Price Earnings Ratio Research Articles

Studying investor rationality on stock price: A case of Bank Syariah Indonesia

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the behavior of investors' investment decisions, as reflected in the volatility of stock prices, especially at PT Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk (BSI). The analysis here compares aspects of rationality and irrationality as well as their relationship with the stock prices of Bank Syariah Indonesia.Methodology – This study uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to test aspects of rationality proxied by Price-to-Book Value (PBV) and Price-to-Earnings Ratio (PER), while aspects of irrationality proxied by mood sentiment (SWAV). Data were collected from February 2021 to February 2024 on a monthly basis, resulting in 37 research samples.Findings – The results show that PBV, PER, and mood sentiment have a significant effect on BSI stock prices. In the long term, PBV has a positive effect, while PER and mood sentiment have negative effects on BSI stock prices. In this situation, mood sentiment has the greatest influence on BSI stock prices, indicating that the volatility of BSI stocks is driven by irrationality.Implications – As the stock price is driven mostly by irrationality, investors must have fundamental and macroeconomic analysis skills as well as expertise when buying and selling stocks in order to minimize losses due to the irrational behavior. In addition, regulators and companies must provide transparent and accurate information to investors to reduce the irrational behavior.Originality – This study modifies the objective of Islamic banks’ stock prices in Indonesia by elaborating rational and irrational factors as the determinants of stock prices.

ANALYSING MARKET DYNAMICS: REVEALING OBSCURED PATTERNS IN LQ45 STOCKS (2021-2023) USING WARD’S HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING

This study aimed to address the instability of the Indonesian stock market from 2021 to 2023 by analyzing the LQ45 index, a critical indicator of economic robustness and corporate performance. Hierarchical Ward clustering was employed to categorize LQ45 stocks based on fundamental metrics such as Return, Volume, Price, Price-Earnings Ratio (PER), Earnings Per Share (EPS), and Dividends. Data preprocessing involved feature creation, Max-Abs scaling for normalization, and binary encoding of categorical variables. The optimal number of clusters was identified using dendrograms, revealing two primary clusters: one focusing on core materials and the other on financial services, alongside other industry-specific clusters. This method, characterized by its ability to minimize variance within clusters and determine natural groupings without predefined assumptions, provided valuable insights for financial advisors, policymakers, and investors. The findings offer practical guidance for optimizing decision-making, minimizing risks, and leveraging opportunities within the Indonesian stock market during a period of significant economic uncertainty. By employing this strategy, investors and traders can gain a comprehensive understanding of the current condition of the stock market, offering a thorough comprehension of the connections between equities and the operational and financial issues currently under scrutiny.

UNDERSTANDING LQ45 STOCKS (2021-2023) WITH K-MEANS CLUSTERING

The primary aim of this study is to examine the use of K-Means clustering in analyzing LQ45 stocks from 2021 to 2023, utilizing data obtained from the Yahoo Finance platform. The analysis delves into key performance measures such as the price-to-earnings ratio (PER), earnings per share (EPS), dividends, trading volume, and historical return on investment. This technique categorizes stocks with similar characteristics, providing financial analysts, money managers, and investors with valuable insights. The objective of the clustering analysis is to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between intrinsic stock features and the inherent price volatility of companies. This is accomplished by using historical datasets to conduct stock feature analysis. Mathematics plays a crucial role in the K-Means model by providing the foundational algorithms and statistical methods used to categorize and analyze the data. The study contributes to the field of financial market analysis by demonstrating how understanding group-to-group dynamics can affect investment decisions and offering a more precise representation of large datasets in financial contexts. These findings provide significant insights for individuals involved in financial matters in the stock market, helping to identify potential investment opportunities and reduce risk more effectively.

