Wood Prices Research Articles

Analysis of the supply and price of beech wood in southern Poland

1Instytut Zarządzania Zasobami Leśnymi, Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie 2Katedra Ekonomiki Leśnictwa, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu

AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA DO USO DA MADEIRA DE EUCALIPTO PARA DIFERENTES FINALIDADES, NA REGIÃO DO ALTO JEQUITINHONHA, MG

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a viabilidade econômica do uso da madeira de eucalipto para quatro finalidades distintas, a saber: carvão vegetal, energia/lenha, construção civil e serraria, proveniente de plantios em propriedades rurais da região do Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG. Procedeu-se a análise econômica utilizando-se os três métodos de avaliação de projetos mais comumente empregados no Brasil, uma vez estes considerarem a variação do capital no tempo, a saber: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Valor Periódico Equivalente (VPE) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Realizou-se uma análise de sensibilidade considerando-se as três taxas de juros mais utilizadas em avaliações econômicas de projetos florestais de 6%, 9% e 12% ao ano (a.a), considerando-se também variação na produção e no preço da madeira de 10% (ambas para mais e para menos). O uso da madeira que proporcionou maior retorno financeiro considerando a taxa anual de desconto de 6% foi a produção de madeira para construção civil (VPL=R$16.965,38/ha; VPE=R$1.825,22/ha/ano; TIR=38,0%). Por sua vez, para esta mesma taxa de juros a madeira em tora destinada a produção de energia / lenha gerou a menor rentabilidade (VPL=R$402,66/ha; VPE=R$43,32/ha/ano; TIR=8,0%), tornando-se este uso inviável economicamente para as taxas de desconto de 9% e 12% a.a.

Potential, Prices and Resources of Raw Wood Assortments for the Pulp and Paper Industry in Central Europe

In the last decade the prices of wood in Slovakia were affected by the global economic crisis, rising intensity and extent of incidental felling and specific market conditions in SR. This paper analyses the shares of selected raw wood assortments supplies for the pulp and paper industry in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Austria and Germany for the period 2008-2013. We also analyse the price trends of raw-wood assortments of the III.C class spruce, fir and beech saw-logs, pulpwood and firewood in selected countries of Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The analysed period represented the last 7 years (from 2008 - April 2015). The last part is devoted to evaluation of the potential of these assortments as a source of raw material for pulp and paper industry.

Análise Econômica e de Sensibilidade em um Povoamento Implantado no Sudoeste da Bahia

RESUMO A execução de um projeto florestal deve ser norteada por ferramentas de análise econômica, de forma que se possa respaldar os investimentos realizados. Objetivou-se neste trabalho promover uma análise econômica e de sensibilidade em projetos de reflorestamento de eucalipto na microrregião de Vitória da Conquista, BA. Utilizou-se como critério o Valor Presente Líquido, a Taxa Interna de Retorno, o Valor Periódico Equivalente e o Custo Médio de Produção. A análise de sensibilidade foi realizada através da variação da taxa anual de juros, da produção e do preço da madeira. O custo de implantação apresentou valor de 2.091,92 reais/ha. Se tratando do processo de condução, obteve-se um valor de 915,29 reais/ha, corrigidos para o ano zero. Apesar da característica de longo prazo, a atividade florestal constituiu alternativa de renda para os pequenos produtores, apresentando viabilidade econômica em todos os critérios avaliados.

Building a stochastic programming model from scratch: a harvesting management example

We analyse how to deal with the uncertainty before solving a stochastic optimization problem and we apply it to a forestry management problem. In particular, we start from historical data to build a stochastic process for wood prices and for bounds on its demand. Then, we generate scenario trees considering different numbers of scenarios and different scenario-generation methods, and we describe a procedure to compare the solutions obtained with each approach. Finally, we show that the scenario tree used to obtain a candidate solution has a considerable impact in our decision model.

