Prices Of Agricultural Products Research Articles

Creation of a system of regulation and improvement of the organizational and economic mechanism of functioning of agriculture

Methods. Theoretical and methodological methods were used in the study, such as: the method of abstraction – when considering the definitions of determining the essence of the category «efficiency of agriculture»; grouping – in determining the system of performance indicators, system analysis – in systematizing the factors that affect its level and dynamics of efficiency; analysis and synthesis – in the study of indicators of social, economic and technological efficiency of agriculture. Results. The study considers the theoretical aspects of the essence of the category of «efficiency of agriculture» and identifies the system of indicators that characterize it. The factors influencing its level and dynamics of efficiency are systematized. The specifics of the organizational and economic mechanism of effective management of the agricultural sector are determined. The analysis of indicators of social, economic and technological efficiency of agriculture is carried out. There is a close relationship between the level of solvency of the population and the profits of agricultural enterprises. Novelty. Using economic and statistical analysis, new relationships between socio-economic phenomena have been established. Prospects for improving land relations in agriculture and improving the organizational and legal forms of agricultural enterprises are presented. Perspective directions of improvement of functional farms are substantiated. Proposals have been developed to establish effective inter-agricultural relations in the agro-industrial complex, eliminate the disparity in prices for agricultural products and resources used in agriculture, as well as to improve financial and credit support of agricultural enterprises and market infrastructure, provide an innovative way of development of agriculture. Practical value. The scientific and practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that the study of a set of problems associated with finding ways to improve the efficiency of agriculture is one of the most pressing challenges that domestic agricultural science is facing. The solution of these problems necessitates the expansion of research to substantiate the strategy and integrated development of agriculture in market conditions, as well as conceptually holistic, systembalanced and methodologically balanced organizational and economic mechanisms for the effective functioning of the industry.

Analysis of long-term trends of world prices for agricultural products

The issues related to the long-term pricing process in the world market of agricultural products are discussed in the paper. It is noted that international trade of agro-industrial products, namely the fishery commodities, is one of the key components of the global economy. A detailed analysis of export prices for agricultural products was carried out along with the current trend identification. It is noted that a qualitative analysis of long-term trends of changes of world prices for agricultural products, namely fishery products, can serve as a basis for strategic forecasting of development of the most important sectors of the Russian economy.

ДЕРЖАВНЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ

Problems of state regulation of agriculture in Ukraine are analyzed. It is shown that all problems will be solved automatically in the initial stages of agricultural reform on a market basis. It was believed that market levers operate automatically. Without the established agricultural market and its infrastructure, the liberalization of economic activity has only exacerbated the problems. In the following periods, regulatory acts were aimed at solving certain problems without defining strategic goals for agricultural development. The efforts of state agricultural management bodies are aimed at bringing regulatory policy closer to the model used in the European Union. Similar approaches are often copied without regard for the state of agriculture in Ukraine and the level of market relations. A feature of agriculture in Ukraine is the inadequate level of infrastructure of the agricultural market. Because of this, prices for agricultural products are not generated by the market, but they are formed under the monopoly influence of certain structures. Prices are very variable. It is very difficult for manufacturers to adapt to such prices. In such conditions, especially large business entities are developing rapidly. Their activities are aimed at bringing products to foreign markets where prices are more stable. State farm support programs do not provide the necessary results. There are not natural processes of transformation personal farms into commodity farms. It is proposed that the state regulatory policy can be aimed at creating self-regulatory economic systems in which prices would be formed to all participants in market relations without direct state influence. It is acceptable to organize product processing and branded trade in sales cooperatives. The need to expand the functions of wholesale markets for agricultural products is substantiated. It is expedient to direct the funds of state support for wholesale markets for agricultural products to establish branches of these markets. They would provide transport services to small producers, store products, at the direction of the owners, organize auctions. This will ensure the overcoming of isolation from market relations of small businesses, their production of competitive products.