The influence of investment decisions and stock prices on company value with profitability as a moderating variable

This study aims to analyze the effect of investment decisions and stock prices on the company value in the infrastructure sector, moderated by profitability. The study uses multiple linear regression to examine the relationships between variables, with secondary data obtained from the financial statements of infrastructure companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period of 2018-2021. The independent variables used in this study are investment decisions, measured by the Price Earnings Ratio (PER), stock price, measured by closing share price, and profitability, measured by Return on Equity (ROE). The dependent variable is company value, measured by Price to Book Value (PBV). The results of the study show that investment decisions and stock prices have a positive and significant effect on company value. However, profitability does not moderate the relationship between investment decisions and stock prices on company value. The implications of this study’s findings suggest that infrastructure companies should pay attention to investment decisions and strategies that can influence stock prices, as both have a significant impact on increasing company value. Additionally, although profitability does not moderate the relationship, companies should still maintain profitable performance to ensure the sustainability of healthy operations.

Risks Management and Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

Risks management have continued to gain attention from various stakeholders and from financial regulatory compliance perspectives. The Basel accord, international standards setting bodies such as IFRS, and various country’s central banks had at one time or the other formulated frameworks for the effective management of risks for banks and other financial institutions across the world. This study investigates the effect of risks management on financial performance of Banks in Nigeria by examining how the independent risk management variables of credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk and solvency risk has affected the financial performance of the deposit money banks in Nigeria. This study used the ex-post facto research design, utilising secondary data extracted from a sample of 12 banks covering a period of 10 years from 2013 to 2022 and adopted capital adequacy and firm’s value as measurement for financial performance and thereafter, conducted a pooled OLS multivariate regression analysis. The result revealed that risks management variables have overall positive and significant effect on the financial performance measured with capital adequacy and firm’s value of the bank. Findings also revealed that the price earnings ratio model which proxied firms value is a better predictor of financial performance and thus concludes that proper management of these risk elements would lead to better performance of the banks. Consequently, this study recommends that executive management of banks and financial regulatory bodies should ensure proper adherence to the risk management codes by the banks in other to achieve good financial performance.

Value Relevance of Integrated Reporting In Nigeria: An Evaluation of Investors’ Perception

In today’s increasingly complex, competitive and uncertain market environment, stakeholders are constantly seeking to get as much information on corporate organizations as they can to aid informed decisions relating to such organizations. Integrated reporting is progressively gaining traction since it encompasses both financial and non-financial information. This research aimed to empirically assess the significance of integrated reporting content aspects in influencing investors' decision-making within listed banks in Nigeria. The analysis consisted of content elements including organizational overview, business model, risk assessment, disclosure of resource distribution, and forward-looking disclosures. It applied annual reports from five top banks listed in the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) and extracted data using a checklist guided by the Integrated Reporting Framework 2021. Data was analyzed by regression analysis, taking into account the P/E ratio and market capitalization from 2014 to 2023 as benchmarks in the measurement of stakeholders’ perceptions. Findings revealed that the overall model for both hypotheses was significant but none of the individual content elements of IR showed a statistically significant effect on MKPF. In the case of the price-earnings ratio, only the organizational overview and Risks and Opportunities disclosures showed a statistically significant effect on PER. The study attributed this lack of value relevance to a low level of awareness and adoption and recommended that integrated reporting be imbibed into the reporting framework in Nigeria. In addition, relevant regulatory authorities should enforce mandatory integrated reporting on companies.

Sharia Banking Stocks: The Role of Profitability and Financial Performance

The increasing awareness among Muslims to adhere to Sharia principles in their daily lives has contributed to a rise in investment in Sharia-compliant stocks, particularly within the Sharia banking sector. This sector, which aligns with Islamic principles, offers potential investment opportunities that can be evaluated by analyzing key financial metrics such as profitability and financial performance, derived from company financial reports. This research aims to examine the impact of four financial indicators—Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Earnings Per Share (EPS), and Price Earnings Ratio (PER)—on the stock prices of Sharia banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2019 to 2023. Using a quantitative research approach, the study employs the SPSS version 29 data processing application, utilizing 60 data points from three Sharia banking companies: PNBS, BRIS, and BTPS. The results of the data analysis reveal that Return on Assets (ROA) has a significant positive effect on stock prices, indicating that higher asset returns are associated with higher stock values. Similarly, Earnings Per Share (EPS) also shows a significant positive impact on stock prices, suggesting that increased earnings per share contribute to the appreciation of stock values. On the other hand, Return on Equity (ROE) and Price Earnings Ratio (PER) were found to have no significant effect on stock prices in the context of this study. These findings provide insights into the financial indicators that influence stock prices in the Sharia banking sector, offering valuable information for investors and financial analysts.