Key economic aspects of forestry development in the area of the Kolubara district

The Kolubara district covers the north western part of Serbia. A total of 62,330 ha or 25.3% of the Kolubara district is forest covered. Out of the total forest area, app. 18.7% are state owned, and 81.3% are private forests. The average annual volume of wood that is exported from the forests of the Kolubara district is 60,000 m? of hardwood and 670 m? of softwood. In the total volume of harvested timber, beech as a species participates on average with 60%. The aim of the research is to determine the amount of the purchase, marketing/ placement and price of wood and non-wood forest products (NWFPs) in the municipalities of Valjevo, Ub and Lajkovac. The purpose of this research is to investigate and determine the possibilities for the development of forestry, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, which are directed towards the use of wood and NWFPs in the are of Kolubara. The subjects of research are: companies that do business in this area, the quantities that are purchased and marketed, the prices at which the products are implemented, as well as strategic documents of local self-government, which are important for economic analysis. The research was conducted in the territory of the Kolubara District, and covers 6 companies. Decreasing trends in the placement of technical wood with an average growth rate of -20% and stacked wood with an average growth rate of -12% of private forests as well as the declining trend in placements of beech logs for cutting first class with an average growth rate of -10% indicate that the wood stocks in forests is each year less and that they must be taken appropriate steps to correct the situation. The inadequate utilization of roe deer, as a resource, point percentages of realized shooting plans and projected revenues. However, it is present growth trends of shooting, with an average growth rate of 8% and placement of roe deer meat, with an average growth rate of 9.9%.

Simultaneous Wood Defect and Species Detection with 3D Laser Scanning Scheme

Wood grading and wood price are mainly connected with the wood defect and wood species. In this paper, a wood defect quantitative detection scheme and a wood species qualitative identification scheme are proposed simultaneously based on 3D laser scanning point cloud. First, an Artec 3D scanner is used to scan the wood surface to get the 3D point cloud. Each 3D point contains its X, Y, and Z coordinate and its RGB color information. After preprocessing, the Z coordinate value of current point is compared with the set threshold to judge whether it is a defect point (i.e., cavity, worm tunnel, and crack). Second, a deep preferred search algorithm is used to segment the retained defect points marked with different colors. The integration algorithm is used to calculate the surface area and volume of every defect. Finally, wood species identification is performed with the wood surface’s color information. The color moments of scanned points are used for classification, but the defect points are not used. Experiments indicate that our scheme can accurately measure the surface areas and volumes of cavity, worm tunnel, and crack on wood surface with measurement error less than 5% and it can also reach a wood species recognition accuracy of 95%.

Detecting Seasonal Components and Examining Similarities in Composing Elements of Wood Prices (Academic Article)

Detecting Seasonal Components and Examining Similarities in Composing Elements of Wood Prices (Academic Article)

Determinants of Wood Prices: Analysis of Wood Retailers in Kumasi

This paper investigates the determinants of wood pricing in Ghana. The purpose of this study is to assess the factors that influence the prices of wood product at the various wood markets and retailers in Kumasi which have large variety of wood and different categories of retailers in the industry. The study employs a survey design where respondents are conveniently selected. A semistructured questionnaire was designed to gather data from the respondents. STATA version 12.0 software and several sets of statistical analyses such as frequency tables, percentages, and mean point values were performed. Linear regression was employed to estimate the determinants of wood product prices in the wood markets and retail outlets in Kumasi metropolis. The findings of this study suggest that, most of the price determining factors have a positive relationship with the price of wood sold whilst others such as quantity of wood sold and low quality wood products have a negative relationship with the price of wood product sold. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers recommend to future researchers to concentrate further studies on how government policies affect wood prices and also types of wood and their influences on prices.

목제품 수급분석 및 전망에 관한 연구

This study aims to update the supply-demand model of wood products(FOSMO-2013) and to forecast mid and long run supply and demand for each products. The subjects of the study include sawnwood, plywood, particle board, fiberboard(MDF), and pulp. The updated partial equilibrium model is composed of supply function, import demand function, demand function, price relation function. The long run outlooks of world prices of wood and wood products are imported from the results of Buongiorno(2012). This study also adopt Buongiorno's scenarios, which includes three scenarios of IPCC(A1B, A2, B2) and the other one with assumption of increasing fuelwood consumption of A1B scenario. The result says that the domestic productions of wood products are expecting to decrease while the imports of them increase even there are some differences among the products as well as scenarios.