ДО ПИТАНЬ АНАЛІЗУ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ЖИТОМИРСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

A complex of issues, shown in this article, is actual in many aspects, in particular with considering the following: the efficiency of agricultural enterprises at a particular stage of their development in general, in our opinion, is determined by the degree of maturity of market relations in all spheres of social production; successful solution of the problems of steady growth of production efficiency in agricultural enterprises is possible only if they are considered in the complex of problems of the agro-industrial complex as a whole, at one or another stage of its development; one of the most important prerequisites for the effective functioning of agricultural enterprises is the degree of consideration of the specifics of a region of the country in the development and implementation of policies of state support, the degree of its compliance with today’s realities. The purpose of the article, as already mentioned, is to analyze the main, most important indicators of efficiency of agricultural enterprises in Zhytomyr region, again, the most important, because their activities are determined and manifested in an extremely large number of factors. The most important (or one of the most important?) Is the indicator of profitability of production, both at the regional level and, in detail, at the district (local) level. It should be noted that, in addition, its consideration requires consideration of the level of profitability of certain types of agricultural products, the proportions of their production and, dare we say, the state policy in the field of pricing of agricultural products. The main indicators, of course, that determine the level of profitability of production in agricultural enterprises, in this case – Zhytomyr region, is the amount of their (net) profit and, in a sense, not so much the cost as their structure, in what it was possible visually verify based on the data in table. 3. And since, for some reason, the profitability of production was considered in the most generalized, acceptable form, the structure of production costs in agricultural enterprises of Zhytomyr region is relatively detailed and indicative. It is no coincidence that the proposed work provides data on price indices for products sold by agricultural enterprises in a given period. In our opinion, this gives a more realistic picture of the profitability, in the end, of an agricultural enterprise (taking into account the cost structure, which has already been partially discussed). In conclusion, we consider it appropriate to say separately about some aspects of the above system of conclusions, in particular, on the following of them: “The nature and character of the organization of production processes in modern agricultural enterprises are radically different from those that existed in the collective form of land ownership, radically changed almost all external and internal conditions of their operation”. In-depth consideration here combines two more or less related conclusions. In the first part of it, we would like to emphasize the psychological implication of what has been said. Changing the form of land ownership, in fact, requires a change in the psychology of thinking of its owners, which is also not an easy question. Regarding the preconditions for the effective functioning of modern agricultural enterprises, here, as already mentioned in the introductory part, the problem of state participation in economic processes comes ahead. The state cannot let go of almost all aspects of life, especially in the economy, and in relation to agriculture, especially in the regulation of pricing of basic agricultural products.

РЕГІОНАЛЬНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО ВИРОБНИЦТВА НА УКРАЇНІ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

Agriculture, for many reasons, can be considered one of the most important sectors of the economic complex of Ukraine. Its significance is determined, in our opinion, in particular by the dynamics of growth of agricultural production, which, in turn, depends on many, to some extent, important factors. In particular, how perfect is the state policy on the agro-industrial complex, especially in terms of regulating the pricing of basic agricultural products, to what extent the state policy on agricultural development takes into account the specifics of a region (area), including climatic conditions, the nature of historical production, the age structure of the population, its worldview, etc., that is, ultimately, to what extent the state policy to support agriculture meets the interests of the individual producer. All this is directly reflected in the growth (decrease?) rate of agricultural production, which determines the relevance of the study. The main, most important provisions of the article are: firstly, the statistical information provided in the proposed article on the specifics of agricultural production in Ukraine, its detail in terms of areas in a more generalized form can give a holistic, complete picture of its features in each of the regions of the country, which in some cases took place; secondly, in the direct context of the above, we consider it appropriate to highlight separately that despite all its ambiguity, the advantage of the above statistical material on the peculiarities of agricultural production in Ukraine in 2020 (2019) in absolute terms is that if needed it can significantly expand the range of necessary calculated information, on what, actually, the offered article was based also; thirdly, taking into account the above, however, different, one of the most important features of the proposed article is that the structure of agricultural production was analyzed in terms of production ratios of the main groups of producers of this type, which, as practice shows, were agricultural enterprises and farms of the population, and, emphasizing, in each of the regions of Ukraine; fourthly, perhaps not least, the significance of the analysis of the ratio of production volumes of the main groups of agricultural producers in Ukraine is enhanced by its detailing given their main subspecies, such as crop and livestock, which, in a sense, can be the basis for not only few more global and cognitive conclusions. Regarding the purely conclusions, one of the most important components of the article, we even consider it necessary to consider two of them separately: firstly, agriculture is an integral part of the national economic complex of Ukraine and the efficiency of its functioning can be one of the most important indicators of the level of economic development of the country as a whole; secondly, we believe that the efficiency of agricultural production both in Ukraine as a whole and, in particular, in its individual regions is determined not so much by optimizing the ratio of major groups of producers, which, as practice shows, were agricultural enterprises and households, how perfect the economic mechanism of functioning of each of them in particular.

