Price Labels Research Articles

Influence of teaware on subjective ratings of, and taste expectations concerning, tea

Two studies were conducted in order to investigate the influence of teaware on consumers’ subjective ratings of, and taste expectations concerning, one of the world’s most popular beverages, namely tea. In Study 1, 100 Chinese participants and 100 participants from the USA viewed online photographs of Chinese brand and British brand green tea presented in either Chinese or British tea sets. The participants then rated their feelings about, taste expectations concerning, and willingness-to-pay for, each cup of tea. In Study 2, 65 Chinese participants also viewed these photos with either a high or low price label for each cup of tea. The results of both studies consistently revealed that the teaware influenced Chinese participants’ bitterness and astringency ratings concerning their tea expectations; whereas no such effects were found for the USA participants. Moreover, the teaware also influenced Chinese participants’ pleasantness ratings of tea when no price information was provided, but not when price information was presented. Collectively, these findings highlight the influence of the visual appearance of the receptacle on the subjective ratings of, and taste expectations concerning, tea. These results also compare the influence of product-extrinsic and contextual cues on consumers’ taste expectations.

Half-Blind Tasting: A Deception-Free Method for Sizing Placebo and Nocebo Responses to Price and Packaging Attributes

AbstractInformation conveyed on the price tag or label of a consumable packaged good is widely thought to change the consumer's sensory experience of consuming the good. Can the positive “placebo” effects of high prices and negative “nocebo” effects of low prices on consumer experience be isolated and observed in a controlled experiment without using deception? In a pilot wine experiment using a method I call “half-blind tasting,” I observe that the nocebo response to a $5 price tag is stronger than the placebo response to a $50 price tag. To interpret these preliminary results, I borrow some insights from prospect theory. (JEL Classifications: C91, D81, L66, M31, Q11)

PENGGUNAAN REALIA LABEL HARGA ZEIKOMI (税込) DAN ZEINUKI (税抜) DALAM PEMAHAMAN LINTAS BUDAYA JEPANG-INDONESIA

In Japanese language teaching, either in Japan and outside Japan, the teachers are faced learners who have different cultures both in terms of mieru bunka (見える文化visible culture) and mienai bunka (見えない文化 invisible culture). As teachers who teach foreign languages ​​and learners who study foreign languages, both parties should not ignore culture that also appears in the learning process of foreign languages ​​(Yashiro, K & Sera, T., 2010). This paper will examine the use of zeikomi (税込 price include tax) and zeinuki (税抜price exclude tax) price label realia in terms Japanese-Indonesian intercultural understanding. The method which used in this paper is literary research. Some terms that appear in everyday life such as zeikomi (税込)、zeinuki (税抜き), B hin (B 品, B quality)、wake ari shouhin (分けあり商品 imperfect product) are used as vocabulary inputs in class activities. The term zeikomi, zeinuki, B hin and wake ari shouhin are examples of mienai bunka will provide intracutural understanding to learners. This paper shows that using realia can make classroom’s activities more interesting.

PENGARUH LABEL HALAL DAN HARGA TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN MEMBELI PRODUK KOSMETIK WARDAH (Studi Pada Mahasiswi Prodi Manajemen Universitas Bengkulu)

This study aims to find out how the influence between halal and price labels influences consumers in making buying decisions, to know more about identifying products, buying and using products. This study uses a closed questionnaire in data collection and literature studies and other references related to research problems. The sample in this study was a student of UNIB management which was taken using a purposive sampling method with the criteria of using wardah cosmetic products for approximately 4 months from this study and having knowledge of beauty care, then analyzing the data using statistical tests of multiple linear regression analysis (F test and T test). Based on the results of the research, it can be seen halal and price labels. So it can be concluded that the results of halal and price labels partially (T Test) null hypothesis (H0) are accepted which means there is no positive influence, but overall both of these variables influence consumers' decision to buy and choose wardah products.

