Price Differences Research Articles

취락지구가 연립주택 가격에 미치는 영향

In this study, the effect of settlement district on the price and price increase rate of the row houses in Jeju-do was analyzed.
 In the price determinants of row houses, the larger the area of exclusive use space and the higher the living floor, the higher the price, and the lower the price over time. The total floor area of the row house complex and the number of parking spaces per household have a positive effect on the price, and the larger the remaining building-to-land ratio, the lower the price. The price of row houses in Seogwipo-si is higher than that of Jeju-si, the price of row houses in the settlement district is higher than that of non-settlement district, and there is a price difference depending on the adjacent road.
 In the price increase determinants of row houses, the area of exclusive use space did not affect the price increase, and the longer the construction is completed, the larger the total floor area, and the higher the number of parking per household, the higher the price increase rate. There was no difference between Jeju-si and Seogwipo-si in terms of price increase determinants, and row houses in the settlement district had a higher price increase rate than non-settlement district, and adjacent road did not affect the price increase rate.
 Through the results of this study, it is necessary to review the reflection of the price magnification for the settlement district when calculating individual land prices and development charges. In addition, row house consumers need to check whether it is a settlement district.

An Integrated Model of Dissatisfaction Role in Understanding Post-Purchase Behavior in Sustainable Industry

This research proposes to apprehend the debate relating to the risks of tariff modulation in particular at the customers post-purchase behavior in sustainable industry. Each Price modulation generates a different reaction from customers. This reaction can take place on two levels. The first concerns the elasticity of demand with respect to price and the second concerns rather the perception of the service itself. The price elasticity of demand is one of the measures of the effectiveness of marketing actions and helps to understand the state and dynamics of markets. The higher the price, the lower the demand. Moreover, a minority of customers is ready to buy the same service at a higher price. Each price difference translates into a change in demand according to the elasticity. Tariff modulation as a strategic decision must be well studied before its implementation. This is because of its significant impact on the perception of the service, especially as customers link the price to other factors, including quality. To understand how customers perceive the price and consider bringing together services at different prices satisfying the same needs, we are going to conduct a field survey that will focus on the service sector, we are going to test the impact of dissatisfaction with Price modulation on post-purchase behavior and see how it plays a full mediating role between Price modulation and brand detachment. We chose the questionnaire survey method for clients, since it allows us to gather a large number of variables and provide operational measures of qualitative variables. This by using psychometric scales accompanied by attitude scales which make it possible to calculate scores for each respondent. In the conclusion, it would be interesting to concentrate the effort on the search for new managerial orientations concerning the application of transparency and relational.

The Effect of Company Size, Company Age and Debt Equity Ratio on Initial Return in companies going public in 2018-2021

This research is an empirical study that aims to examine the influence of these factors, namely company size, company age, and debt to equity ratio (DER). The data used in this study is secondary, using financial statements that have been reported to the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research sample consisted of 217 companies that conducted IPOs on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2018 to 2021. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression methods to test whether the independent factors had a positive influence on the dependent factor. The existence of companies that conduct IPOs provides an opportunity for investors to obtain initial returns. Initial return is obtained from the difference in price when the investor sells the stock compared to the price when buying it. This research aims to publish accredited national journals as expected output.

Prices of Orphan Drugs in Four Western European Countries Before and After Market Exclusivity Expiry: A Cross-Country Comparison of List Prices and Purchase Prices.

