Price Determination Research Articles

Pemanfaatan Serabut Kelapa dan Abu Ampas Tebu Sebagai Substitusi Fiberglass dan Semen Pada Pembuatan GRC Board

In a construction project, the use of partition walls can cost quite a lot due to the high cost of raw materials used in partition walls. But unfortunately in the manufacture of GRC boards still use materials that are not environmentally friendly such as fiberglass (fiber fiber). Coconut fibers were used as additives because they have high tensile strength, while bagasse ash is used as a cement substitution to reduce production costs as well as help in reducing the amount of sugar industry waste. This study aims to find out the best mixture variations, density, water absorption,bending strength, hitting firmness, and price comparison. In this study, comparing conventional GRC Board with 3 variations of coconut fiber substitution mixture of 10%, 20%, 30% and bagasse ash 2.5%, 5%, 10% with a total of 48 samples and sizes for constancy tests at 20 cm x 20 cm x 0.6 cm and for flexural strength tests with a size of 10 cm x 10 cm x 0.6 cm. Mechanical testing based on SNI-01-4449-2006. The results of the test proved that the optimal mixture is in GRC Board D (30% coconut fiber and 2.5% bagasse ash) because it can produce better flexural strength and firmness than conventional GRC Board and GRC Board with bagasse ash and coconut fiber is 18% cheaper than conventional GRC Board.

Identifying Factors that Affect Price Determination for Fuel and Vehicles in Sri Lanka: A System Dynamics Approach

Transportation is crucial for the progress of a nation, and sustainable transportation policies are necessary for long-term development. Among these policies, fuel and vehicle pricing strategies significantly impact the economy, society, and environment. To effectively formulate transportation policies, policymakers must understand the factors influencing policy implementation and explore different approaches to fuel pricing, vehicle pricing, and sustainable transportation. This study aims to develop a comprehensive causal loop diagram (CLD) using the System Dynamics (SD) approach to identify factors and interrelationships within the transportation system. The CLD provides a holistic overview of the complexities and feedback loops inherent to fuel and vehicle pricing policies. The findings contribute to evidence-based decision-making and facilitate the formulation of effective and sustainable transportation policies in the country.

ANALISIS ETIKA BISNIS ISLAM TERHADAP MEKANISME PENETAPAN HARGA LELANG BARANG AGUNAN DI BANK KB BUKOPIN SYARIAH SURABAYA

This research aims to understand Islamic business ethics related to executing the auction price determination method by the KB Bukopin Syariah Bank of Surabaya. This research uses a qualitative descriptive methodology, explicitly focusing on describing and analyzing the process of determining auction prices. This research indicates that the stages in determining the auction price carried out by the KB Bukopin Syariah Bank of Surabaya through the State Property and Auction Services Office are based on Sharia principles. KB Bukopin Syariah Bank adheres to Sharia economic guidelines in determining prices that align with established mechanisms. KB Bukopin Syariah Bank supervises central markets, regional markets, and local markets to mitigate the possibility of price manipulation carried out by irresponsible individuals. Apart from that, KB Bukopin Syariah Bank also carries out evaluations so that customers do not experience losses related to the collateral that will be auctioned.

Analisis Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi dengan Metode Full Costing dan Variabel Costing Sebagai Dasar Penentuan Harga Jual pada Toko Imelda Bakery

This research aims to determine the determination of product selling prices using a full costing and variable costing approach at the Imelda bakery shop. The data sources used in this research are primary data and secondary data. Primary data in this research is from interviews, and secondary data in this research is from financial report data. Data collection techniques used in this research were observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this research, namely quantitative descriptive analysis, is used to explain calculations using the full costing method and variable costing in determining the cost of production and then this information will be used as a basis for determining product selling prices. The results of the research show that the calculations use the method full costing produces higher production value compared to using the variable costing method. This is because the full costing method includes all costs, both fixed and variable, in the calculation of the cost of production, whereas the variable costing method does not include all types of costs, only variable costs.