An analysis of export of indian agriculture commodities

The present work has attempted to examine the relationship between agricultural export and the effective factors influencing the same relationship in India. The review of literature has provided an overview of growth of agricultural exports across the countries and different methods used to calculate the export supply function of agricultural products. This study is based on the neoclassical trade theory which is evaluated in a neoclassical production function framework, incorporating an additional factor of production (exports) into the production function. The study has attempted to analyze the long run and the short run relationship between agricultural exports as dependent variable and exchange rate, export price index, gross domestic product and domestic production of agricultural product as independent variables based on annual data during 1980- 2010. Also, World Trade Organization as a dummy variable has been taken as a determinant of India's agricultural exports. The autoregressive distributed lag model and error correction model are used to determine the long run and short run relationship between the variables. Further, paired t-test is used to investigate the impact of WTO on growth of agricultural export in India. Dynamic econometric model is estimated to test for time series properties, unit root test and cointegration (ARDL procedure). The results of cointegration test showed that the variables are cointegrated. The results of long-run estimated coefficients of export supply function showed that exchange rate had a statistically significant and negative impact on agricultural export. The long-run coefficient of domestic production of agricultural product and export price index have positive sign and are significant at 5% level respectively. The long-run coefficients of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and WTO as dummy variable had positive and negative sign respectively but are insignificant. In brief, the coefficient of the ECM is very high at (−) 0.54 implying a fairly high speed of adjustment to the long-run disequilibrium after a shock. The Coefficient of the ECM term suggested that adjustment process was fast and 54% of the previous year's disequilibrium in equity prices from its equilibrium path will be corrected in the current year. It is also observed that dummy variable is not significant in long run but it is statistically significant in short term.

ЦІНИ ТА ЧИННИКИ МАРКЕТИНГОВОЇ ЦІНОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В АГРОБІЗНЕСІ

The dynamics of prices for agricultural products, the factors that affect the pricing policy in modern conditions are considered in the article. Price is the most important element of the economic mechanism of the modern agrarian system, and in a market economy inefficient use of the price mechanism or complete rejection of price regulation results in large-scale negative consequences for the development of agricultural production of the country. Price disproportions arising in the system of agro-industrial complex between its separate links cause necessity of the state regulation of pricing. Agricultural producers cannot control the production of their products to the same extent as non-agricultural firms because the total output is determined by the work of many relatively small producers operating independently, and secondly, production results depend largely on weather conditions and biological systems. The end result in most cases depends on many uncontrolled factors that affect the yield or animal productivity – weather, natural disasters. The abilities of agricultural producers to respond to changing market conditions are quite limited - it is impossible to quickly stop or change agricultural production. Conversely, processing enterprises and consumers can adapt to changes in the supply of agricultural products in a shorter time than farms to changes in factors of production. The existing pricing mechanism for agricultural products is still imperfect and a system of measures to improve its functioning at all levels of state and legislative power is needed. An important place in agrarian transformations is occupied by the issues of a reasonable combination of free pricing with state price regulation. Public policy should continue to play the role of the main regulator in agriculture on the basis of investments in science, resource and energy-saving production technologies, lending, insurance, marketing, etc. The state must compensate deviations from the market price to agricultural producers in the amounts necessary for their activities at a given level of profitability.

