urban hosing prices have an inverted U-shaped effect on the willingness of floating populations to stay in the city. In view of the inverted U-shaped effect of housing prices on the willingness of migrants to stay in the city, this paper attempts to explain floating populations’ demand for city public goods. Housing prices are highly correlated with the city’s education resource supply capacity. Due to the different family life cycle, as children’s age grows, the inflection point of housing prices rises first and then declines. When the age of children is in the compulsory education stage, the inflection point is the highest. By performing regression of different ages of floating populations, we find that the inflection point of housing prices among the 35−45-year-old floating population maintains a higher position. This corresponds precisely to the age at which the first children of most of floating populations enter the stage of education. Floating populations are willing to withstand higher housing prices in order to enjoy the educational resources in the city for their children. After carrying out a series of robustness tests, the conclusions still exist.

BEHAVIORS, MOTIVATORS, AND BARRIERS OF SHOPPERS AND NONSHOPPERS AT LOCAL FARMERS MARKETS IN COSTA RICA

Objetivo. Examinar los comportamientos de compra y las percepciones relacionadas con el uso de ferias del agricultor en una muestra de usuarios y no usuarios de las mismas. Metodología. Diseño transversal, con el uso de una encuesta estructurada en participantes viviendo a un kilómetro de distancia o menos de dos ferias del agricultor específicas (n=240). El análisis cuantitativo incluyó estadísticas descriptivas y bivariadas para comparar usuarios con no usuarios. Las preguntas abiertas se analizaron utilizando codificación temática. Resultados. 56% de la muestra fue usuaria de la feria del agricultor, y en su mayoría, mujeres adultas. Las usuarias tenían ingreso similar, pero nivel educativo menor que las no usuarias. En usuarias, el precio, la calidad de producto y la proximidad a la feria fueron las principales motivaciones de uso. En no usuarias, las horas de operación, la falta de tiempo y los precios fueron las principales barreras. Conclusión. Los hallazgos profundizan en potenciales mejoras de las ferias del agricultor. Los mensajes de promoción se pueden adaptar para resaltar los beneficios que ya son conocidos de las ferias, lo cual conduciría a estrategias de mercadeo más efectivas para promover su uso.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2019.38990

Analyzing the Stock Market Using the Solution of the Fractional Option Pricing Model

The aim of this work is to analyze the stock market using the solution of the fractional option pricing model as in literature. First, the Hurst exponent of the stock prices of two different stock index using Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) method was estimated. A program using MATLAB code was written which is used to calculate the Hurst exponent, the volatility, the discount rate, the call and put options prices efficiently so as to save time and avoid computational errors which may arise through manual computation.

Analisis SWOT Untuk Strategi Pengembangan Home Industry Kue Gapit Sampurna Jaya Kabupaten Cirebon

Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas manajemen Home Industry Kue Gapit Sampurna Jaya melalui penyusunan strategi usaha yang tepat dan akurat agar dapat mengembangkan home industry tersebut yang mana saat ini sudah mulai dikenal masyarakat banyak karena cita rasa makanannya sangat khas. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah melalui Analisis SWOT untuk membantu mengidentifikasi berbagai faktor yang terbentuk secara sistematis yang digunakan untuk merumuskan strategi perusahaan. Analisis SWOT dapat diterapakan dengan cara menganalisis dan memilih hal-hal yang memengaruhi keempat faktornya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dengan metode kualitatif bersifat deskriptif. Dari hasil penelitian, strategi produsen agar dapat terus bersaing yaitu menjaga kualitas produk dengan bahan baku yang berkualitas baik, memberi pelayanan yang baik, harga bersaing dan pemasaran online. Sedangkan analisis SWOT diantaranya memaksimalkan produksi, menjaga kualitas produk, menyediakan lahan parkir, menambah variasi rasa gapit, menambah modal serta memperluas pemasara n.

A internacionalização do mercado brasileiro de derivados lácteos – análises sobre a atuação de oligopólios, oligopsônios e Trade Company

O trabalho em questão apresenta uma análise sobre a influência criada pelas Trade Company no mercado nacional de leite e derivados lácteos, promovendo por meio da oferta, a regulação dos preços destes produtos no mercado e assim desdobrando flutuações nos preços praticados por toda a cadeia produtiva do leite – CPL. Ainda busca destacar que a variação dos preços internacionais ainda estabelece comportamento cíclico nos volumes de importação/exportação, criando condições ideais para que grandes empresas nacionais e multinacionais possam condicionar os preços praticados principalmente para elos frágeis do processo, neste caso o produtor rural, que tem a cotação de sua mercadoria mais relacionada por aspectos internacionais do mercado do que pela sazonalidade do volume de produção condicionados pelos elementos naturais ou estruturais regionais de cada região do Brasil.

A New Analysis of the Market for Legal Services: The Lawyer, homo œconomicus or homo conventionalis?

The current movement of deregulation of professional services in Europe rests on the idea that reducing professional regulation will increase market competition and lead to cut prices for customers. Studying liberalization of the market for legal services, we assume that competition relates much more to quality than to the sole prices. Endorsing the perspective of economics of convention, we show that the profession of lawyer overlaps with a diversity of autonomous and dis-tinct logics that links the quality of services valued by clients with professional practices. These typical logics frame different rational processes characterized by the implementation of distinctive interpretation and reflexivity processes by lawyers. Given that the market-based rationality of maximizing profit sustains only one of the fourth logics embodied within the legal market, this article questions the consequences of professional deregulation on the performance of the market for legal services.

“It Is Still the Prices, Stupid”

“It Is Still the Prices, Stupid”

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pemintaan Sayuran pada Rumah Tangga di Kelurahan Kadia Kecamatan Kadia Kota Kendari

This study aims to find out about the demand and factors that influence the demand for vegetables in households in Kadia Village, Kadia District, Kendari City. This research was conducted in Kadia City Kendari Regency with a sample of 99 respondents who were determined by purposive random sampling. The results showed that: Demand for vegetables in households in Kadia Kadia Village, Kendari Regency, had an average consumption of vegetables of 7.94 kg with a frequency of average vegetable consumption of 16.65 times a month and factors affecting demand for vegetables in households in Kadia Kadia Village, Kendari Regency, vegetable prices, price of tempeh / tofu, price of eggs, price of chicken meat, price of fish, number of family members, and family income. The results of the t-test analysis found that only the variable vegetable prices and chicken meat prices were significant at the 90% confidence level.