Applying the Jobs-to-be-done Framework to understand Hoteliers' Needs on Accommodation Platforms

When building products, it is important to understand the target audience. User-centric design is the process of building products or services based on the wants, needs and challenges of users. Online accommodation platforms such as online travel agencies (OTAs) and accommodation price comparison platforms have hoteliers as users. Through hoteliers, hotel properties and prices are displayed on their platforms. These online accommodation platforms are important business partners for hoteliers and bring advantages such as increased exposure, higher occupancy rates and lower marketing costs. Understanding the needs of hoteliers is important to online accommodation platforms to inform their Business-to-Consumer (B2C) and Business-to-Business (B2B) products. These insights can help create tailored user experiences and solutions that cater to the distinct needs of independent hotels. Increasingly, organisations are including UX research in their software design and development process. UX research is the systematic investigation of users and their requirements, to add context and insight into the process of designing the user experience. One framework to understand why people adopt products and services is the Jobs-to-be-done (JTBD) framework. It defines user needs and what they really seek to accomplish as a job in each circumstance. This study presents the application of the JTBD framework for understanding independent hoteliers needs on accommodation comparison platforms in the context of creating visibility and generating bookings. The framework and its benefits are described, along with a variety of different industry cases where the JTBD framework has successfully been applied. The focus of this study lays on the research methodology, process, challenges and impact of applying the JTBD framework in the B2B area in the online travel industry. A foundational research project was conducted from January to May 2023 where the research goal consisted of identifying a series of needs and pain points from hoteliers that represent business opportunities while also providing a benefit for travellers. Recruited hoteliers consisted of convenience and random sampling of customers and non-customers. To answer those questions, JTBD qualitative interviews with independent hoteliers were conducted to generate insights for creating a comprehensive JTBD Map. A JTBD Map is a visual depiction to clarify the job users are trying to get done in a specific context, including respective process steps, desired outcomes and pain points. The JTBD framework helped the product development team, across different job profiles, to have a shared understanding of hoteliers’ needs. The framework was applied on both B2C and B2B product development areas. The framework also helped to identify areas where deeper UX Research was needed. Stakeholders were able to assess the different jobs and conclude which ones to focus on. The results of this study are specifically of value for practitioners and academia in the travel industry and have implications for Product, UX and Research practitioners.

A Cross-National Comparison of Biosimilars Pricing in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, and Italy.

Biosimilar medicines are defined as biological products highly similar to an already licensed biological product (RP). The market entry of biosimilars is expected to reduce the costs of biological treatments. This study aims to evaluate the range of differences between the prices of biosimilars and the corresponding RP for biologicals approved in four countries. This is a cross-national comparison of pricing of biosimilars in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, and Italy. The study examined online price databases provided by the national authorities of the investigated countries. Biosimilar price difference was calculated by subtracting the unit price of the biosimilar by the unit price of the RP, and then dividing it by the unit price of the RP. The results were presented as percentage. Brazil had the highest median price reduction (-36.3%) in biosimilars price, followed by Italy (- 20.0%) and Argentina (- 18.6%). All the biosimilars in Italy were priced below the RP presenting a minimum reduction of 6.3%, while in Australia, most of the prices of biosimilars were equal to the RP. In Argentina, one infliximab-biosimilar displayed price above the RP (40.7%) while the lower priced brand had a reduction of 14.4%. Brazil had four biosimilars with prices above the respective RP, including isophane insulin (1), insulin glargine (1) and somatropin (2). The study revealed a marked dispersion in the price's differences between biosimilars and RP across the studied countries. Governments should evaluate whether their policies have been successful in improving affordability of biological therapies.