Vertical Integration of Agricultural products supply chain and quality Safety of Agricultural products

Today, food safety is a common concern in the world. As the main source of food, agricultural products’ safety is also worthy of attention. By establishing the vertical integration model of the agricultural product supply chain, the circulation links of agricultural products can be reduced, and the circulation efficiency and quality level of agricultural products can be improved. This paper assumes that under the condition of simple fresh agricultural products, there is only one wholesaler and one retailer in the agricultural product supply chain. Through the analysis of the economic model, it is concluded that the vertical integration of the agricultural product supply chain has a positive impact on the safety of agricultural products. With the improvement of the vertical integration of the supply agricultural products supply chain, the efforts of wholesalers and suppliers to ensure the safety of agricultural products have been improved, the circulation cost of agricultural products has been reduced, and the sales price of agricultural products has been reduced.

A Comparative Study of ARIMA and Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Models for Rice Price Forecasting in Tanzania

Time series models are promising tools for forecasting commodity prices. However, their applications to guide producers in agricultural investments and marketing decisions are still limited. This article compares the ARIMA and Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing models in terms of forecasting the monthly wholesale rice price in Tanzania. Even with very little difference, the Holt-Winters additive model showed the best results for forecasting rice prices compared to the ARIMA model. Thus, both models can be used to forecast the prices of agricultural products.

Factors affecting the price of raw milk in Turkey using panel data analysis

ABSTRACT: The high costs of feed among the total costs of raw milk production and an unfavorable milk-feed ratio directly affect the profitability of milk producers. To understand how the market in Turkey can be equilibrated, an exploration of the factors affecting milk prices is essential. This study determined the effects of the basic and the economic indicators on the price of raw milk between 2010 and 2019, by analyzing the monthly panel data. Since time series data are used, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests are conducted to find out whether the series is stationary. In order to see the individual effects, the parameters are estimated using the fixed and random-effects models. The Hausman test is conducted to decide which of the two models is valid. The basic indicators for milk price, namely, prices of barley, soybean meal, wheat and distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), and the economic indicators, namely, dollar exchange rate and agricultural producer price index (PPI) had significant (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) effects on the milk price. In conclusion, it is reported that the raw milk prices in Turkey are considerably affected by the prices of feed ingredients as well as the general economic conditions.

Option pricing for rice by using Feynman path integral

The options are contracts that give a holder the right to buy or sell an underlying asset at the specific price before or on the expiration date. In return, the holder must pay the premium, the price of an option, to the seller in order to make contracts. As the financial problem occurs with many Thai farmers because of the fluctuation of agricultural product price. In this work, we try to price the American put option by using Feynman path integral in order to create the rice price insurance. The numerical procedures are separated into 2 parts. Firstly, the Atlantic path is determined by quasi-European method. Secondly, hybrid lattice Monte-Carlo method is used to simulate the underlying asset price path in order to evaluate the expectation profit of the option, or the premium. Moreover, the volatility rate of rice price is determined. As a result, the premium of American put option for rice is determined, and there is a deviation less than 8% comparing with Monte Carlo valuation with LSM algorithm in these examples. However, the result suggests that in this work’s assumption, the option pricing by using Feynman path integral is not effective to be used.

Drivers and Dynamics of Land Use Land Cover in Phewa Watershed, Kaski, Nepal


 
 