Transparent Price Labelling for Sustainable Products: A Boost for Consumers' Willingness to Buy?

Transparent Price Labelling for Sustainable Products: A Boost for Consumers' Willingness to Buy?

How the layout of a unit price label affects eye-movements and product choice: An eye-tracking investigation

Unit pricing (i.e., displaying prices per unit of volume or weight) is deemed helpful for grocery shoppers. Many countries mandate that supermarkets provide unit prices. However, consumers only make limited use of unit pricing. Consumer advocates attribute this to the poor and inconsistent presentation of the unit price information. Using eye-tracking, the present research tests how unit price label design factors (position, font size, signposting and color highlighting on the price label) affect consumers' eye-movements during the product decision process. Additionally, the study assesses how the effects of the design factors depend on the consumer's price consciousness. The research also tests how the consistency of the label presentation affects eye-movements and choice. Findings from an experimentally designed shopping task using natural stimuli reveal that an enhanced label design leads to an increase in the number of eye fixations, in particular when the unit price is color highlighted and especially for consumers who are less price conscious. These increased fixations, however, do not result in changes in product choice.

CONSUMER COMPLAINT BEHAVIOR (CCB) PELANGGAN MINIMARKET DI JOMBANG

The business development are getting very competitive especially in retail…….; the businessman must be responsive to the customers complaint and handle the unsatisfied service given. In this research, the categorized of cause of complaint are: the price labeling, the miscalculated by cashier, the services and products problems. Alternative of Cunsomer Complaint Behavior which is taken by the customers influenced by simple complaints and asking compensation to fix demographic factors or some situation of CCB is also influence by choosing complaints alternatives. Some alternatives action of CCB done by the customers with dissatisfactions are : complaining by phone, meeting cashiers directly (the most popular alternative), meeting the retail employees, meeting the customer service representative, calling the retail company to obtain the procedure on how to complain, meeting the supervisor, complaining by mass media (radio, newspapers), using the mediation service by the consumers complaint service. Customers have many CCB hierarchies, however, the procedures and actions intensity are varies. The action intensity is the next step of hierarchy and the situational to the customers. The economics and psychological factor is the most basic consideration to differentiating steps of CCB which need for the customers doing complaint.

An Empirical Study on the Preference of Supermarkets with Analytic Hierarchy Process Model

Large-scale retailers are very important to the consumers in this fast-paced world. Selection of desirable market to purchase products and services becomes major concern among consumers in their daily life due to vast choices available. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to determine the most preferred supermarket among AEON, Jaya Grocer, Tesco, Giant and Econsave by the undergraduate students in Malaysia with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. Besides that, this study also aims to determine the priority of decision criteria in the selection of supermarkets among the undergraduatestudents with AHP model. The decision criteria employed in this study are product quality, competitive price, cleanliness, product variety, location, good price labelling, fast checkout and employee courtesy. The results of this study show that AEON is the most preferred supermarket followed by Jaya Grocer, Tesco, Econsave and Giant among the students based on AHP model. Product quality, cleanliness and competitive price are ranked as the top three influential factors in this study. This study is significant because it helps to determine the most preferred supermarket as well as the most influential decision criteria in the preference of supermarkets among the undergraduate students with AHP model.

Does price labelling result in sustained cost awareness?

IntroductionPressures on the National Health Service require improvement in quality of care on a reducing budget. Acute trusts spend £6 billion on procurement, an area highlighted in the Carter Report...

Does unit pricing influence store price image dimensions and shopping intentions for retail stores?

