Price Law Research Articles

Task Price Prediction Based on Clustering and DNN in Crowdsensing

With the popularization of mobile devices and the development of wireless networks, crowdsensing is devoted to providing universal Internet of Things services. A reasonable task pricing mechanism can not only motivate more users to participate in the sensing task but also help the benign development of crowdsensing platform, so it has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of crowdsensing. Aiming at the common problems of insufficient analysis of task pricing rules and large deviations of pricing prediction models, a task price prediction method based on clustering and DNN is proposed. Using the real historical trade price set as the data source, natural grouping and taxonomic description of task price are realized by exploring sensing task pricing law with complex constraint relation using two-step clustering analysis. On the basis of the above, the price interval prediction model based on DNN is implemented. The experimental results show that the predicting accuracy of the pricing mechanism is higher than 82.7%.

The changing retail landscape for tobacco: dollar stores and the availability of cheap cigarettes among tobacco-related priority populations

IntroductionDollar stores are rapidly altering the retail landscape for tobacco. Two of the three largest chains sell tobacco products in more than 24 000 stores across the USA. We sought...

PREDATORY PRICING: SINGLE- FIRM DOMINANCE, EXCLUSIONARY ABUSE AND PREDATORY PRICES (PART 2)

Important pronouncements of legal principle were recently made by the Competition Appeal Court and Constitutional Court on the determination of predatory pricing under section 8 of the Competition Act 89 of 1998. These pronouncements must now be seen in the context of the subsequent commencement of certain provisions of the Competition Amendment Act 18 of 2018, which affect predatory pricing cases under section 8 of the Act. In light of these developments, the main aim of this series of three articles is to evaluate the law relating to the economic concept of predatory pricing under the Competition Act. In this context, the main constituent elements of a predatory pricing case – namely dominance, identifying an exclusionary abuse, and predatory prices – are discussed in three parts. Part 1 has critically evaluated the law on the determination of single-firm dominance under section 7 of the Competition Act. Part 2 starts to focus on the abuse analysis and discusses the basic forms of abuse, the meaning of abuse, tests that have been developed to identify exclusionary abuse, the criticism of the traditional theory of predatory pricing, the main strategic economic theories of predatory pricing and non-pricing theories of predation. Part 3 then specifically deals with the law of predatory prices under section 8(c) and (d)(iv) of the Competition Act. Pursuant to section 1(3) of the Competition Act, when interpreting or applying the Competition Act, appropriate foreign and international law may be considered. This is complementary to section 1(2)(a), which directs that the Competition Act must be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the Constitution and gives effect to the purposes set out in section 2. In light hereof, where appropriate, the South African position is mainly compared with the position in the European Union and the United States.

INDIKASI PREDATORY PRICING PADA PRAKTEK FLASH SALE PELAKU USAHA E-COMMERCE DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PERSAINGAN USAHA

The ease of business transactions offered by e-commerce services makes many companies compete with each other to offer attractive promos to consumers or the public so that they are interested in making transactions on their e-commerce services, one of the promos offered is by providing discounts or discounts in certain time or better known as flash sale. However, in practice, flash sales are often accompanied by very large discounts on a product, even reaching the price of Rp. 99, - (ninety nine rupiah). The price offered is very different from the market price that should be, this gives an indication of predatory pricing or selling at a loss carried out by e-commerce business actors. The problem that will be raised by the author is how the flash sale method is carried out by e-commerce business actors and how is predatory pricing law enforcement based on Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. The flash sale practice carried out by e-commerce business actors does not violate the provisions of Article 20 of Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition if the price offered is below the production price with the aim of expelling business competitors in the market the same time, and in the future raise prices as much as possible in order to cover losses and gain profits where the price increase causes losses for consumers.
 
 Keywords: Flash Sale; Predatory Pricing; Business Competition.