The Effect of Profitability and Deviden Policy on Company Value (Case Study in the Healthcare Sector Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2019-2023)

This study examined the impact of sustainability and dividend policy on the value of healthcare companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2019 to 2023. The dependent variable in this analysis was company value, represented by the Price to Earnings Ratio (PER), while the independent variables included sustainability, measured by Return on Assets (ROA), and dividend policy, expressed through the Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR). A linear regression analysis was employed using data derived from the companies' financial statements. The results revealed that sustainability had a significant positive effect on company value, and dividend policy also had a positive contribution. These findings offer valuable insights for both investors and management in formulating financial strategies to enhance the value of healthcare companies. This research is expected to contribute to the growth of financial literature and managerial practices in Indonesia

LQ45 Stock Recommendations with Fundamental Analysis Using the Simple Additive Weighting Method

Shares are a sign of ownership of a person or entity in a company or limited liability company. Shares are in the form of a piece of paper that explains that the paper's owner is the owner of the company that issued the securities. In the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) there are several kinds of stock indices, one of which is LQ45. It is known that until 2020 there were 2.48 million investors in the capital market. However, it should be noted that of the large number of investors, 85% to 90% of investors experience failure or loss. This happens because investors do not have adequate skills and knowledge in investing in stocks. Therefore, a system is needed that can assist in determining the selection of LQ45 stocks, namely a decision support system (DSS). This system was built web-based using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method to determine the order of the most recommended stocks in the garden. This study uses 45 stocks as alternative data and 5 selection criteria, namely Return on Assets (ROA), Price to price-to-earnings ratio (PER), Price to Book Value (PBV), Net Profit Margin (NPM), and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER). The implementation of the SAW method on the system produces a sequence of LQ45 stock recommendations, namely Adaro Energy Indonesia as the best alternative with the highest preference value of 0.925.

Investment Decisions and Firm Value: The Moderating Role of Profitability

Firm value (FV) describes the performance of management in carrying out the work entrusted to them by shareholders related to company management. Shareholders expect Increasing FV because it can achieve the company's goal of maximizing its welfare. The study investigates the influence of investment decision factors and asset turnover (TATO) and the role of Profitability (ROA) as a moderator variable on FV. The research sample includes 32 property and real estate sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for 2018-2022. The estimation method applied is a panel data regression model that includes common, random, and fixed effects to test the research hypothesis. Fixed effect model (FEM) estimation based on selected diagnostic tests to test the research hypothesis. Investment decisions proxied by the price-earnings ratio (PER) in the model with ROA moderator, directly without interaction, have a negative impact on FV. Still, the interaction between PER and ROA has a positive but insignificant effect. Conversely, PER does not affect FV without the role of the ROA moderator. TATO, which measures efficiency, positively impacts FV in both models without and with the role of the ROA moderator. On the other hand, TATO has a negative impact on FV if it interacts with ROA. ROA directly without interaction is negatively related to FV. ROA, which acts as a moderator variable, can only moderate TATO negatively on FV.

The Effect of Earnings Per Share (EPS), Price Earnings Ratio (PER), and Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR) on the Stock Price of PT Adaro Energy Indonesia Tbk

This study examines the influence of critical financial indicators on the stock price of PT Adaro Energy Indonesia Tbk, with particular emphasis on Earnings Per Share (EPS), Price Earnings Ratio (PER), and Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR) from 2008 to 2023. In the context of escalating global economic integration, organizations encounter significant competitive challenges, rendering financial performance analysis essential for strategic decision-making. Although much study has been conducted on financial ratios, limited studies comprehensively investigate the collective impact of these factors on stock prices within Indonesia's energy industry, particularly over an extended data range. This study employs a quantitative research methodology and multiple regression analysis, revealing that EPS strongly affects stock prices, underscoring its vital importance in shareholder value. The data demonstrate that both EPS and PER exert a substantial influence on stock prices independently, but DPR has no meaningful impact. EPS, PER, and DPR jointly exert a substantial effect, accounting for 65.6% of the volatility in stock prices. These insights enhance the comprehension of the significance of financial measures in stock valuation, offering strategic considerations for investors and corporate management in their decision-making processes.