 Geospatial tools play an important role in monitoring Land Use Land Cover (LULC) dynamics. This study assessed the extent of LULC changes during 2003, 2010 and 2018 using temporal satellite imageries, computed the rate of change in area of Phewa Lake and explored the drivers of LULC change and lake area change in Phewa watershed. It used Landsat Imageries for 2003, 2010 and 2018 and carried out purposive household survey (N=60), key informant survey (N=5), focus group discussion (N=4) and direct field observation to explore the drivers of LULC change and lake area change. It generated LULC maps by using supervised classification and computed LULC change by applying post classification change detection technique. On screen digitization was done to find the area of Phewa Lake during 2010 and 2018. Agricultural land and urban areas were found to have increased by 11.63% and 1.46% respectively while forest area, barren land and water bodies were found to have decreased by 9.21%, 3.56% and 0.5% respectively between 2003 and 2010. Forest area, urban areas and barren land were found to have increased by 5.9%, 3.28% and 5.02% respectively while agricultural landand water bodies were observed to have decreased by 7.83% and 0.16% respectively between 2010 and 2018. During 2010-2018, rate of change in lake area was found to have decreased by 0.61% with periodic annual decrement by 2.59 ha. The drivers responsible for LULC change were alternative form of energy, community forestry, promotion of private forestry, migration for foreign employment, inadequate market price of agricultural products, road construction, soil erosion and population pressure. Lake area was found to have decreased due to sedimentation, encroachment and road construction. Further study is important to know the exact contributions of these drivers of LULC change and lake area change for the sustainability of Phewa watershed.
 
 

Ecological and economic aspects of the efficiency of Polissia organic plant models

Purpose. The objective of the article is to investigate theoretically the possibility of harmonization of ecological and economic aspects of functioning of organic agricultural products production models under natural and climatic conditions of crop enterprises of Polissia zone in the Region of Chernihiv.
 Methodology / approach. The study was conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agro-Industrial Manufacture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine during 2011–2020. The analysis of ecological and economic efficiency of organic crop rotations was made based on the results of the proprietary research on the example of generalization of predicted results of the developed standard models of organic crop rotations at crop enterprises of Polissia zone. Main methods: modelling (development, in particular, of standard models of crop rotations, modelling of the size of fertilizer potential over time by years); predicting (prediction of receipt and expenditure of nutrients, organic matter), balance (calculation of balances of humus and key nutrients), calculation and design (calculation of the basic parameters of economic efficiency); abstract and logical (formulation of the provisions of the article based on the analysis of studies of other authors, drawing conclusions based on the results of studies conducted).
 Results. Developed typical crop rotation models are characterized by positive predictive humus balances and acceptable key nutrient balances (NPK). With the implementation of ‘organic’ prices for agricultural products, most crops achieve an acceptable level of profitability. However, in order to achieve a competitive level of profitability of organic production, it must be provided with an appropriate economic mechanism of its functioning, in particular higher prices compared to traditional agricultural products, etc. Harmonization of economic and ecological aspects in simulated crop rotations is achieved primarily by selecting crops with high yields, which are mainly characterized by insufficient or low level of ecological efficiency, and crops with high or medium ecological efficiency, which having insufficient or low economic efficiency, compensate mostly negative ecological consequences of growing crops with high economic efficiency. This is accompanied by achievement of the ecological balance of agrocenoses and an acceptable level of economic efficiency of organic models. The practical aspect of the activities of specific farms in relation to the choice of the appropriate model of organic management should take into account not only considerations of ecological and economic efficiency, but also the level of resource provision within these limits.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The possibility of harmonization of economic and ecological aspects and achievement of their acceptable level in crop rotations of organic agriculture for crop enterprises has been theoretically substantiated. For the first time, the methodological approach developed by the authors on the distribution of costs for the production and application of organic fertilizers between crops during crop rotation in proportion to the duration and amount of fertilization was implemented.
 Practical value / implications. Typical models of crop rotations of organic farming for crop enterprises in Polissia were developed. Methods of choosing a certain model were proposed both according to the criteria of ecological and economic efficiency, and taking into account the organizational and economic capabilities and resource provision of a particular business entity.