Prescriptions of homeopathic remedies at the expense of the German statutory health insurance from 1985 to 2021: scientific, legal and pharmacoeconomic analysis

The prescription of homeopathic remedies at the expense of the statutory health insurance (SHI) system in Germany has been criticized for years due to a lack of evidence. Now, on the planned abolition of the reimbursement of homeopathic medicines in Germany, the debate on this topic has been reignited. The aim of this paper is to show the costs and their development over time incurred by homeopathic remedies in the healthcare system from 1985 to 2021. For this purpose, 15 selected homeopathic medicines were chosen from the drug prescription report (Arzneiverordnungsreport) and analyzed with regard to their development of DDD (Defined Daily Dose) using data from the Wissenschaftliches Institut der Ortskrankenkassen (WidO, Scientific Institute of the General Local Health Insurance Funds) and compared with their respective rational pharmacological alternatives. The price comparison was based on the DDD costs and the pharmacy retail price of the smallest packaging in each case. The clinical study situation for the preparations was also analyzed. For this purpose, the clinical studies provided by the manufacturer and those on PubMed were divided into evidence levels and analyzed. In addition, the presentation of homeopathic remedies on company websites, in online pharmacies, in specialist information and package leaflets was analyzed with regard to side effects, interactions, indication, and information on the alleged effect/proof of efficacy. In many media, information on homeopathic medicines remained incomplete, and non-compliance with the Therapeutic Product Advertising Act (Heilmittelwerbegesetz) was noted. Naming of the products if often very suggestive, too. Manufacturers’ claims of efficacy go far beyond what can be considered proven in terms of evidence-based medicine and the quality of most clinical studies is poor. Homeopathic remedies are on average significantly more expensive than their rational pharmacological alternatives. Furthermore, DDD costs have continued to rise over the years analyzed. In aggregate, from a pharmacoeconomic, legal, and scientific perspective, abolition of reimbursement of homeopathic medicines in Germany at the expense of the SHI system is well justified.

Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Menggunakan Metode Job Order Costing Pada CV Jepara Meubel

The research was conducted to solve the problem of determining the price of goods of production correctly based on the cost of raw materials, labor costs, and overhead costs on the CV xxx of previously priced traditional managers which resulted in sales sometimes felt too expensive and sometimes earned too small profits. Quantitative descriptive research is used to solve this problem to produce conclusions from data related to the determination of substantive prices based on the method of Job Order Costing. The main object of the CV xxx is a detailed note of the need in the manufacture of glass wardrobes and classic dress wardros. The data used in this research are primary data and skunder data, i.e., primary Data is the details of raw materials, raw material specifications, price per unit of raw material, labour cost, etc. Whereas data skunder is a discipline related to the methods of research that can help solve the question of determination of the price of the substance. Research shows results where based on the traditional management of CV xxx, there is a mistake in determining overhead costs. This confusion is detrimental to the company in getting too low profits. Comparison of previous management with the Job Order Costing method can find out where a particular variable should be in the overhead cost category in order to obtain the price of the production commodity that can determine the company's losses.

The proposed mandatory swing pricing regime and the hard close requirement : Practical considerations

In November 2022, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the ‘Commission’) proposed rule amendments that would require, among other things, open-end mutual funds to implement a mandatory swing pricing regime under certain circumstances (the ‘Proposals’). To ensure that funds receive order information with sufficient time to make a swing pricing determination, the Proposals would require funds to set a hard cut-off time for the receipt of purchase and redemption orders. Currently, the vast majority of investments in open-end mutual funds are made through intermediaries and retirement plans, such that investors who submit orders to intermediaries and retirement plans before the time the fund has established for calculating its net asset value (NAV) generally receive the same day’s NAV, even if the fund receives the order information from the intermediary or retirement plan after NAV is calculated. This is how mutual fund pricing has operated in the US for over 50 years. The Proposals would upend current operations. Under the Proposals, an investor’s order would have to be received by the fund — not a financial intermediary or a retirement plan — before the cut-off time set by the fund for calculating NAV in order to be eligible for the same day’s NAV. If adopted as proposed, the Proposals would require extensive changes to mutual fund pricing systems and infrastructure in the US. In this paper, we acknowledge the arguments against the Proposals by an overwhelming majority of industry commenters and, without undercutting those arguments, we explore practical, regulatory and compliance considerations for funds seeking to better understand how the Proposals might affect their day-to-day operations.