A Bibliometric and Mapping Analysis of Glaucoma Research between 1900 and 2019

To explore the relevance of scientific production on glaucoma using bibliometric tools. Bibliographic study. Original articles published from 1900 through2019. We performed a search in Web of Science for documents published between 1900 and 2019. We used bibliometric indicators to explore documents production, dispersion, distribution, time of duplication, and annual growth, as characterized by Price's law of scientific literature growth, Lotka's law, the transient index, and the Bradford model. We also calculated the participation index of different countries and institutions. Finally, we explored with bibliometric mapping the co-occurrence networks for the most frequently used terms in glaucoma research. Bibliometric indicators for individuals, institutions, and countries. A total of 33 631 original articles were collected from the timeframe 1900 through 2019. Price's law showed an exponential growth. Scientific production was adjusted better to exponential growth (r= 0.967) than linear growth (r= 0.755). Literature on glaucoma research increased its growth in the last 30 years at a rate of 5.1% per year with a production that doubled its size every 13.9 years. The transience index was 60.08%; this indicates that most of the scientific production is the output of very few authors. Bradford's law showed a high concentration of articles published in a small core of specialized journals. Lotka's law indicated that the distribution of authors is concentrated heavily in small producers. The United States and University of London demonstrated the highest production of original articles. Map network visualization showed the generated term map detailing clusters of closely related terms. Glaucoma literature has grown exponentially. A very high rate of transience was found that indicates the presence of numerous authors who sporadically publish on this topic. No evidence of a saturation point in the glaucoma literature was observed.

Price Laws and Items of Convenience: An Inquiry Into the Question of “Ancient Middle Class”

The main goal of this study is to make ancient economic data accessible to students and scholars of business and economics. It also demonstrates the capacity of classical and neoclassical economics for making theoretical contributions to economic history and anthropology. Primary data are drawn from Iraq and Iran between the sixth century BCE and the seventh century CE, with comparisons taken from the Mediterranean. Convenience is a useful concept for locating a middle class or an “intermediate economic group” in ancient societies. Symbolically, convenience may be understood through the notion of “item of convenience,” which is necessary for creating an intermediate economic group. Convenience is also associated with comfort, which is only available to the elite and those intermediate economic groups who have access to limited surplus and are engaged in production, distribution, exchange, and consumption. Ancient price laws, which were intended to protect buyers and sellers, testify to institutional intervention among a group of people who were freely engaged in market conduct and desired a more convenient access to fair market prices.

Predatory Pricing: Single-Firm Dominance Exclusionary Abuse and Predatory Prices (Part 1)

Important pronouncements of legal principle were recently made by the Competition Appeal Court and Constitutional Court on the determination of predatory pricing under section 8 of the Competition Act 89 of 1998. These pronouncements must now be seen in the context of the subsequent commencement of certain provisions of the Competition Amendment Act 18 of 2018, which affect predatory pricing cases under section 8 of the Act. In light of these developments, the main aim of this series of three articles is to evaluate the law relating to the economic concept of predatory pricing under the Competition Act. In this context, the main constituent elements of a predatory pricing case – namely, dominance, identifying an exclusionary abuse and predatory prices – are discussed in three parts. Part One critically evaluates the law on the determination of single-firm dominance under section 7 of the Competition Act. Part Two starts to focus on abuse analysis and discusses the basic forms of abuse, the meaning of abuse, tests that have been developed to identify exclusionary abuse, criticism of the traditional theory of predatory pricing, the main strategic economic theories of predatory pricing and non-pricing theories of predation. Part Three then specifically deals with the law of predatory prices under section 8(c) and 8(d)(iv) of the Competition Act. Pursuant to section 1(3) of the Competition Act, appropriate foreign and international law may be considered when interpreting or applying the Competition Act. This is complementary to section 1(2)(a), which directs that the Competition Act must be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the Constitution and that gives effect to the purposes set out in section 2. In light hereof, where appropriate, the South African position is compared, mainly with the position in the European Union and the United States.