DO STOCK INVESTMENT STRATEGY AFFECT STOCK PRICES? A CASE STUDY OF SHARIAH-COMPLIANT COMPANIES IN MALAYSIA

This study aims to analyze how the stock market investment strategy using fundamental analysis affects stock prices. Fundamental analysis is an approach used to assess the intrinsic value of a stock based on the company's fundamental factors, including financial statements. This study utilizes historical stock data from 170 Shariah-compliant publicly listedcompanies on Bursa Malaysia and applies various financial ratios and stock valuation methods, such as net profit margin (NPM), price earnings ratio (PER), current ratio (CR), dividend payout ratio (DPR), earnings per share (EPS) and firm size (FS). The sample consists of 170 Shariah-compliant firms from all sectors except for the financial sector of Bursa Malaysia and 20 years maintained listed as status of Shariah-compliant Firms. This research employs panel data estimation techniques for regression analysis with robust panel data estimation technique for statistical inferences. The results indicate that PER, CR, EPS and FS have a positive effect on the stock price. This result confirms that higher in price earnings ratio, liquidity, earnings per share and firm size can increase stock price. The results also found that that NPM and DPR are negatively significant effect to the stock price of Shariah-compliant companies in Malaysia. This research contributes to the understanding of how fundamental analysis methods can be effectively applied in stock market strategies to influence stock prices. It aims to broaden investors' horizons by helping them identify the best strategies using fundamental analysis to generate profits from stock market investments and contribute to economic growth by strengthening economic conditions. This research is among the few studies examining the impact of stock investment decisions using a fundamental analysis approach on the stock prices of Shariah-compliant listed companies in Malaysia.

STOCK MARKET PERFORMANCE: THE FIRM SIZE AND PRICE-EARNINGS RATIO OF SHARIAH AND NON-SHARIAH COMPLIANT SHARES

Stock markets serve as vital components of financial markets, providing avenues for short and long-term capital investment. The coexistence of two entities, namely Shariah Compliant Shares (SCS) and Non-Shariah Compliant Shares (NSCS) as supervised by the Shariah Advisory Council of the Securities Commission of Malaysia (SACSCM) characterizes Malaysia as a unique financial market. Stock return is a good indicator of a company’s performance, and many variables are said to have an impact on stock return. This study aims to investigate how firm size and price-earnings ratio would influence the stock return of a company. A total of 63 companies were selected consisting of 32 Shariah compliance companies and 31 conventional companies. Data from January 2018 until December 2022 were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. This study discovered there is a significant negative relationship between firm size and stock return for SCS and NSCS indicating small companies often make higher returns than large companies. Meanwhile, the price-earnings ratio insignificantly affects the stock return, especially for NSCS. Whether the shares are Shariah compliant or Non-Shariah compliant, firm size has a more significant impact on stock return. To maximize shareholder wealth, the company will prioritize maintaining the optimal firm size, and investors will consider the firm size when planning their investment portfolios. The findings offer valuable insights for future research, companies, and investors seeking guidance on choosing shares for potentially higher returns.