Increasing pharmaceutical expenditure challenges the sustainability and accessibility of healthcare systems across Europe. Confidentiality restraints hinder assessment of actual prices of Orphan Medicinal Products (OMPs). Hence, we assessed the real prices of brand-name OMPs around market exclusivity expiry (MEE). We aimed to explore developments in published list prices (LPs) and confidential hospital purchase prices (PPs) of brand-name OMPs relative to their market exclusivity status in Western European countries with similar GDPs. We analyzed LPs and PPs of 13 selected OMPs purchased by university hospitals in Western European countries between 2000 and 2020. For confidentially reasons, proportions were used, with the Dutch LPs of the selected OMPs at the year of MEE serving as reference values. PPs included pre-purchase discounts. Rebates were not considered. Data were analyzed from hospitals in Denmark (DK) (n=1), France (FR) (n=1), Germany (DE) (n=2), and the Netherlands (NL) (n=1). Average LPs and PPs of included OMPs dropped gradually but limited over time, with no explicit price drop after MEE. LP levels differed more per country than PP levels: LP range before MEE was 164% (DE)-101% (FR) and after MEE was 135% (DE)-82% (FR); PP range before MEE was 150% (DE)-102% (FR) and after MEE was 107% (DE)-80% (FR). Overall differences between LPs and PPs were <3% in all countries, except for Denmark. No evident price drops of included brand-name OMPs were observed around MEE and differences in purchase prices are modest in the selected Western European countries. Results were not subject to significance testing. More robust data are needed to strengthen negotiations with suppliers.

Noteworthy Disparities With Four CAQDAS Tools: Explorations in Organising Live Twitter Data

Qualitative data analysis software (QDAS) packages that support live data extraction are a relatively recent innovation. Little has been written concerning the research implications of differences in such QDAS packages’ functionalities, and how such disparities might contribute to contrasting analytical opportunities. Consequently, early-stage researchers may experience difficulties in choosing an apt QDAS for Twitter analysis. In response to both methodological gaps, this paper presents a software comparison across the four QDAS tools that support live Twitter data imports, namely, ATLAS.ti™, NVivo™, MAXQDA™ and QDA Miner™. The authors’ QDAS features checklist for these tools spotlights many differences in their functionalities. These disparities were tested through data imports and thematic coding that was derived from the same queries and codebook. The authors’ resultant QDAS experiences were compared during the first activity of a broad qualitative analysis process, ‘organising data’. Notwithstanding large difference in QDAS pricing, it was surprising how much the tools varied for aspects of qualitative research organisation. Notably, the quantum of data extracted for the same query differed, largely due to contrasts in the types and amount of data that the four QDAS could extract. Variations in how each supported visual organisation also shaped researchers’ opportunities for becoming familiar with Twitter users and their tweet content. Such disparities suggest that choosing a suitable QDAS for organising live Twitter data must dovetail with a researcher’s focus: ATLAS.ti accommodates scholars focused on wrangling unstructured data for personal meaning-making, while MAXQDA suits the mixed-methods researcher. QDA Miner’s easy-to-learn user interface suits a highly efficient implementation of methods, whilst NVivo supports relatively rapid analysis of tweet content. Such findings may help guide Twitter social science researchers and others in QDAS tool selection. Future research can explore disparities in other qualitative research phases, or contrast data extraction routes for a variety of microblogging services.

Cryptomarket discounts

This paper studies the efficiency of the cryptocurrency market by looking at the distribution of bitcoin prices over time and across exchange-currency pairs. We document persistent differences in relative bitcoin prices (or discounts), with a half-life of 1 day, and a distribution which is leptokurtic, skewed to the right, with a standard deviation of 3.9%. The variability of discounts is larger in countries with tighter capital controls due to the combined effect of market segmentation and local supply and demand shocks, which we relate to location-specific mining activities and investor attention.

Private Placement, Investor Sentiment, and Stock Price Anomaly

The private placement of A-shares gained momentum with the release of the Administrative Measures for Securities Issuance of Listed Companies in 2006. This led to enhanced research on the impact of private placement on stock prices. In 2012, the Chinese government relaxed the requirements for directed issuance of listed companies, resulting in a surge of directed issuance since then. This study uses a sample of listed companies that conducted private placements in the A-share market between 2013 and 2021, to analyze the impact of investor sentiment on stock price differences after private placements from the perspective of short and long-term excess returns. This study constructs the non-main investor sentiment of individual stocks using high-frequency tick data of individual stocks and explores the relationship between this stock price anomaly and investor sentiment using multiple regression analysis. The results show a positive short-term announcement effect of A-share private placements, with the excess return rate occurring mainly before the plan announcement date. The stock price difference from the plan announcement date to ten trading days thereafter has a significantly negative relationship with the excess return rate. Furthermore, investor sentiment in private placements may negatively affect long-term stock performance. This study suggests that this phenomenon is caused by higher investor sentiment pushing stock prices upward in the short term, causing them to deviate from fundamentals, creating mispricing, and then driving them back to fundamentals, with information disclosure. After controlling for the severity of information disclosure, the effect of investor sentiment on long-term stock price performance becomes insignificant.