Fundamental pricing laws and long memory effects in the day-ahead power market

We apply linear and nonlinear panel models to investigate fundamental pricing laws in the Greek day-ahead electricity market. We link the persistence behaviour and other dynamic properties of electricity price trajectories to an extended array of fundamental variables reflecting market conditions and the price course of energy commodities in global markets. Assuming that the dynamics of the intraday power pricing curve is adequately specified within a panel modelling framework with long memory and common unobserved stochastic effects, we are able to provide consistent estimates of price responsiveness to the main fundamental drivers and thus avoid biases induced by other popular modelling approaches. We also device a panel variant of the standard smooth-transition regression model to investigate regime switching effects in the price responsiveness mechanism. Empirical results suggest that Greek day-ahead electricity market prices respond significantly to hour-specific (load, marginal generation capacity) and global (Brent price, emission allowance rights cost) fundamental variables. In some intraday power delivery zones, these covariates are in a fractional cointegrating relationship with electricity prices being responsible for their drifting behaviour. The strength and type of cointegration changes across intraday trading periods in response to market conditions. The results of the nonlinear model demonstrate the ineffectiveness of linear model designs (either univariate or panel) to accurately estimate the levels of price risk and associate it with changes in the market climate.

Effects of a minimum floor Price law on cigarette use in Oakland, California: A static microsimulation model

Tobacco minimum floor price laws (MFPLs) are a non-tax price policy that set a price below which tobacco products cannot be sold, thereby raising prices. Despite their growing interest among policy makers, little is known about the effects of local MFPLs on smoking prevalence or smoking intensity. We aimed to project the impact of a local tobacco MFPL on cigarette smoking prevalence and cigarette smoking intensity in Oakland, California, including detailed analysis of several important subpopulations. We used data collected between April 2017 and December 2019 from the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the National Youth Tobacco Survey to construct a static microsimulation model representative of Oakland. We projected the impact of MFPLs ranging from $8.00 to $13.00 per pack. All analyses were conducted between 2019 and 2020. With the introduction of an MFPL and assuming 15% policy evasion, mean price paid per pack was projected to increase by $1.05 to $4.69, cigarette smoking prevalence was projected to drop by 0.3% to 0.8%, and smoking intensity was projected to drop by 0.7% to 2.0% among continuing smokers. Total number of cigarettes smoked per month was projected to drop by 246,000 to 734,000 cigarettes, a 3.0% to 9.0% reduction from the current level (8.2 million cigarettes). The greatest reductions in cigarette smoking prevalence were among those aged 12 to 24-years-old, of non-Hispanic black or other race/ethnicity, and living below the federal poverty level. An MFPL in Oakland may substantially reduce cigarette use and target several important subpopulations.

Fundamental Pricing Laws and Long Memory Effects in the Day-Ahead Power Market

We apply linear and nonlinear panel models to investigate fundamentals pricing relationships in the Greek day-ahead power market. We link the persistence behaviour and other dynamic properties of power price trajectories to an extended array of fundamental variables reflecting market conditions and the price course of energy commodities in global markets. Assuming that the dynamics of the intraday power pricing curve is adequately specified within a panel modelling framework with long memory and common unobserved stochastic effects, we are able to provide consistent estimates of price responsiveness to the main fundamental drivers and thus avoid biases induced by other popular modelling approaches. We also device a panel variant of the standard smooth-transition regression model to investigate regime switching effects in the price responsiveness mechanism. Empirical results support that Greek day-ahead prices are in a fractional cointegrating relationship with hour-specific covariates (load, marginal generation capacity) as well as price determinants affecting the entire cross-section of hourly contracts (Brent price, emission allowance rights cost). The strength and type of cointegration often changes in a nonlinear way with the hour of power delivery or in response to market conditions. Our study has important implications for price risk management. The results of the nonlinear model demonstrate the ineffectiveness of linear models (either univariate or in a panel context) to accurately estimate the levels of price risk and associate it with changes in market conditions.