PurposeWhile previous literature focusses on the impact of unit pricing on the customer level by analysing customer awareness and product choice, the present research aims to highlight the impact unit pricing has at the store level.Design/methodology/approachThe impact of unit pricing on the store price image is investigated in two experiments. While the first experiment assesses the general influence of unit price presence and unit price prominence on store price image, the second experiment provides further insights into the influence of unit price prominence on store price image and shopping intentions under consideration of moderating variables.FindingsThis research demonstrates that the availability of unit prices influences several store price image dimensions positively, namely, price processibility, price perceptibility and evaluation certainty. There is also an indirect positive effect on value-for-money perception. Furthermore, unit price prominence has a positive effect on the dimension price processibility. There is a positive influence of unit price presence and unit price prominence on the consumers’ intention to shop at a given store through the store price image.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the existing unit price and store price image literature and derives implications for retailers as well as for policymakers regarding the presentation of unit prices on price labels. Policymakers can use the results for motivating retailers to use unit price information more actively and present it more prominently beyond the minimum regulatory standards.

CONSUMER COMPLAINT BEHAVIOR (CCB) PELANGGAN MINIMARKET DI JOMBANG

The business development are getting very competitive especially in retail…….; the businessman must be responsive to the customers complaint and handle the unsatisfied service given. In this research, the categorized of cause of complaint are: the price labeling, the miscalculated by cashier, the services and products problems. Alternative of Cunsomer Complaint Behavior which is taken by the customers influenced by simple complaints and asking compensation to fix demographic factors or some situation of CCB is also influence by choosing complaints alternatives. Some alternatives action of CCB done by the customers with dissatisfactions are : complaining by phone, meeting cashiers directly (the most popular alternative), meeting the retail employees, meeting the customer service representative, calling the retail company to obtain the procedure on how to complain, meeting the supervisor, complaining by mass media (radio, newspapers), using the mediation service by the consumers complaint service. Customers have many CCB hierarchies, however, the procedures and actions intensity are varies. The action intensity is the next step of hierarchy and the situational to the customers. The economics and psychological factor is the most basic consideration to differentiating steps of CCB which need for the customers doing complaint.

Unit Pricing in Supermarkets: Review of Past Evidence from Academic and Industry Studies

Unit Pricing in Supermarkets: Review of Past Evidence from Academic and Industry Studies

Consumer attention to price in social commerce: Eye tracking patterns in retail clothing

Although the literature establishes the importance of pricing in relation to traditional retailers and e-commerce, few studies consider its importance in social commerce. This study uses eye tracking to examine observational behavior as fixation time on price and the total fixation time on a Facebook page that displays clothing products. This study employs interventions both directly related (via different prices of clothes and price visibility) and indirectly related (via human models vs. mannequins) to the price label. Results show a U-shape function for fixations on price and total fixations on a page with respect to price for females who buy for themselves and males who buy for their partners. This finding points not only to the utilitarian position of price, but also to its informational role. This study introduces a conceptual framework for further research, focused on the mechanisms through which social commerce can lead to increased sales and profits.

How the Layout of a Price Label Influences Unit Price Visual Attention and Choice During Grocery Shopping

Unit pricing (i.e. displaying prices per unit volume or weight) is deemed helpful for grocery shoppers. Many countries mandate that supermarkets provide unit prices. Consumer usage of unit price information however has been suboptimal. Consumer advocates attribute this to the poor and inconsistent presentation of the unit price information on price labels. The present research tested how layout of the unit price information, in particular (1) font size, signposting, colour coding and position; and (2) consistency of the format across categories, affects attention to unit price when consumers shop for supermarket items. Eye-movements and purchase decisions observed during a natural but experimentally designed shopping task reveal how the prominence and consistency of the layout direct visual attention to the unit price and how this, in turn, influences purchase decisions. Findings indicate that displaying unit prices in a prominent manner leads consumers to better notice and longer attend to unit prices, which in turn relates to an increased incidence of choosing lower unit priced products. Conversely, inconsistency in display format resulted in a reduced incidence of choosing such products.

Apps Appeal: Where in the World are Consumers Sensitive to Price, Ratings and Product Characteristics?