Stochastic bidding for VPPs enabled ancillary services: A case study

Strategic bidding which aims to optimally harvest the price difference in the wholesale electricity market can efficiently allocate VPPs’ aggregated resources to provide large flexibility for energy and frequency regulation (FR), aiding in the real-time rebalancing of supply and demand. However, the uncertainty of renewable energy results in substantial imbalances between supply and demand, which causes high randomness of system frequency deviation and significant price fluctuations in the electricity market, making bidding challenging. To tackle these issues, a risk-averse optimal bidding strategy is proposed for VPPs to participate in both energy and FR markets. Moreover, a payment recovery mechanism is designed to recover the cost of FR undersupply. Specifically, each VPP submits bids to maximize profit, while the market operator clears the market and penalizes undersupply through the payment recovery mechanism. The existence of Nash equilibrium is proved, and a distributed best response algorithm is implemented to calculate the risk-averse optimal bidding strategy, taking into account Denial-of-Service attacks. The mean-convergence and variance-convergence of our proposed algorithm are derived. A case study of Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) validates the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing overbidding risk, strengthening FR service reliability and improving profits for VPPs.

Organic Rice Marketing in Purworejo Regency, Central Java Province

This study aimed to (1) find out the marketing channels of organic rice, (2) compare marketing margins in the organic rice marketing channels, (3) compare the farmer’s share marketing in the organic rice marketing channel, and (4) compare marketing efficiency in the organic rice marketing channels. The primary method of research uses a descriptive-analytical method. Sampling was conducted using the snowball sampling method with a sample of 30 farmers and eight traders. The method of analysis used to find out the marketing channel is by looking at the product flow from the producer to the final consumer; the marketing margin by looking at the difference in prices at the farmer and the final consumer; farmer’s share by comparing the percentage of prices at the farmer level and the end consumer; and the marketing efficiency determined of the marketing margin and farmer’s share. The results showed that the most channels with the highest margin of organic rice marketing channels were the longest channel, the shortest organic rice marketing channel had the lowest value of the marketing margin. Moreover, the longest organic marketing channel had the smallest farmer’s share value, and the shortest organic marketing channel had the most efficient marketing efficiency.

The Influences of Pricing Based on Consumer Preference---Taking the Hype Shoes Phenomenon as an Example

In recent years, the phenomenon of hype shoes has attracted more and more attention. The hype shoes uses consumer preferences to make special pricing and make money on the price difference. To understand how consumer preferences influence pricing strategy, many studies have dissected consumer preferences from the producers perspective. In this paper, we analyzed whether a firms pricing strategy is reasonable from an economic perspective, and also clarify the importance of consumer preferences in business competition. There are many economic principles behind this phenomenon and it is worth reflecting on them. Studies have found that consumers age, gender, occupation and even body size can be used as pricing factors by businesses. Therefore, once a company has more information about a consumer, it can provide personalized services to the consumer, and on the other hand it may use big data discriminatory pricing (BDDP) to earn more money. Through the analysis of the hype shoes phenomenon, businesses should learn to correctly grasp consumer preferences and then raise pricing appropriately based on cost. Finally, businesses should know how to properly invest in market research to obtain more consumer data and ultimately adopt a successful pricing strategy.