Study on the Influence of Price Fluctuation of Main Equipment and Materials on Cost of Power Grid Project

The price of equipment and materials is affected by various internal and external factors, and the price fluctuates greatly. The historical price information cannot reflect the real price of equipment and materials. There is a big difference between the feasibility estimate based on the analysis of historical price information and the actual project cost, which leads to a high project balance and reduces the investment benefit of the company. Taking the substation project as an example, this paper analyzes the change law of the main equipment price in recent years, studies the impact of the price change of the main equipment on the cost, assists the project cost prediction, supports the analysis and evaluation of the feasibility study estimation, reduces the balance rate, optimizes the investment strategy, reduces the project investment risk, and improves the lean management level of the project investment.

Ekonomski uticaj sportskih događaja kao nišni turistički proizvod - savremena bibliometrijska analiza

The paper provides contemporary insight into the issue of the economic impact of sporting events to contribute to the ongoing discussion related to the topic and to provide an interdisciplinary understanding beyond sports management literature. This was achieved by implementing the evaluative bibliometric analysis of papers on the economic impact of sporting events published in tourism journals indexed in the Web of Science in the period 2000-2018 years. In addition to the application of evaluative bibliometric analysis, the research includes a comprehensive annotated review of existing literature on the topic, based on the bibliography that corresponds to the research's predefined requirements. The results of the research confirm Bradford's bibliometric law, while the applicability of Price's bibliometric law was denied. In the context of the event type, findings point out that mega-events, such as the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup, are prevalent themes within this tourism specialization. Finally, Tourism Economics achieved the largest production of papers on the researched topic, however, Tourism Management was found to be most influential tourism journal, along with the most influential paper within this specialism published in the same journal in 2005, by Choong-Ki Lee and Tracy Taylor.

Питання ринкового ціноутворення в курсах фундаментальних економічних дисциплін у ВНЗ України

In the context of market economy in Ukraine, specialists should know the essence of market self-regulation: economic laws, the effect of a market mechanism, market pricing. Such information is given by fundamental (theoretical) economic disciplines, the courses of which in the higher education institutions of Ukraine must be really thought out. When choosing a model of transition from planned to market pricing and in subsequent pricing policy, there was a lag in economic theory and insufficient economic training of specialists as to issues of market pricing, which was chosen as the object of research. The article examines the market pricing materials in the courses of fundamental economic disciplines, textbooks and manuals. According to the results of research, the following conclusions are drawn: in textbooks and manuals on political economy there is not enough information on economic pricing laws, the effect of the market mechanism (only the first two economic laws are mentioned). It is proposed to systematically teach all seven economic pricing laws: their essence, effects, relationship and distribution according to the economic systems of society. The authors have developed the model «Market mechanism effect. Economic pricing laws». In the course of political economy, it is advisable to study not only the industrial market economy, but also the post-industrial information and network economy, the patterns of which are not yet properly known and are fundamentally different. In the course of microeconomics, attention should be paid to the markets of imperfect competition, where a company can influence the price, namely: the markets of monopolistic competition. More attention should be paid to the elasticity of demand in order to develop an effective pricing policy of the company. In the course of macroeconomics, special attention should be paid to keynesian theory, which, unlike neoclassical, correctly considers the markets of goods, services, labor, money imperfectly competitive markets, and their prices not completely flexible (crunch effect). A comparative analysis of political economy and economics is carried out and a conclusion is made about the priority of political economy, which is paid more attention. The fallacy of the trend of displacement of applied fundamental economic disciplines in Ukraine, which are the basis for economic policy, is substantiated. Proposed: economists-theorists shold be trained at HEIs separately; to strengthen the economic training of higher education applicants regarding not only economic, but also non-economic specialties, which will ensure optimal unity of empirical, theoretical and applied knowledge, as well as the possibility of creative approach to understanding the role of economic theory in planning opportunities for personal professional development.