Інвестиції та земельна реформа в сільському господарстві в Україні

Мета. Метою статті є ідентифікація тенденцій і чинників інвестицій у сільському господарстві в Україні в період 2014–2019 рр. та впливу заходів земельної реформи із лібералізації обігу земель сільськогосподарського призначення на обсяги інвестування в сільському господарстві. Методологія / методика / підхід. У дослідженні використано такі методи, як логічні операції (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення, індукція, дедукція) – для визначення особливостей тенденцій в інвестуванні, формулювання висновків щодо впливу земельної реформи на інвестиції; індексний – для виявлення кількісних змін у номінальних і реальних обсягах інвестицій, чинниках впливу; трендовий аналіз – для визначення тенденцій змін та побудови функцій тренду інвестицій у різні періоди; факторний і кореляційний аналіз – для виявлення чинників і щільності зв’язку та залежностей обсягів інвестицій від окремих чинників (прибутку, цін, ставки відсотка, державної підтримки); графічний – для візуальної презентації динаміки інвестицій. Дослідження виконувалося на основі статистичних даних Державної служби статистики України, Національного банку України, звітності сільськогосподарських підприємств Харківської області та даних власних спостережень за 2014–2019 рр. (для розрахунку індексів окремих показників та окремих коефіцієнтів кореляції враховувалися дані за 2009–2013 рр.). Результати. Визначено функцію тренду, яка розкриває загальну спрямованість зміни річних обсягів інвестування в сільському господарстві у 2014–2019 рр. в Україні. Установлено, що основними чинниками, які здійснювали вплив на процеси інвестування в цей період, були підвищення цін на сільськогосподарську продукцію, низький рівень диспаритету цін на продукцію сільського господарства та матеріально-технічні ресурси, експортна орієнтація виробництва та сприятлива для експортерів динаміка курсу національної валюти, агроінновації, прибутковість сільськогосподарського виробництва. Однак дія визначених чинників не пояснює зменшення обсягу інвестицій у 2019 р. Проведене дослідження показало, що очікування щодо змін у законодавстві стосовно обігу земель сільськогосподарського призначення мали негативний вплив на динаміку інвестування в сільському господарстві в Україні. Для збереження тренду збільшення інвестування в сільськогосподарське виробництво, його техніко-технологічне оновлення важливим є здійснення комплексу правових, економічних, технічних та організаційних заходів, що забезпечать якісне реформування земельних відносин. Оригінальність / наукова новизна. Набули подальшого розвитку визначення динаміки інвестицій у сільському господарстві в Україні та ідентифікація найбільш значущих чинників впливу на них у 2014–2019 рр., оцінка зміни в річних обсягах інвестування під впливом очікувань запровадження ринку землі в Україні. Розвинуто наукове обґрунтування впливу земельної реформи на інвестування в сільському господарстві та доведено, що доки права власності на землі сільськогосподарського призначення залишатимуться нечітко та не у повному обсязі визначеними, неможна стверджувати про підстави для підвищення ефективності використання земельних ресурсів, збільшення інвестицій у сільське господарство внаслідок відміни мораторію на продаж землі. Тривалість лагу впливу земельної реформи на збільшення інвестицій у сільському господарстві буде залежати від якості інститутів землекористування та ринку землі. Практична цінність / значущість. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані в управлінні як на мікро, так і на макрорівнях для прогнозування обсягу інвестицій у сільському господарстві, опрацювання заходів із стимулювання інвестицій та поглиблення земельної реформи.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE DROUGHT ON THE PRICES OF THE MAIN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN IN ROMANIA

Globally, the pandemic installed by the coronavirus has led to a change in the way business is conducted. In the context of the economic crisis knocking on the door, the states of the world are trying to take the most severe measures to mitigate the effects of this epidemic. One sector of the economy that needs to be protected is agriculture, because it provides the much-needed food for everyone. The role of farmers is very important in this equation, as they provide the necessary food stabilizing stocks of food that can be depleted faster. In this paper we want to determine the possible impact that the drought and the overlap of the COVID pandemic on it may have on the prices of agricultural products of animal origin in Romania. In this context, the level of prices in the first half of the previous year was compared with the level of prices in the first half of the current year, in order to be able to determine, from a statistical point of view, whether there are significant differences. It was found that for five of the six products analyzed, the prices in the first half of 2020 were higher than in the first half of 2019. Following this analysis, the correlation coefficients between the price level and the precipitation level were determined, and subsequently between the price level and the market demand, the latter influenced by the pandemic. It was found that both phenomena indirectly influenced the prices of agricultural products of animal origin.