The impact of IFRS introduction by listed Moroccan companies on financial performance: The mediating role of the cost of capital

This study aims to examine the direct and indirect impact of IFRS adoption on the financial performance of Moroccan companies listed on the Moroccan financial market. The analyses are based on data drawn from the financial statements of 21 Moroccan companies listed on the Casablanca Stock Exchange. By measuring financial performance using three stock market measures, namely the Mariss ratio, the Price Earnings Ratio, and the Tobin Q ratio, and using the structural equation method with SPSS AMOS software, the results indicate that before the introduction of the cost of capital variable, IFRS significantly affect financial performance, with an estimated coefficient of 0.395 significant at the 5% threshold. By introducing the cost of capital variable, the results show that the direct and significant relationship between IFRS and performance disappears, recording an estimated coefficient of 0.241 with a non-significant probability level of 0.243. On the other hand, the results show that the estimated coefficients for the indirect effect of IFRS on financial performance are negative, i.e., a coefficient of –0.099 estimating the direct effect of IFRS on the cost of capital and a coefficient of –2.621 estimating the direct effect of the cost of capital on financial performance, significant at the 1% and 5% thresholds, respectively. This confirms the hypothesis that the transition to IFRS indirectly and totally influences financial performance via the cost of capital variable.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING STOCK PRICES OF COMPANIES IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR

Based on data from BPS (Statistics Indonesia) for 2019-2021, the agricultural sector in Indonesia dominated employment and attracted investment interest from various parties. This study analyzes the impact of fundamental analysis and macroeconomic variables on the fluctuations in stock prices of agricultural sector companies from 2019 to 2023. The aim is to examine the effects of Return on Assets (ROA), Price-Earnings Ratio (PER), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Earnings Price Ratio (EPR) on the stock price movements of agricultural sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The study employs a descriptive analysis method, involving the collection, organization, and analysis of data to accurately depict the investigated issue. Data collection was conducted at the IDX from 2019 to 2023 through library research methods, using secondary data in the form of financial reports of agricultural sector companies available on www.idx.co.id. The study utilizes a simple regression analysis model with Eviews 6.0 software to process statistical and econometric data. The panel data combines time series and cross-section data, analyzed using fixed effect and random effect approaches to estimate the regression model. Estimation methods include pooled regression/pooled least squares, assuming constant coefficients for each time and space. The research results indicate that the LSDV/FEM panel regression model is the best, with variables such as DER, Earnings Per Share (EPS), PER, ROA, world oil prices, and the rupiah exchange rate collectively having a significant impact on stock prices in the agricultural sector. Additionally, classical assumption analysis shows that the data is stationary, normally distributed, free from multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation. The managerial implication of these findings is that investors should consider purchasing stocks in the agricultural sector, taking into account fundamental conditions, macroeconomic factors, and technical analysis.

Cracking the Book Value Mystery: Understanding Earning Per Share, Price Earning Ratio, and Operational Efficiency in IDX80 Enterprises Indonesia

Research Aims: This study aims to elucidate the determinants of book value by investigating the effects of earnings per share (EPS), price-to-earnings (PER) ratios, and operational efficiency among companies listed in the IDX80 index from 2021 to 2023. Design/methodology/approach: The research utilizes a quantitative approach with an explanatory design, analyzing secondary data from the financial reports of 80 companies. Variables like EPS, PER, BV, and NPM are assessed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method via SmartPLS to uncover their relationships in the Indonesian capital market. Research Findings: Key findings highlight the significant impact of EPS on share valuation reflected in book value (BV) and the mediating role of NPM in this relationship. The study underscores the complexity of using PER alone to evaluate company worth within the IDX80 index, emphasizing the need for further exploration to enhance investment strategies and financial decision-making. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This study enhances understanding of equity valuation in Indonesia's capital market by analyzing how EPS, PER ratios, and operational efficiency influence companies in the IDX80 index from 2021 to 2023. It integrates theoretical frameworks like signalling theory and mediation via NPM, showing that EPS significantly impacts share valuation through NPM. The research underscores limitations of using PER exclusively to evaluate company worth, emphasizing the intricate nature of stock valuation in the IDX80 index. Future studies should delve deeper into these factors to improve investment strategies and financial decision-making.