Apple's Cost Sharing Arrangement: Frankenstein's Monster

This paper performs a forensic analysis of Apple's transfer pricing cost sharing arrangement based on facts and documents that were disclosed in hearings before the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in May 2013 and an investigation of Apple's transfer pricing arrangements by the European Commission between 2013 and 2016 as part of its State Aid investigation, related court filings in Europe and other sources. The paper finds that Apple provided conflicting information to these different investigations and that, when combined, documents from both investigations, when combined with additional research reveal that Apple appears to have violated U.S. transfer pricing laws in 2009 and later years, that should have invalidated its cost sharing arrangement but were apparently not detected by the IRS. These tax violations resulted in U.S. federal tax underpayments that we estimate to be greater than $84 billion. Apple's reserves for Uncertain Tax Positions were $16.5 billion as of September 2020, much less than this amount. The proposed adjustments under the cost sharing periodic adjustment regulations are not limited by any statute of limitations, and appear to be accompoanied by additiional tax violations, including violations of the economic substance doctrine, and the regulations governing the taxation of effectively connected income.

Bibliometric analysis of global sickle cell disease research from 1997 to 2017

IntroductionSickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a single point mutation in the β-globin chain of the hemoglobin. It has been recognized by the World Health Organization as a public health priority since 2006. MethodsThe Scopus database was used in this study with the search descriptors: “sickle cell” and “sickle cell disease”. We applied common bibliometric indicators to evaluate the trend in scientific literature in sickle cell disease research. ResultsWe retrieved a total of 19,921 pieces of scientific literature in the repertoire from 1997 to 2017. The Price law was fulfilled in the trend of production of scientific literature on SCD as the growth of scientific literature was more exponential (r=0.9751; r2=0.9509) than linear (r=0.9721; r2=0.9449). We observed a duplication time of 4.52 years. The Bradford core was made up of 69 journals with Blood at the top, publishing the greatest number of articles. The most productive institutions were mostly United States agencies and hospitals. The United States was the most productive country. The National Institute of Health was the most productive institution and also had the highest number of citations. Vichinsky E was the most productive author, while the most cited article was published by Circulation. ConclusionThe growth of scientific literature in Sickle cell disease was found to be high. However, the exponential growth trend shows a “yet-to-be-explored” area of research. This study will be useful for physicians, researchers, research funders and policy-cum-decision makers.

Cigarette taxes, prices, and disparities in current smoking in the United States.

Increasing cigarette taxes has been the cornerstone of tobacco control policy. Recent work has argued that raising cigarette taxes alone may no longer be an effective strategy for lowering smoking rates. We largely confirm these findings but also find that increases in price continue to predict lower smoking participation in most model specifications. We argue that raising cigarette prices via taxation remains an effective public health policy. We discuss the advantages of homogeneous tax environments and minimum price laws for eliminating opportunities for consumers to offset tax increases by searching for lowest taxes.

Sosyoekonomi Dergisinde Yayınlanan Makalelerin Bibliyometrik Analizi: 2005-2019 Dönemi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2005-2019 yılları arasında Sosyoekonomi Dergisinde yayınlanmış olan makalelerin bibliyometrik profilini oluşturmaktır. Bu kapsamda belirtilen yıllar arasında dergide yayınlanan 481 makale, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan bibliyometrik analiz yöntemi kapsamında incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında ele alınan temel hususlar; makale analizi, yazar ve kurum analizi, konu analizi ve atıf analizidir. Araştırma sonucunda, makalelerin yayın dili ve kaynakçasında İngilizce’nin yoğun bir şekilde tercih edildiği görülmüştür. Son yıllarda ampirik çalışmaların teorik çalışmalara nazaran daha ağırlıkta olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Atıf sayılarında yıllara göre sürekli bir artışın olduğu; özellikle son yıllarda atıf miktarının önemli düzeylere ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Akademisyenlerin yanı sıra üniversiteler dışında çeşitli kurum ve kuruluşlarda çalışan personellerin de dergiye katkı sundukları görülmüştür. Dergiye katkı veren yazar dağılımının Lotka, Price ve Pareto yasalarına uymadığı saptanmıştır. Derginin etki faktörü ve Acil İndeksi düzenli olarak artmaktadır. Vergi, ekonomik büyüme ve kamu politikaları makalelerde ele alınan temel konulardır.

