Price Impact Costs Research Articles

Price Impact Cost Modeling in a Limit Order Book Market

Price Impact Cost Modeling in a Limit Order Book Market

Volatility effects of institutional trading in foreign stocks

This paper examines the impact of institutional trades on volatility in international stocks across 43 countries. There is a temporary volatility spike during the trade execution period, merely reflecting the price impact costs faced by the institutions. Cross sectional regressions suggest that trade imbalances, enforcement of insider trading laws, stock prices, and an emerging market classification are positively associated with temporary volatility increases whereas the presence of market makers and better shareholders’ rights dampen such increases. In the long term, institutional trades do not destabilize markets as the levels of volatility after their trades are almost identical to their pre-decision levels.

Firms as Buyers of Last Resort: Financing Constraints, Stock Returns and Liquidity

We develop a model to explore the effects of firms being buyers of last resort on stock returns and liquidity. Those with more ability to repurchase shares when prices drop far below fundamental value (less financially constrained ones) should have lower short- horizon relative to long-horizon return variance and more positively skewed returns than other firms. Using standard proxies for financing constraints such as past repurchases and firm age, we find support for both of these predicted relations in the U.S. stock market. Consistent with our theory, these relations are stronger in the U.S. after 1982 when regulatory reforms lowered the legal cost of conducting repurchases; and among the ten largest stock markets in the world, they are stronger in countries where share repurchases are legally easier to execute. Using data on bid-ask spreads and price impact costs, we also find some support for the proposition that firm intervention makes it less risky for other traders to provide liquidity for its stock.

Liquidity of emerging markets

Emerging markets are characterized by volatile, but substantial returns that can easily exceed 75% per annum. Balancing these lofty returns are liquidity costs that, using the bid–ask spread as a basis, range from 1% for the Taiwanese market to over 47% for the Russian market. However, the paucity of bid–ask spread information across countries and time requires the use of liquidity estimates in emerging markets even though little is known about the efficacy of these estimates in measuring bid–ask spread costs. Using firm-level quoted bid–ask spreads as a basis, I find that price-based liquidity measures of Lesmond et al. [Review of Financial Studies 12 (1999) 1113] and Roll [Journal of Finance 39 (1984) 1127] perform better at representing cross-country liquidity effects than do volume based liquidity measures. Within-country liquidity is best measured with the liquidity estimates of either Lesmond, Ogden, and Trzcinka or, to a lesser extent, Amihud (2002). Examining the impact of legal origin and political institutions on liquidity levels shows that countries with weak political and legal institutions have significantly higher liquidity costs than do countries with strong political and legal systems, even to the exclusion of legal origin or insider trading enforcement. Higher incremental political risk is associated with a 10 basis point increase in transaction costs, using the Lesmond, Ogden, and Trzcinka estimate, or a 1.9% increase in price impact costs, using the Amihud estimate.

Dynamic trading policies with price impact

In this paper, we analyze the optimal policy for a risk averse agent who wants to sell a large block of shares of a risky security in the presence of price impact and transactions costs. Our framework reduces to the standard Merton portfolio problem in the absence of any market frictions. Optimal liquidation results in revenue distributions which are substantially different from those generated by a naive strategy. The main tradeoff involves choosing between revenue distributions which have high means versus those which have low variances. Furthermore, our results suggest that the effective liquidity of a security depends on its return distribution and on the characteristics of the agent carrying out the trade, as well as on the price impact function.

Are Upstairs Markets Pareto Improving?

We examine the price impact cost of block trades across three trading mechanisms: the upstairs market, a crossing network system, and the limit order book. While, unsurprisingly, both the upstairs market and crossing system provide lower price impact costs for block trades than downstairs, using unique exogenous measures of market access we find no evidence that competition from these external markets has an adverse affect. Thus despite the threat that they drain liquidity and cream-skim to harm the main market, these alternative trading mechanisms are Pareto-improving for all investor classes and market participants regardless of which market is the major focus.

Price Impact Costs and the Limit of Arbitrage

This paper investigates whether one can profit from the size, book-to-market, or momentum anomaly, when price-impact costs are taken into account. A non-linear price-impact function is individually estimated for 5173 stocks to assess the magnitude of trading costs. Compared to constant proportional transaction costs (as typically assumed in the literature), a concave price-impact function tends to assign a higher impact cost to mid-size trades and a lower impact to large-size trades. We implement long-short arbitrage strategies based on each such anomaly, and estimate the maximal fund size possible before excess returns become negative. For all anomalies, the maximal fund sizes are small in order to remain profitable. Markets are therefore bounded-rational: price-impact costs deter agents from exploiting the anomalies.

Dynamic Trading Policies With Price Impact

In this paper we analyze the optimal policy for a risk averse agent who wants to sell a large block of shares of a risky security in the presence of price impact and transactions costs. Our framework reduces to the standard Merton portfolio problem in the absence of any market frictions. Optimal liquidation results in revenue distributions which are substantially different from those generated by a naive strategy. The main tradeoff involves choosing between revenue distributions which have high means versus those which have low variances. Furthermore, our results suggest that the effective liquidity of a security depends on its return distribution and on the characteristics of the agent carrying out the trade, as well as on the price impact function.

Price Impact Costs and the Limit of Arbitrage

This paper investigates whether one can profit from the size, book-to-market, or momentum anomaly, when price-impact costs are taken into account. A non-linear price-impact function is individually estimated for 5173 stocks to assess the magnitude of trading costs. Compared to constant proportional transaction costs (as typically assumed in the literature), a concave price-impact function tends to assign a higher impact cost to mid-size trades and a lower impact to large-size trades. We implement long-short arbitrage strategies based on each such anomaly, and estimate the maximal fund size possible before excess returns become negative. For all anomalies, the maximal fund sizes are small in order to remain profitable. Markets are therefore bounded-rational: price-impact costs deter agents from exploiting the anomalies.

The Behavior of Stock Prices Around Institutional Trades

All trades executed by 37 large investment management firms from July 1986 to December 1988 are used to study the price impact and execution cost of the entire sequence (package) of trades that we interpret as an order. We find that market impact and trading cost are related to firm capitalization, relative package size and, most importantly, to the identity of the management firm behind the trade. Money managers with high demands for immediacy tend to be associated with larger market impact.

The Behavior of Stock Prices Around Institutional Trades

ABSTRACTAll trades executed by 37 large investment management firms from July 1986 to December 1988 are used to study the price impact and execution cost of the entire sequence (“package”) of trades that we interpret as an order. We find that market impact and trading cost are related to firm capitalization, relative package size, and, most importantly, to the identity of the management firm behind the trade. Money managers with high demands for immediacy tend to be associated with larger market impact.