Community Empowerment Through Selling Price Determination Training At The Border Market Of Humusu C Village, Insana District, North Central Timor Regency

This service will be carried out at the border market of Humusu C Village, Insana District, North Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The problems experienced by the village are composed in two types of problems, namely accounting problems, and financial management problems with the following details: Accounting problems faced by Humusu C Village include:lack of understanding in financial records so that they are unable to get out of poverty, inadequate knowledge of business concepts, so they are unable to set goals for economic activities carried out. Furthermore, the financial management problem faced by Humusu C Village is a lack of understanding in determining the price of goods sold, resulting in prices that are too low on the products sold and very minimal profits.1) Lack of understanding in financial records; 2) Knowledge of weak business concepts; 3) Inability to set targets and evaluate the business. Financial management problems faced by Humusu C Village include: 1) Putting prices too low and always reducing profits. Solutions offered to overcome these problems include socialization to communities directly involved in international transactions at the border market of Humusu C Village, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with sellers in the Humusu C Village environment to ensure the determination of selling prices in the border market, and assistance of each team member with the seller group. With the solutions offered for the above problems, it is hoped that international transactions that occur in the border market of Humusu C Village can run according to the policies and rules set by the Government.

Pemikiran Tokoh-Tokoh Ekonomi Islam Mengenai Konsep Penetapan Harga Pasar

This journal discusses the thoughts of Islamic economic figures regarding the concept of market price determination. The figures discussed include Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Mawardi, Abu Yusuf, Al-Ghazali, and Ibnu Khaldun. The methodology used is literature study. The results show that according to these figures, prices should be determined by market mechanisms and the interaction between demand and supply. However, under certain conditions, for example market distortion, the government is allowed to intervene in price fixing to protect public interests. In conclusion, Islamic economic figures agree that basically prices must be determined by competitive market mechanisms, but government intervention is permitted under certain conditions to protect community interests and restore market balance.

Cross-hedging wild salmon prices

A number of studies have documented that there is a global market for salmon, in which wild and farmed salmon have a common price determination process. Recent studies report that Norwegian farmed salmon spot prices are also highly correlated with the Fish Pool salmon future contract price, indicating that the futures market can be an important risk management tool, as producers and buyers can hedge price risk. Here, we investigate whether the wild salmon prices can be cross-hedged against the Fish Pool salmon future contract, by testing whether the two prices are correlated.. If so, the Fish Pool future contracts can be used as a risk management tool for fishers and buyers of wild salmon. We find that this is the case, providing an additional link between wild and farmed salmon specifically, and between fisheries and aquaculture generally.

Navigating Gene Therapy Access: The Case of Bulgaria in the Context of the EU Regulatory Landscape.

Gene therapies (GTs) have recently emerged as revolutionary personalized therapeutic options. Despite their promising potential, challenges such as uncertainty regarding long-term health benefits and safety, along with extreme price tags, pose significant obstacles to patient access. Within the EU, the European Medicines Agency plays a pivotal role with regards to GT market authorization. However, national authorities are responsible for pricing and reimbursement, which results in fragment patient access within the EU. This study aimed to provide an overview of the complex landscape of post-market authorization accessibility for GT products in Bulgaria, comparing it with neighboring EU countries. We applied a mixed-methods approach, including desk research, public data requests, and list price comparisons. As of 1 April 2023, 14 GTs had a valid market authorization at the EU level. In Bulgaria, Kymriah® was the only GT included in the Positive Drug List (PDL), with an official list price of EUR 335,636.94. Similar results were found in Romania, whereas five GTs were included in Greece's PDL. Additionally, Zolgensma® was found accessible in Bulgaria through an alternative individual access scheme at an estimated price of EUR 1,945,000.00. In conclusion, this study emphasized targeted policy interventions to address health inequalities and to ensure timely access to GTs within the EU.