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ОТРАСЛИ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

The State policy of regulation of agricultural sector is focused on the implementation of food security programs, increasing the availability of financing for agribusiness entities, optimal regimes of their taxation, subsidies, lending, support for innovative projects in seed production, breeding, reducing the cost of water, mineral fertilizers, seed disinfectants and herbicides, fuels and lubricants, equipment and machinery leasing. The mechanism for allocation of loans funds corresponds to the principles of repayment, urgency, payment, aimed at achieving specific goals. The article gives an assessment of modern operating systems of lending to rural producers: grain purchase; through the system of rural lending partnerships; provision of agricultural machinery and equipment on lease basis; production and purchase of livestock products; organization of spring field and harvesting works. The need to optimize government regulation based on agricultural protectionism is noted. The State should become the subject of regulation of competition on domestic market, which will increase the competitiveness of national agricultural production. It was revealed that direct budgetary support for prices for agricultural products is able to ensure the profitability of agricultural sector. The authors believe that one of the most successful mechanisms in the world practice is market of financial institutions aimed to provide the AIC with long-term and inexpensive loan resources. It is emphasized that the systems of stimulation of production, sale of seeds, certification and other organizational and economic measures of public support for selection and individual links of seed production of grain crops are of great importance.

Autoregressive Integration Moving Average (ARIMA) Model for Prices of Selected Grains in the South West Nigeria

Background: Price serves as signals of relative scarcity as well as abundance of a given agricultural product. Prices of agricultural products vary from month to month and even from day to day and this constitutes a source of risk to farmers whose livelihood depends on good pricing of their products.Method: This study was conducted to identify pattern of price dynamics and to develop model for price dynamics of beans, yellow maize and local rice using monthly price data of grains from the National Bureau of Statistics (2006-2015). Result: The rk of the beans followed a regular decline ranging from 0.4035 to 1 while those (rk) of yellow maize and local rice follow non regular decline with the range 0.1448 – 1(yellow maize) and 0.2945 -1 (local rice) thus indicating that the data are non-stationary. The corrected Akaike information criteria (AICC) and other information obtained for the ARIMA1,2,2 were higher than those of ARIMA2,2,2. The AICC obtained for the ARIMA1,2,2 are 958.422 (beans), 1178.169 (yellow Maize) and 1211.778 (local rice). The ARIMA2,2,2 was thence favored above ARIMA1,2,2.

Contribution Of Students In Improving The Long-Term Economy Through The Concept Of Integrated Agriculture To Achieve The Goals Of Prosperous Farmers Without Poverty

Indonesia is an agricultural country where most of its people live from the agricultural sector. However, it seems that the fate of the farmers in the country has not changed much from year to year. This is an indicator of farmer welfare, namely the Farmers Exchange Rate (NTP) index which tends to move flat. Data from the Central Statistics Agency recorded that the NTP in August 2018 was at the level of 102.56, which means that it fell 0.49% from the position at the end of 2017. This shows that the purchasing power (welfare) of farmers this year fell 0.49%. Meanwhile, the average real wage for agricultural laborers in August 2018 was IDR 37,863 / day, up 0.95% from the position at the end of 2017. Low wages for agricultural laborers, the lack of land owned, and the selling price of agricultural products are not profitable for farmers to make indicators of farmer welfare. hasn't been able to move any further. Although the prices of food (agriculture) often increase, such as during the fasting month and Eid, it does not have much impact on farmers. Because the ones who get big profits are speculators and not farmers. The method used is qualitative descriptive analysis with the results, namely, the sector plays a major role in the process of agricultural policy making b) supervises agricultural programs, c) conducts intelligence, mentoring, and efforts to empower farmers. d) Providing agricultural advocacy e) Becoming human resources for agricultural development. In fact, the benefits of integrated agriculture are the integration of agricultural activities with other activities such as livestock and fisheries. Integrated agriculture utilizes agricultural land to produce products other than cultivated crops. This step is one of the efforts to increase productivity and improve community welfare. In addition, integrated agriculture can also have a positive impact on the environment with a good management system. The application of integrated agriculture in management is to optimize the use of all potential resources available. So that there is a direct reciprocal relationship between the biotic and abiotic environments in the agricultural land ecosystem. There is an inaccurate association for each component of activity in integrated agriculture. This linkage forms a structured system, so that there is a cycle that makes the results of this activity optimal. The concept of integrated agriculture is the best solution in improving the welfare of farmers who have been on the verge of poverty. In integrated agriculture, almost all of the waste generated can be utilized. This means that integrated agriculture can reduce agricultural waste generation. This is because one sector can certainly take advantage of waste from other sectors. Therefore, it is preferable in integrated agriculture which involves more than two sectors, such as integrated agricultural systems with fisheries and livestock. The existence of all these sectors will complement the ecosystem and all components of production can be utilized by other components of production. This will allow production and very little waste to be generated.