Illicit cigarette market in Georgia: potential impacts on smoking prevalence and tax revenues

ObjectivesThis study aims to examine the impact of taxation measures implemented between 2017 and 2019 on the illicit cigarette market in Georgia and to assess the potential effects of its full elimination on smoking rates and tax revenues. Study designThis was a cross-sectional and observational study. MethodsThe study uses the gap analysis method to estimate the size of the illicit market by comparing self-reported cigarette consumption with tax-paid cigarette sales. Potential changes in cigarette consumption are calculated using estimates of price demand elasticity and the price difference between licit and illicit cigarettes. The applicable excise tax is then applied to the estimated change in licit cigarette consumption to determine the potential change in tax revenues. ResultsIn 2020, illicit cigarettes accounted for 6.4% of the market, which decreased to 0.6% in 2021. Eliminating the illicit cigarette market could potentially reduce the number of smokers by 0.5% in 2020 and 0.1% in 2021. It could also lead to a 2.8% increase in excise tax revenues in 2020 and a 0.2% increase in 2021. The study highlights a notable shift in consumer behavior since 2019 toward smoking roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes. ConclusionsTax increases did not have a significant impact on the size of the illicit market in Georgia. The shift in consumer preference toward RYO cigarettes may explain why the illicit cigarette market did not expand after the tax hikes. However, this shift diminishes the effectiveness of taxation policies in reducing smoking rates and leads to a decline in excise tax collection.

Lebanese pharmacists’ knowledge of generic drugs and factors affecting their use and selection following the pandemic and the economic crisis: A pilot cross-sectional study

Background Pharmacists are crucial in lowering pharmaceutical expenditures by substituting brand-name drugs for generic drugs. They are expected to understand the principles and practices of generic drug substitution for high-quality patient care. Some key areas of knowledge include bioequivalence and therapeutic equivalence, regulatory requirements, drug interchangeability, and adequate patient counseling. Objectives This study aims to assess the knowledge, perception, and practice of generic drug substitution among pharmacists in Lebanon following the crises and the factors affecting the prescription and selection of generic drugs. Methods A pilot descriptive cross-sectional study targeting 80 Lebanese pharmacists was conducted over 2 months (September-October 2022), in which data were collected using a uniform survey. Results Overall, pharmacists had a good knowledge of generic drugs in terms of active ingredients (97.5%), pharmaceutical form (85.0%), lower cost (88.7%), bioequivalence to the brand before (95.0%), and therapeutic equivalence. Nevertheless, 22.5% reported that generic drugs are less safe than brands, and 22.5% said they cause side effects or did not know. Among the possible factors that influence the prescription of generic drugs, 35.0% of pharmacists reported that the financial situation of the patient is among the least important factors, while the lack of possible alternatives (45.0%) and the difference in prices (40.0%) were the most important ones. The price of different generics on the market was among the most important factors (36.3%) affecting the selection of generic drugs, followed by the patient’s. preference (26.3%). Only 11.2% considered the information given by pharmaceutical firms could affect their choice, and 10.0% considered the presence or not of excipients with known effects in the formulation. Conclusion Most pharmacists in Lebanon were familiar with generic drugs and supported generic drug substitution. Factors affecting generic drug use and prescription should be further explored to clarify misconceptions and reduce possible adverse events.