Real-world evidence for coverage determination of treatments for rare diseases

Health technology assessment (HTA) decisions for pharmaceuticals are complex and evolving. New rare disease treatments are often approved more quickly through accelerated approval schemes, creating more uncertainties about clinical evidence and budget impact at the time of market entry. The use of real-world evidence (RWE), including early coverage with evidence development, has been suggested as a means to support HTA decisions for rare disease treatments. However, the collection and use of RWE poses substantial challenges. These challenges are compounded when considered in the context of treatments for rare diseases. In this paper, we describe the methodological challenges to developing and using prospective and retrospective RWE for HTA decisions, for rare diseases in particular. We focus attention on key elements of study design and analyses, including patient selection and recruitment, appropriate adjustment for confounding and other sources of bias, outcome selection, and data quality monitoring. We conclude by offering suggestions to help address some of the most vexing challenges. The role of RWE in coverage and pricing determination will grow. It is, therefore, necessary for researchers, manufacturers, HTA agencies, and payers to ensure that rigorous and appropriate scientific principles are followed when using RWE as part of decision-making.

Survey and analysis of accessibility, availability, and affordability of topical glaucoma medicines.

Affordability and availability of medicines is a growing global challenge for health-care systems. Access to medicines is recognized as an important determinant of treatment adherence. The access to glaucoma medicines and how it affects glaucoma management are not known. The purpose of this study was to determine the availability, affordability, and accessibility of topical intraocular pressure (IOP) -lowering eye drops in Haryana state of northern India using the World Health Organization (WHO)/Health Action International (HAI) methods. A cross-sectional study was done to collect data on prices and availability of glaucoma topical medications in public and private sector pharmacies and retail outlets using the WHO/HAI methodology between October 2021 and January 2022. The availability and affordability of topical glaucoma medicines was determined. Comparison of the local price with international prices was done by calculating the median price ratio (MPR). A total of 191 facilities were randomly sampled across 11 ( n = 55) urban, 29 ( n = 92) semi-urban, and 44 ( n = 44) rural places during the study period. The availability of topical medication for glaucoma was low (35.7 ± 22.3) across all sampled sites and all classes of topical glaucoma medications. The median price of topical medication and availability were negatively correlated, Pearson's coefficient r (18) = -0.44, P 0.05, though the relationship was weak. A lowest paid, unskilled Indian government worker must spend between 15% and 203% of their daily wage to acquire a glaucoma medication. The availability and accessibility of topical glaucoma medications was low in this survey.

COST OF GOODS SOLD ANALYSIS OF RENGGINANG "MAK LIA" BASED ON THE FULL COSTING METHOD

This research aims to analyze the determination of basic production prices for Rengginang products based on the Full Costing method, with a focus on the "Mak Lia" as a Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The Full Costing method is the main topic of discussion because it is able to provide a comprehensive view of all cost components involved in the production of Rengginang products. This research uses a qualitative approach with case studies as the research method. Data was collected through interviews with business owners, direct observation of the production process, and analysis of documents related to production costs. Historical data on sales, raw material costs, direct labor costs, and fixed overhead costs are also obtained to understand their impact on the cost of goods sold. The research results show that the Full Costing method provides a complete picture regarding all costs incurred by "Mak Lia" in the Rengginang production process, including fixed overhead costs. By using this method, "Mak Lia" can determine the cost of goods sold which includes all costs incurred, including fixed components which are often ignored in other methods.