Research abounds on consumer price response in Western markets, but offers little guidance to managers marketing their products around the world. For instance, smartphone/tablet applications represent a global market for developers, who have yet to exploit their freedom in localizing marketing. This paper investigates how sales rank depends on app price, ratings, product complexity, product improvement and product labels for 1,800 apps across 60 countries. Beyond contrasting emerging and mature markets, we analyze how consumer response depends on cultural and economic factors. A hierarchical model distinguishes variation among apps in one country from country-level differences. We find that sales rank elasticities vary widely and systematically. The results support our hypotheses that price sensitivity is lower in countries with high uncertainty avoidance, while rating sensitivity is lower in countries with more income equality, higher individualism and higher masculinity. Product complexity hurts sales rank more in countries with high uncertainty avoidance. Finally, apps with age restriction labels score better in masculine countries with higher income and income inequality. Contrary to the common practice of global integration, we urge developers to adapt pricing and product characteristics. Economic and cultural communalities between countries allow ‘local learning’, as consumer sensitivities vary systematically in predictable patterns.

Effect of cost awareness on the utilization of laryngeal mask airway among anesthesiology residents

Introduction: Knowledge of cost perception is the primary step towards determining the role cost plays in decision making. We examined perception of cost and utilization. We tried to determine reasons for choosing pieces of equipment and tested the effect of cost awareness. We hypothesized altered utilization patterns in favor of a less expensive product. Methods: We conducted a single blind prospective study examining the perceptions of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) cost among residents. The study tested whether cost awareness would alter utilization. The price was altered without residents’ knowledge to ensure recognition of a price difference. Utilization before and after price labeling was compared. Results: The survey results showed when asked specifically ‘does cost influence your choice of LMA?’ 56% of the residents answered ‘No’. Only 2 out of 23 resident responses to the question ‘how much does an LMA cost’ fell within a 50% range of its approximate cost of $8. When asked ‘if two products are equivalent, would you choose the cheaper one?’ all residents answered ‘Yes’. Prior to price labeling, LMA selection 8.25% GREEN and 91.75% CLEAR. After price labeling, selection of LMA’s was 24.27% GREEN and 75.73% CLEAR LMA’s. There was a significant difference between the utilization of GREEN and CLEAR LMA’s before and after price labeling. Conclusion: This prospective single blind study on how cost awareness effects LMA selection showed altered selection following price labeling towards lower cost products. Focusing on cost awareness may have an impact on the future utilization and health care expenses.

Believing is seeing: Stroke thrombolysis remains unproven after the third international stroke trial (IST‐3)

In John Medina’s book, Brain Rules, he highlights that we see with our brains in ways that often fool us into experiencing what we expect to find, rather than what we actually encounter. He describes how a group of researchers dropped red dye into white wines to see how oenologists would assess them. Their noses were fooled and every one of them used the vocabulary of red wines to describe the white wines. Similarly, Jonah Lehrer’s book, The Decisive Moment, reported a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment where expensive wines made parts of the prefrontal cortex more excited (even though the scientists had tricked the participants by swapping the price labels, so the participants’ brains became more excited with what they thought was more expensive wine). This neuroscience research highlights that expectations have powerful effects that influence what we believe. So it is with the controversy on the use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in acute ischaemic stroke. Supporters believe in one study (the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group [NINDS] New England Journal of Medicine 1995) that ‘proves’ that it should be given within 3 h, and see the evidence in that light. Those who consider the case for tPA still unproven prefer to look at the totality of the evidence. In 2008, the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study III (ECASS III) was published, suggesting that the time window for delivery of thrombolysis could be increased to 4.5 h. However, significant methodological and analytical flaws have dogged this study, much like criticisms of NINDS have persisted since 1995. One of the main criticisms of ECASS III was the primary endpoint chosen, a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0–1 versus mRS of 2–6. A mRS of 2 (slight disability; unable to perform all previous activities but able to look after own affairs without assistance) is grouped together with a mRS of 6 (dead). This is not an appropriate end-point stratification. Once the end-point is reclassified into mRS 0–2 versus 3–6, all purported benefits of tPA disappear. It is also an inconvenient truth that the ATLANTIS trial, which had virtually the same design as ECASS III, caused harm and was stopped early. A recent graphic reanalysis of the original NINDS data suggests that imbalance in baseline stroke severity was likely responsible for most, if not all, the difference in outcome between treatment groups. Each group experienced virtually identical change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (D-NIHSS). D-NIHSS improved slightly in almost all NINDS subjects, regardless of treatment, whereas a very few improved a lot, and a few (most of whom were extremely sick at baseline) died. D-NIHSS, the only metric recorded both before and after treatment, thus allows for estimation of the effect of treatment independent of confounding by severity. Although more tPA patients did end up with only a small deficit, this paralleled the similarly greater number of tPA patients who started with a very mild stroke. Graphic depiction of the response to treatment of every single NINDS subject allows readers to judge for themselves whether there was even a hint that treatment modality, or time to treatment, had any independent effect on outcome above that of initial stroke severity. Critics correctly note that D-NIHSS is not a perfect metric, because it is not truly linear: a change of X points at one end of the scale is not necessarily the same as a similar change at the other end. However, this