An analysis of unequal exchange in Turkiye s international trade

ABSTRACT Purpose- In the process of globalization, international trade has increased rapidly compared to national income (Dicken, 2015). Despite the expectation that increasing trade openness will increase economic convergence according to conventional trade and growth theories (Rowthorn, Kozul-Wright, 1998), this expectation about convergence of developing countries to developed countries has not materialized (Munck, 2021). In terms of international political economy, issues such as inequality and dependency remained on the agenda (Kiely, 2012). Alternative trade and industrial policies have been marginalized (Chang, 2002). An important theory that questions the positive expectations of conventional mainstream theories is Emmanuel's theory of "unequal exchange" (Emmanuel, 1972). However, in its original form, the theory has been subjected to various criticisms and tried to be developed. In response to the criticism that the theory is based on price and wage differences (Subasat, 2013), an approach based on international technical/organic composition and productivity differences in a more structural manner has been developed (Carchedi and Roberts, 2021). The aim of this study is to review Turkey's trade relations and point out some problems using this new approach. As the first study to apply this new approach to Turkey to our knowledge, it differs from previous unequal exchange studies (Somel, 2003; Dağıstan, 2015). Methodology- The data subject to the analysis in the study were obtained by following the methodology applied in the study of Carchedi and Roberts (2021). In the analysis based on Turkey's international trade, five developed countries that are important in Turkey's trade in the long-run were selected and a sample was obtained. In the study, graphical analysis and time series methods were applied as in the study of Carchedi and Roberts (2021). Findings- As a result of this study, in which five countries that are important in Turkey's long-term international trade are analyzed, the findings indicate that there are important value transfers in Turkey's trade, especially with developed countries. Changes in the terms and conditions of this transfer of value need to be examined and should be one of the crucial factors in considering trade policy. Conclusion- Discussion about trade policy usually revolve around trade balance. However, trade balance does not appear to be a sufficient criterion when evaluating trade policies because unequal exchange is a different concept than trade balance. Consideration of value transfers through unequal exchange should also be considered. In addition, the findings indicate that the level of technology has a decisive role in unequal exchange relations. Keywords: International trade, unequal exchange, globalization, technology, international political economy JEL Codes: D46, F63, F13

Large Variation in Listed Chargemaster Price for Total Joint Arthroplasty Among Top Orthopaedic Hospitals in the United States.

Chargemasters are lists of all services offered by a hospital and their associated cost. This study analyzes chargemaster data to determine price differences among different hospitals for total joint arthroplasty. In May 2020, the chargemaster data for highly rated orthopaedic hospitals were accessed, and the diagnostic-related group (DRG) codes related to primary and revision total joint arthroplasty were analyzed (DRGs 466, 467, 468, 469, and 470). The prices listed for each hospital were averaged, and descriptive statistics were calculated. Furthermore, Medicare reimbursement was collected. A subanalysis was performed to determine relationships between geographic and demographic information. The median price for a major hip or knee joint arthroplasty without complications was $68,016 (range: $39,927 to $195,264). The median price of a revision of hip or knee arthroplasty without complications was $90,966 (range: $58,967 to $247,715). The cost of living in the city in which the hospitals are located was weakly correlated with procedure pricing, whereas the median income had no notable relationship to chargemaster pricing. The published cost of DRG codes in arthroplasty is widely variable among the top 20 US orthopaedic hospitals, with little correlation to the cost of living or median income of the area.

Aplikasi Pembeda Daging Sapi dan Babi dengan Metode Color Moment dan Local Binary Pattern Histogram

Meat is one of the main food ingredients consumed by humans because it contains a lot of high protein, so it can increase intelligence and increase the stamina that humans need to carry out activities of daily life. Due to the very high level of meat consumption, these meats are often found in the market. The price of pork is cheaper than beef. The price difference between the two meats has led to the emergence of fraudulent practices in the beef trade. To solve this problem, an application to distinguish beef and pork can be designed to help socialize to the public about how to distinguish beef and pork. In this study, color characteristics will be used to distinguish pork and beef, because from previous studies the color characteristics have a higher accuracy. The method that can be used to extract features from meat images is the color moment method. Color feature extraction consists of Mean, Standard Deviation, and Skewness features. Meanwhile, to carry out the process of detecting the type of meat, the Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH) method will be used. LBPH is a technique of the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) method to change the performance of object recognition results. The result of this research is an application that can be used to distinguish beef and pork. The process of recognizing the type of meat using the Color Moment and LBPH methods has a high success rate so that the Color Moment and LBPH methods can be applied to detect the type of meat, with a success rate of 99.33%.

Blinder-Oaxaca 분해법을 활용한 서울시 아파트가격지수 작성에 관한 연구

We establish a house price index for Seoul based on a Fisher Ideal aggregation of a two-way Blinder-Oaxaca (BO) decomposition, the FIBO index. Applying the BO decomposition to the apartment market decomposes the intercity differences in the mean house prices into two parts: (i) differences that are due to the differences in housing characteristics across areas (endowment effects) and (ii) differences that arise from the interarea differences in implicit prices of those characteristics (coefficient effects). Using actual transaction data for apartments in Seoul from 2017 to 2022, the FIBO index is constructed based on the estimated coefficient effects. Robustness tests show that our method is far less influenced by changes in sample sizes and selection of the reference. We also show that the FIBO index more accurately reflects the actual movement and fluctuation of apartment prices compared to existing indices, which suggests that the FIBO index could serve as a good complementary house price index.