Maliye ve Finans Yazıları Dergisi’nde Yayımlanmış Makalelerin Bibliyometrik Analizi (2009-2018)

Within the scope of the study, bibliometric citation analysis technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods of the Journal of Finance and Finance Articles/Writings, which is an international refereed and academic journal, was examined and 159 articles in 29 issues published between 2009-2018 were examined. A published special issue was not included in the analysis. Questions to be answered in the research are as follows: How many is the total number of articles in the journal? How many is the number of articles per author? Who is the most productive writer? What is the status of multi-authorship of articles? Which are the institutions of authors? What is the distribution of titles of authors? How many is the average number of articles per year? What is the distribution of using method and language? Are there any with Pareto, Price and Lotka Laws?

Effects of a mandatory local currency pricing law on the exchange rate pass-through

This paper discusses whether Law 28300 of 2004, that required Peruvian firms to express their prices in Peru’s currency in a context of high price dollarization, affected the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT). We hypothesize that the enactment of the Law introduced menu costs for firms that used to set their prices in dollars, prompting several of them to make a permanent switch to pricing in local currency. Using disaggregated consumer price index (CPI) data, we find that, following passage of the Law, the ERPT was completely offset for non-durable goods with dollarized prices, and partially offset for durable goods with dollarized prices. These effects may vary due to differences in imported component shares, market power, and markup pricing.

Simulating the Impact of a Cigarette Minimum Floor Price Law on Adult Smoking Prevalence in California.

Minimum floor price laws (MFPLs) are an emerging tobacco control policy that sets a minimum price below which a specific tobacco product cannot be sold. MFPLs target cheaper products and may disproportionately impact consumers choosing low price brands or using discounts to reduce prices. We developed a static microsimulation model for California, United States to project short-term effects of different MFPL options for a 20-stick pack of cigarettes on adult smoking behaviors. We simulated 300 000 individuals defined by race and ethnicity, sex, age, and poverty status. Smoking behaviors and cigarette prices were assigned based on demographic distributions in the 2014-2016 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We drew 100 random samples (n = 30 000), weighted to state-level California demographic characteristics. We simulated six MFPL options and modeled impacts on smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption, in general, and separately for those in households below or above 250% of the federal poverty level, assuming a price elasticity of -0.4. Predicted changes in prices, prevalence, and consumption increased exponentially as the floor price increased from $7.00 to $9.50. Assuming 15% policy avoidance, projected increases in average cigarette prices ranged from $0.19 to $1.61. Decreases in smoking prevalence ranged from 0.05 to 0.43 percentage points, and decreases in average monthly cigarette consumption ranged from 1.4 to 12.3 cigarettes. Projected prices increased, and prevalence and consumption decreased, more among individuals in households below 250% federal poverty level. MFPLs are a promising tobacco control strategy with the potential to reduce socioeconomic disparities in cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption. Despite reductions in adult smoking prevalence, significant socioeconomic disparities remain, with lower-income groups smoking at substantially higher levels than higher-income groups. Policies that set a floor price below which a tobacco product cannot be sold could reduce socioeconomic disparities in smoking, depending on variation in prices paid by smokers prepolicy. By using a microsimulation model to predict changes in smoking for different population groups in California under several floor price scenarios, this study demonstrates that MFPLs have the potential to reduce adult smoking prevalence overall, and especially for lower-income tobacco users.