Financial Indicators Shaping Share Price Movement: Insight from the Dhaka Stock Exchange SME Board

This study intends to explore the parameters that influence the share price movement of companies listed under the SME board on Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE). The small capital platform, popularly known as the SME board is a specialized to trade share of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Based on secondary data, the present study used three independent variables, such as Earning Per Share (EPS), Price Earning (P/E) ratio, and Net Asset Value (NAV) per share to evaluate the fluctuations of share price in the market. All the companies listed on the DSE SME board were taken into consideration for the current study. Relevant Data concerning dependent and independent variables were collected from the DSE website. Average closing price of selected shares were collected during March 15, 2022–March 14, 2023. The study performed descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis using Statistical Package for Social science (SPSS) software. The study revealed that the fluctuations of share price of SME companies was significantly influenced by EPS, Net Asset NAV per share, and P/E ratio. This maiden study is expected to have implications to companies intending to be listed, investors, regulators, and other stakeholders in Bangladesh.

The Effect of Fundamental Factors and Earnings Growth on Stock Prices in Food and Beverage Subsector Companies on the IDX for the 2019-2023 Period

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Fundamental Factors consisting of Earning Per Share (EPS), Price to Book Value (PBV), Price to Earning Ratio (PER) and Earnings Growth on Share Prices in food and beverage subsector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2023 period. The sample used in this study is the financial statements of food and beverage subsector companies for the period 2019 to 2023. The method used in determining the sample is by using purposive sampling method, and obtained as many as 13 companies. Data analysis used in research with the Eviews program. The results showed that EPS has a significant effect on stock prices, PBV has a significant effect on stock prices, PER has a significant effect on stock prices, earnings growth has no significant effect on stock prices. While simultaneously EPS, PBV, PER and earnings growth have a significant effect on stock prices. The implication in this study is that the signaling theory of the research results affects the rise and fall of stock prices. In view of the high fundamental factors, it shows a positive signal for the company, especially in stock prices. However, it does not apply to earnings growth because if earnings growth is high, it will have a bad effect on stock prices as well as for investors, but investors can look deeper into financial ratios.

The Impact of Return on Asset (ROA), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Price-Earnings Ratio (PER), and Price-To-Book Value (PBV) on Stock Prices of Banking Companies Listed on the LQ45 Index during 2019- 2023

This study aims to analyze the influence of Return on Asset (ROA), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Price Earning Ratio (PER), and Price to Book Value (PBV) on the stock price of banking companies listed on the LQ45 index from 2019 to 2023. This research employed a quantitative method, utilizing secondary data collected from financial reports and stock prices of banking companies included in the LQ45 index, which were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and published during the 2019- 2023 period. The data was obtained from the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population of this study consisted of 5 banking companies that met the specified criteria. Multiple linear regression analysis, using SPSS software, was employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that Return on Asset (ROA) had a significant positive influence on the stock price, while Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) had a significant negative impact. Price Earnings Ratio (PER) was found to have no significant effect on the stock price, and Price to Book Value (PBV) had a significant positive influence. Furthermore, Return on Asset (ROA), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Price Earnings Ratio (PER), and Price to Book Value (PBV) jointly had a significant impact on the stock price.

PENGARUH EARNING PER SHARE (EPS), RETURN ON ASSET (ROA), CURRENT RATIO (CR), PRICE BOOK VALUE (PBV) TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM (STUDI KASUS PADA PERUSAHAAN YANG TERDAFTAR PADA LQ45 DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA (BEI))

This research aims to test and explain the partial and dominant influence of Earning Per Share (EPS), Return On Assets (ROA), Current Raio (CR), Price Book Value (PBV) on the share prices of companies listed on LQ45 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The analytical method used in this research is a quantitative method by testing classical assumptions and statistical analysis, namely multiple linear regression analysis. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. The variables in this research consist of EPS, ROA, CR and PBV as independent variables, and share price as the dependent variable with a total sample of 60 from 30 companies. The results of the analysis show that EPS and ROA have a significant effect on share prices. while CR and PBV do not have a significant effect on stock returns. For further research, it is hoped that other research variables can be added, for example Net Profit Margin (NPM), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) or Price Earning Ratio (PER).