Anti-inflationary Policy in Russia and Steps for Reducing the Volatility of Inflation

Inflation as a process of monetary depreciation is a debatable issue for many theorists. It is formed under the influence of various reasons: monetary emission, increased government spending, global crises, budget deficit, monopoly of big companies on price determination, trade union monopoly, and others. There are many types of inflation, which are classified depending on a specific feature (the rate of price growth, the nature of the flow, causes, etc.). The paper concludes the need to focus more attention on anti-inflationary policy, while considering not just monetary levers but also non-monetary levers, follow modern trends and look for better mechanisms. The results caused actions of a well-coordinated mechanism of public authorities and their cooperation with credit organizations, the principle of simplicity and publicity, improving financial literacy of the population and considering all available opportunities in the information society. By implementing these steps, the state can more effectively influence to bring about anti-inflationary policy. The materials of scientific research can be useful to specialists in the economic field, scientists, postgraduates, undergraduates.

Analisis Petenapatan Harga Jual Pada UMKM Ayam Bakar Taliwang Pak Lalu Karawang

This study aims to determine and analyze how to set the selling price of Taliawang Pak Lalu Grilled Chicken. The method used in this study is direct observation of the object under study and interviews to obtain data on data related to the cost of goods produced and the determination of the selling price of MSME production. The data used are primary and secondary data Data Management Techniques and Data Analysis By calculating the entire cost of production raw materials by including factory overhead costs, labor costs, raw material costs, calculation of cost of goods produced and calculation of selling prices. The results of this study are calculated using the cost plus pricing method in table 12 of cost plus pricing costs in the cost plus pricing method using a 30% mark up, which is Rp. 12,000 with a selling price of Rp. 16,000 so that there is a difference, namely where the selling price set by MSMEs Grilled Chicken Taliwang Pak Lalu is currently higher at Rp. 17,000 per portion, if compared with the selling price based on the cost plus pricing method, which is Rp. 16,000 with a profit achievement of 30%, this can cause a price difference of Rp. 1000.
 Keywords: cost plus production, production cost, selling price

Fluctuations and trends in the prices of red chilies and cayenne peppers in the traditional markets of Makassar City

Chili is a strategic food commodity which is the main seasoning for food in Indonesia. The chili commodity has high price fluctuations because production and supply are highly dependent on the risk of climate change. This research aims to analyse fluctuations, trends and comparisons of prices for large red chilies, curly red chilies and red cayenne peppers in the Makassar City Traditional Market. The data type is monthly time series secondary data for January 2020 to May 2023. Data analysis is coefficient variation, trend linear analysis, and t test. The results of this research show that the prices of large red chilies and curly red chilies have moderate fluctuations, while the prices of red cayenne peppers have high fluctuations. The price trend for large red chilies increased by IDR 144.24 per kilogram, curly red chilies IDR 200.99 per kilogram, and cayenne pepper IDR 362.42 per kilogram per month. The price of cayenne pepper has proven to be significantly higher than the price of large red chilies and the price of curly red chilies. The prices of red chilies and cayenne peppers at Pabaeng-baeng Market and Daya Market do not have a significant difference.

Persepsi Kelompok Tani Alfa Omega Terhadap Penerapan Pertanian Organik Di Kelurahan Rurukan Kecamatan Tomohon Timur Kota Tomohon

The aim of the research was to determine the perception of the Alfa Omega farmer group regarding the implementation of organic farming in Rurukan Village, East Tomohon District, Tomohon City. This research lasted for three months from May to July 2023. The data used in primary data was obtained through interviews with 13 respondents from the Alfa Omega farmer group, which were taken by census and secondary data was obtained from agencies related to the research conducted. Data analysis used is descriptive. The results of the research show that the perception of the Alfa Omega farmer group regarding the implementation of organic farming is relative profit, namely profit if sold to shops that collaborate with the Alfa Omega farmer group, having good quality plants. The perception of suitability of plants is that they are suitable because of fertile soil, high soil moisture and good water access. The perception regarding the ease of trying it is that it is easy to implement organic farming and easy to get raw materials. The perception of complexity is that it takes a long time to neutralize the soil and it is difficult to get a clear price comparison on the market between organic agricultural products and non-organic products. There needs to be outreach so that the Alfa Omega farmer group implements organic farming. It is also hoped that the Department of Agriculture will provide financial assistance to be able to switch to organic farming.