Trades, Basis, and Price Revisions in the S&amp;P Depositary Receipts

Standard and Poor’s Depositary Receipts (SPDRs) are traded like a stock to track the performance of S&amp;P 500 index, and there exists contemporaneous trading of S&amp;P 500 index futures to track the same index portfolio. The basis reveals the instantaneous price difference of the S&amp;P 500 index portfolio observed in index futures and SPDRs. This study finds that the basis conveys more information than trades for the intra-day quote price revisions in the SPDRs, and our findings are consistent with a price revision process that the basis transmits innovative information from futures prices and induces permanent price changes in the SPDRs.

Impact of urban underground sewage treatment plants on surrounding housing prices: Case study of Beijing, China

Currently, the enhancement of the surrounding house prices and land value by underground construction of urban sewage treatment plants (USTP) is mainly limited to the qualitative level, lacking quantitative evaluation methods. Analysing the impacts of USTP on the surrounding housing prices, an above-ground sewage treatment plant (ASTP) and a USTP in Beijing are considered research objects, with the housing price data collected and processed utilising geographic information and big data technology. Using the difference-in-difference (DID) model, the impact of urban sewage treatment plants (STP) on the surrounding housing prices is quantitatively analysed. Analysing the differences in house prices, growth volume and growth rate before and after the underground construction of urban STPs makes it clear that the USTP has a positive promoting effect on the surrounding house prices within 0–1 km; however, ASTP negatively inhibits house prices of the same size. Given the ASTP inhibition, analysis of reconstruction in the underground mode on the surrounding housing prices and the value of the released land resources makes it clear that its economic value is much greater than the investment in itself and the operating costs. In addition, it was verified that the underground reconstruction of ASTPs in large cities could significantly improve the economic value of the surrounding areas.

Novel Water Pricing Model for Water Network Projects: A Case Study of Jiaodong Water Diversion Project in China

The uneven distribution of water resources in time and space restricts the development of society, which is a universal problem facing the world. To improve the ability to regulate water resources in water diversion projects and alleviate the contradiction between water resources and social development, China has decided to build water network projects (WNPs). A WNP is an integrated water supply system that includes multiple water sources and network water supply lines and integrates the functions of water supply, water delivery, and optimal allocation of water resources into a system that can supply water to many users. An appropriate water pricing mechanism is the key to ensuring the sustainable operation of water network projects. This paper presents a comprehensive water pricing model (WPM) for WNPs. The purpose of this model is to unify the water price measurement standard of WNPs and lay the foundation for water price marketization in the future. By applying the model to the Jiaodong WNP, it is found that the model is expected to improve the unbalanced use of water sources and the large difference in prices at water supply points (WSPs) in the project. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for water pricing reform but also has great potential to improve the efficiency of water resource use.

Analisis Pengendalian Dan Penilaian Persediaan Serta Efisiensi Pemasaran Benih Padi Inbrida Di PT SHS Cabang Lampung

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;the aim of this research is to determine the optimal amount of inventory, to analyze the price differences in purchasing inventory and to find out the efficient marketing channels at PT SHS Lampung Branch. The research was conducted at PT SHS Lampung Branch. Data were collected in May-June 2021 using a case study method with primary data and secondary data. Respondents of this research include PT SHS Lampung Branch, distributors and consumers. Data analysis used quantitative descriptive analysis with analytical tools namely Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and First In First Out (FIFO). Based on the results of the study, the optimal amount of inventory for PT SHS Lampung Branch was 28,091 kg/order. In purchasing raw materials there is no difference in price so there is no problem in determining the value of the materials used. An efficient marketing channel at PT SHS Lampung Branch is a marketing channel with distributors located in Central Lampung and East Lampung.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;