Modeling some long-term implications of CO2 fertilization for global forests and forest industries

This paper explored the long-term, ceteris-paribus effects of potential CO2 fertilization on the global forest sector. Based on the findings of Norby et al. (PNAS 2005, 102(50)) about forest response to elevated [CO2]. Forest productivity was increased in the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) in proportion to the rising [CO2] projected in the IPCC scenario A1B, A2, and B2. Projections of the forest area and forest stock and of the production, consumption, prices, and trade of products ranging from fuelwood to paper and paperboard were obtained with the GFPM for each scenario, with and without CO2 fertilization beginning in 2011 and up to 2065. CO2 fertilization increased wood supply, leading to lower wood prices which in turn induced modest lower prices of end products and higher global consumption. However, production and value added in industries decreased in some regions due to the relative competitive advantages and to the varying regional effects of CO2 fertilization. The main effect of CO2 fertilization was to raise the level of the world forest stock in 2065 by 9 to 10 % for scenarios A2 and B2 and by 20 % for scenario A1B. The rise in forest stock induced by fertilization was in part counteracted by its stimulation of the wood supply which resulted in lower wood prices and increased harvests.

Economic Impact of Net Carbon Payments and Bioenergy Production in Fertilized and Non-Fertilized Loblolly Pine Plantations

Sequestering carbon in forest stands and using woody bioenergy are two potential ways to utilize forests in mitigating emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Such forestry related strategies are, however, greatly influenced by carbon and bioenergy markets. This study investigates the impact of both carbon and woody bioenergy markets on land expectation value (LEV) and rotation age of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests in the southeastern United States for two scenarios—one with thinning and no fertilization and the other with thinning and fertilization. Economic analysis was conducted using a modified Hartman model. The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted during various activities such as management of stands, harvesting, and product decay was included in the model. Sensitivity analysis was conducted with a range of carbon offset, wood for bioenergy, and forest product prices. The results showed that LEV increased in both management scenarios as the price of carbon and wood for bioenergy increased. However, the results indicated that the management scenario without fertilizer was optimal at low carbon prices and the management scenario with fertilizer was optimal at higher carbon prices for medium and low forest product prices. Carbon payments had a greater impact on LEV than prices for wood utilized for bioenergy. Also, increase in the carbon price increased the optimal rotation age, whereas, wood prices for bioenergy had little impact. The management scenario without fertilizer was found to have longer optimal rotation ages.

Influência da taxa de juros e do preço da madeira em modelos de regulação florestal

<p>A regulação da produção florestal é complexa, devido ao grande número de variáveis relacionadas ou envolvidas no processo, sendo que as variáveis econômicas influenciam de forma consistente os resultados dos modelos de regulação. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a influência da taxa de juros e do preço da madeira em alguns modelos de regulação florestal. Utilizou-se programação linear em um estudo de caso empregando dados de 10 povoamentos florestais, com a aplicação do software Regulação da Produção Florestal, que foi utilizado também para simular cenários de manejo e planejamento. Todos os povoamentos florestais foram regulados independentemente do método utilizado. Quanto maior o preço da madeira, maior a área de corte anual e menor a idade média de corte. A produção média anual não foi alterada, independente da taxa de juros, do preço da madeira, ou do método utilizado.</p>

YIELD MANAGEMENT ON AGROFORESTRY OF CADDAM (NEOLAMARCKIACADAMBA MIQ.) AND CARDAMOM (AMOMUM COMPACTUM) MIQ.) IN PAKENJENG, GARUT, WEST JAVA

Agroforestry may contribute to short and long term income for farmers. Agroforestry of caddam-cardamom is widely in practiced Pakenjeng, Garut, West Java. This study aims to analyze the optimal management of caddam-cardamom agroforest using bio-economic modeling as a modification of Faustmann model. The results of this study shows that: 1) optimal rotation of agroforestry caddamcardamom following the biological rotation of caddam stand is 5 years; 2) the Hartman optimal rotation of agroforestry caddam-cardamom is 10 years and 3) sensitivity analysis shows: a) the increment in caddam wood price will shorten Hartman rotation; b) the increment in cardamom price will lengthen Hartman rotation and c) the increment in interest rate will shorten Hartman rotation.

An integrated assessment approach to optimal forest bioenergy production for young Scots pine stands

Bioenergy is re-shaping opportunities and imperatives of forest management. This study demonstrates, through a case study in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), how forest bioenergy policies affect stand management strategies. Optimization studies were examined for 15 Scots pine stands of different initial stand densities, site types, and temperature sum regions in Finland. Stand development was modelled using the PipeQual stand simulator coupled with the simulation-optimization tool OptiFor Bioenergy to assess three forest bioenergy policies on energy wood harvest from early thinnings. The optimal solutions maximizing bare land value indicate that conventional forest management regimes remain optimal for sparse stands. Energy harvests occurred only when profitable, led to lower financial returns. A forest bioenergy policy which included compulsory energy wood harvesting was optimal for denser stands. At a higher interest rate (4 %), increasing energy wood price postponed energy wood harvesting. In addition, our results show that early thinning somewhat reduced wood quality for stands in fertile sites. For less fertile sites, the changes were insignificant. A constraint of profitable energy wood harvest is not rational. It is optimal to carry out the first thinning with a flexible forest bioenergy policy depending on stand density.

