Price Concessions Research Articles

Rarity, the WTA-WTP disparity, and price adjustments in the NFT market

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have become popular and are frequently traded in marketplaces. The current study examines how an NFT’s within-collection rarity influences sellers’ and buyers’ pricing and pricing dynamics. Relying on the pricing history of CryptoPunks, one of the most famous and valuable NFT collections, we find that rarity’s positive impact on willingness to accept is greater than on willingness to pay, which generates a larger pricing disparity. We further examine rarity’s impact on subsequent price adjustments and find that as rarity increases, buyers are more inclined to make greater price concessions, and sellers are reluctant to reduce their prices. Results also show that rarity’s positive impact on pricing is moderated by the NFT’s past ownership, agents’ trading experiences, and agents’ average holding periods for previous NFTs. Finally, an experiment reveals the mediating role of the focus on rarity that sellers tend to consider more about the NFT’s rarity than buyers, and therefore rarity’s positive impact on pricing is more salient for sellers than buyers.

The Influential Factors on Maybach Sales

The vehicle market suffered as a result of COVID-19. Most vehicle companies' sales decreased year after year; however, Maybach's sales climbed year after year. Based on this fact, the following issue is posed in this paper: Why can Maybach improve annual sales in a falling car market? This study examines Maybach's product strategy, pricing strategy, and channel strategy, combining a theoretical understanding of marketing mix theory with relevant studies based on marketing mix theory. Finally, it is determined that Maybach's product strategy is the cause of their increased sales, and it is suggested that Maybach extend its product line. Maybach's price strategy is the reason for their increased sales, and it is suggested that Maybach offer specific price concessions to loyal and repeat customers. Maybach's channel strategy is responsible for the company's increased sales, and it is advised that Maybach develop an official social media account. This report makes precise recommendations for Maybach in order to earn more loyal customers in the future.

Research on the Marketing and Business Operation Model of Chinese Coffee Brands - A Case Study of Luckin Coffee

As a rapidly emerging coffee chain brand in the Chinese market, Luckin Coffee has attracted a lot of attention for its low-price strategy and rapid expansion mode. Luckin Coffee's low-price business model realizes the dual goals of price concessions and high-quality products, which challenges the business model and profitability of the traditional coffee industry. Luckin Coffee adopts a unique operation model that makes it stand out in a competitive market. According to the study of Luckin's profitability model and the comparison of the coffee industry, this research analyze the business logic and operation principle behind it. Through low-priced sales, Internet+ model, efficient supply chain management, diversified product portfolio, and rapid expansion of the number of stores, Luckin Coffee has successfully constructed a competitive business model and operation principle, which lays the foundation of its rapid rise in China's coffee market.Meanwhile, there are problems with Luckin Coffee's business model, and this study makes recommendations for its future development.

An Examination of the Relationship between Social Media Sentiment and Housing Market Information

<p>透過社群網路搜尋人們的看法評價作為參考已成為現代人做決策的一種方式，過去文獻已發現傳統媒體是影響市場的重要因素，本文進一步了解社群媒體與房市變化是否有關聯。本文使用OpView社群口碑資料庫2016年至2020年有關房市的臉書 (Facebook) 與論壇 (PTT) 貼文，建構社群媒體情緒聲量指標，與房價、交易量、流通天數、議價空間等四個房市交易資訊以進行關係的實證測試。結果顯示Facebook與PTT社群總情緒聲量或區分為正面、負面、中立情緒之測試，可發現對房價與房屋交易量有顯著影響力，但對房屋流通天數與議價空間就只有PTT社群情緒聲量發現影響力。在Granger因果關係檢定方面，房價與交易量與社群情緒聲量互為因果，也就是發生回饋的情況，然社群情緒聲量僅單向影響流通天數，並與議價空間有很弱的因果關係。透過觀察衝擊反應函數，Facebook社群情緒聲量對房價在衝擊發生的初期有正向且顯著的影響，PTT社群情緒聲量則是對房價、議價空間分別有相對較長期間的正向、負向影響。本文證實社群媒體對於房市具有一定程度的影響力，透過觀察社群情緒聲量能對房市變化更有掌握。</p> <p> </p><p>Online social networks have become a popular channel through which individuals obtain opinions and evaluations that enable them to make informed decisions. Studies have determined that traditional media are a key factor influencing various markets. The present study explored the relationship between social media and housing market changes. The OpView database was searched to retrieve online responses posted between 2016 and 2020 on various social media platforms (i.e., Facebook and PTT). Social media sentiment indices, which were constructed on the basis of the collected online responses, were used to analyze the correlations of the responses with housing price, transaction volume, time-on-the-market, and price concessions. The results indicate that the general, positive, negative, and neutral online responses posted on Facebook and PTT significantly influenced both housing prices and transaction volume. However, only the online responses posted on PTT significantly affected time-on-the-market and price concessions. The results of a Granger causality test revealed the two-way causal relationships of housing prices and transaction volume with online responses, indicating the presence of a feedback mechanism. However, online responses only affected time-on-the-market in one direction, and their causal relationship with price concessions was weak. The results obtained using the impact response function indicate that the effect of Facebook online responses on housing prices was only significant and positive during the initial period of shock. By contrast, the positive and negative effects of PTT online responses on housing prices and price concessions, respectively, persisted for a longer period. We determined that online social media responses influenced the housing market. Through an analysis of social media sentiment, we obtained a clearer understanding of housing market fluctuations.</p> <p> </p>