Effect of different children’s menu labeling designs on family purchases

The majority of labeling studies at restaurants have focused on adults, not children, and utilized cross-sectional data with one menu labeling design, typically calorie information. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the effect of three different menu labeling designs for children’s meals on total calories and fat selected by families. Each menu was implemented for 2months. Patrons’ purchases were tracked from a control menu (with no nutrition information) through all three theoretically-based designs: calorie and fat information; followed by symbols denoting healthier choices; then nutrition bargain price. All menus were created specifically for the study. They featured six combination meals (pre-determined entrees and side items) and a la carte items (entrees and side items that could be ordered separately). Only combination meals contained labeling. Fixed effects models were estimated to detect changes in sales for each menu labeling design compared to the control. Overall, menu labeling did not result in a positive net effect on total calories or fat purchased by families, but resulted in significant shifts in purchases of combination and a la carte meals and healthy and unhealthy options. The most significant impact was seen for nutrition bargain price labeling, the last design.

The effects of social‐economic status of consumers on purchasing, behaving and attitude to food products

PurposeThe aim of the study is to group consumers according to their own perception of socio‐economic status and to determine consumption habits, behaviors, approach and tendency towards food products.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, consumers in urban areas of Van, in Turkey, were grouped according to their self‐perceived social‐economic status and their behaviors and attitudes on purchase of food products are examined according to that social‐economic status. The study was conducted in Van province, Turkey, during 2007‐2008. Face to face interviews with 300 consumers work through the survey data was collected. Participants were asked to indicate their socio‐economic status from a choice of top, middle and bottom level groups.FindingsWithin the top and middle level of this grouping, the percentage of high school graduates is high; at the bottom level of this status, the proportion of university graduates is high. A large percentage of the consumers are public servants and business owners. It was observed that as the socio‐economic status increased, the proportion of business owners increased as well. Consumers in lower status groups spend the biggest portion of their income on food products. As the wages increase, the level of spending on food product decreases proportionally and the ability to make savings increases. The highest status consumers always check the price labels of the food products with a high percentage (66.67 percent). More than half of consumers do not believe that producers write all information and ingredients of the products on the packaging. A total of 77 percent of study participants stated that they were open to trying new food products. Consumers within the top socio‐economic groups are most careful about food ingredients.Originality/valueIn this study, the consumers themselves are classified according to their socio‐economic status. These are the top, middle and bottom status as determined. Consumers are clustered according to the general characteristics of the correspondence analysis.

15.1: Optically Rewritable LiquidCrystal Technology: A New Green EPaper Approach

AbstractOptical rewritable Epaper is a valuable contribution to the green technology, as Epaper replaces usual paper with the same quality of image. The light printable rewritable paper is based on liquid crystal photoalignment and is suitable for labels and plastic card displays, price labels, Ealbums, Eadvertisements.