Adaptive economic and ecological forest management under risk

Forest managers must deal with inherently stochastic ecological and economic processes. The future growth of trees is uncertain, and so is their value. The randomness of low-impact, high frequency or rare catastrophic shocks in forest growth has significant implications in shaping the mix of tree species and the forest landscape. In addition, the fluctuations of wood prices influence greatly forest revenues. Markov decision process models (MDPs) offer a rigorous and practical way of developing optimum management strategies, given these multiple sources of risk. Examples illustrate how such management guidelines are obtained with MDPs for combined ecological and economic objectives, including diversity of tree species and size, landscape diversity, old growth preservation, and carbon sequestration. The findings illustrate the power of the MDP approach to deal with risk in forest resource management. They recognize that the future is best viewed in terms of probabilities. Given these probabilities, MDPs tie optimum adaptive actions strictly to the state of the forest and timber prices at decision time. The methods are theoretically rigorous, numerically efficient, and practical for field implementation.

Integrated Biomass Assessment and Optimized Power Generation

AbstractAlthough power generation from wood biomass is among the fastest growing sectors of renewable power production, applied research that links biomass stock availability and the optimization of the location of the power plants is lacking. In this work, an integrated approach to determine the most economically viable locations for wood‐fired biomass power plants is presented. Forest vegetation maps are generated from recently available multiband satellite images. Field measurements in coniferous and broadleaved forests are used to derive tree‐stocking densities to determine, from the vegetation maps, the quantity of available wood biomass. A multimodal transportation and transmission grid network model is then used to identify the optimum locations for the top ten portfolios of 5, 15, and 20 MW power plants. It is shown that 15 MW power plants have the lowest levelized cost of energy and are the least susceptible to volatility in the wood price.

Modeling the price of trends of teak wood using statistical and artificial neural network techniques

Modeling the trends and patterns in financial data is of great interest to the business community to support the decision-making process. In this study, the historical trends in the real prices of teak wood were described using spline models and the time periods for which the rate of change in real prices differed were identified. The possible reasons for this phenomenon such as impact of forest legislations and other factors have been explained. In forecasting teak wood prices, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was compared with the traditional Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) was lesser in the case of ANN than the ARIMA model. Further, the turning points were more closely predicted by ANN. It appeared that forecast by ANN was heavily dependent on the previous value(s) immediate to the forecasting year. The study concluded that the next year price forecasts by univariate ARIMA and ANN models may be far from actual prices due to unanticipated factors.

Analýza faktorů kvality výřezů vyráběných harvestory

Increasing demands of the present society lead to an effort to rationalize logging operations in fo­rest management. Therefore, multi-function logging machines are increasingly used in the course of timber harvesting. Nevertheless, the economic effectiveness of these machines is affected not only by their productivity or environmentally friendly operations but also the quality of performed work. It can be evaluated by the assessment of the quality of produced assortments. Decreasing quality of produced logs can result in the reduction of marketability and wood price. Thus, the aim of this paper is to determine some defects originating at the harvester production of assortments and specification of their potential causes.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY FOREST IN NUSA TENGGARA BARAT PROVINCE AND ITS WOOD PRICE ESTIMATION

Community plantation forest (CPF) has not well developed nationally. The objectives of the study are: 1) to explain the development of CPF inWest Nusa Tenggara Province, 2) to estimate CPF wood price in NTB and 3) to compare the estimation results for finding the right wood price estimation. The results of study indicated that this province has obtained the utilization business permit of CPF with area of 4,396 ha and has been realized around 1,665.81 ha or 38%. The price calculation of sengon (Paraserianthes falcaria) using methods of stumpage price, market price and social price respectively found: 1) stumpage price of IDR 164,593 per m , 2) market price of IDR 400,000 per m and 3) social price/parity of IDR 275,000 per m . Its price range can be used as basic price offering from CPF farmer.Nevertheles, the estimation method of CPF wood price derived from the modified price determination of fresh fruit bunches of palm oil is more oriented to win-win solutions for both sellers and buyers.