Environmental analysis of crop rotations through the application of the Cereal Unit approach

The sustainability of agricultural practices is a key element for an effective implementation of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, particularly relating to ending poverty and hunger, responding to climate change and supporting the natural resources. As part of ongoing research and improvement in this field, this study aims to apply Life Cycle Assessment methodology to the agricultural sector, and to discuss and support the use of Cereal Unit (CU) parameter. To overcome the differences that emerge when two or more different crops are compared, the CU can be used as a functional unit (FU) to capture all the functions of the products. This approach avoids the use of economic parameters, providing for more stable comparisons over time, as the price of agricultural products is strongly influenced by market and currency fluctuations. The robustness of this approach was tested by the assessment and comparison of the environmental burdens of two different crop rotations using a CU-based FU. The same systems were also evaluated with a revenue-based FU to assess the pros and cons of the two type of approach. The study considered Argentina, due to the high importance of its agricultural products, which are widely exported in the world. The first crop rotation, called San Justo (SJ), is the one conventionally followed in the region and provides for a low-intensity cultivation, while the other, Evergreen (EG), is the alternative which requires a more intensive exploitation of the soil. The results showed that CU approach allows reliable and stable comparisons and, in this specific case, that the conventional system has a higher environmental load, with land use being the key factor in the assessment.

ANALYSIS OF PROVIDING FUTURES TRADE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The basis for the advancement of the rank is legislative and normative, legislative acts, regulations, instructive materials, informational staff, and special literature. The gross scientific method for the analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, convergence from the abstract to the concrete were used, as well as specific methods of analysis: grouping, ruling, systematic, etc. The purpose of the article is to justify the development of futures trading and its introduction into the sale of agricultural products in Ukraine in modern conditions. Results. This article proves that an important condition in ensuring the transparency of pricing and sales of agricultural products in Ukraine should be the creation of an exchange market for commodity derivatives for agricultural products. Low volumes of trade in forward contracts in Ukraine make it impossible for small and medium-sized commodity producers to understand better the essence of trade in commodity derivatives for agricultural products. Analysis of the state of the commodity exchange market in the country shows that quantitative and qualitative indicators do not match in Ukraine, according to the State Statistics Committee at the beginning of 2014. 586 commodity exchanges were registered (excluding stock exchanges), which is 95 times more than in 1992 (62 exchanges) and almost 2 times more than in 1999 (300 exchanges). Among these universal exchanges – 107, commodity and commodity exchanges – 391 exchanges, agro-industrial – 25, others – 39. It is highlighted that the Ukrainian stock market has not taken its rightful place as required by the market economy. It was created without a clear legal framework, weak understanding and uncertain behavior of the state in relation to exchange activities, as well as the absence of a state regulator that would coordinate, supervise and organize the work of commodity exchanges. Conclusions. It is proved that the increase in sales of agricultural products on commodity exchanges has been largely achieved through the registration of export contracts on accredited exchanges in recent years, which had no practical impact on the pricing process and stabilization of the agricultural market. Keywords: futures, futures market, agricultural products, agricultural sector, stock market, world market.