Using real-world evidence to evaluate broad panel vs. sequential single and narrow panel sequencing in members with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

e18892 Background: The clinical benefits of biomarker testing for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are substantial, as increased use of appropriate targeted therapies is associated with improved survival rates. Next generation sequencing (NGS) testing has become increasingly important as it enables the identification of multiple biomarkers simultaneously and efficiently while minimizing the number of biopsies required. The purpose of this study is to assess the total cost of care (TCOC) of broad panel sequencing (BPS) ( > 5 genes) and narrow panel sequencing (NPS) in NSCLC patients. Methods: This study evaluated members with a NSCLC diagnosis undergoing biomarker testing insured by a large commercial fully-insured and Medicare health plan in the United States from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. Due to the complex and inconsistent practices of billing among lab vendors, claims were analyzed and classified using supervised machine learning models to identify the correct test category from Concert Genetics (CG) test taxonomy. Test categories within CG test taxonomy were then mapped to the higher-level classifications of BPS and NPS. CG’s BPS categories included: Cell-Free Circulating Tumor DNA Lung Cancer Panel Tests, Cell-Free DNA Cancer Profiling Panel Tests (5-50 genes), Cell-Free DNA Cancer Profiling Panel Tests (≥ 51 genes), Lung Cancer Diagnostic Algorithmic Tests, Lung Cancer Panel Tests, Tumor-Type Agnostic Molecular Solid Tumor Profiling Panel Tests (≥ 51 genes), Tumor-Type Agnostic Solid Tumor Molecular Profiling Panel Tests (5-50 genes), Tumor-Type Agnostic Solid Tumor Molecular Profiling Panels Tests with IHC and Cytogenetic Analyses. Claims matched to other categories were considered NPS. No price concessions were allowed for external vendors to account for cost differences when evaluating TCOC. Results: In this study, 356 members were evaluated; members were on average 72.5 years (std = 7.5), predominately male (n = 199; 55.9%) with Medicare (n = 332; 93.3%) coverage. These members underwent BPS testing (n = 151; 42.4%) and were NCCN treatment compliant (n = 221; 62.1%). The most common comorbidities identified for these members were hyperlipidemia (n = 286; 80.3%) and hypertension (n = 281; 78.9%). After adjusting for age, gender, and insurance type, the TCOC for patients undergoing BPS testing was $1,750 more than NPS testing (p = 0.03). Conclusions: There was a difference in TCOC between BPS and NPS testing. Standardized billing processes need to be implemented to evaluate clinical outcomes to adequately compare their clinical utility and identify the influence of explanatory variables on costs.

The Third Reich and Yugoslavia: An Economy of Fear, 1933–1941

In The Third Reich and Yugoslavia, Perica Hadži-Jovančić offers a sophisticated account of the evolving economic and political relationship between Germany and Yugoslavia during the late 1930s. Even at the time, contemporaries struggled to explain the nature of power wielded by a militarizing German economy over the smaller states of south-eastern Europe, and whether the Third Reich was mounting a ‘bloodless invasion’—to use the words of Paul Einzig—that exploited these agrarian states, or whether Yugoslavia, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria retained economic agency. Since 1945, scholars of the Third Reich have continued this debate, deploying a range of concepts from informal empire to hegemony or soft power to explain how much economic influence, if any, Germany actually wielded in south-eastern Europe before it started military operations there in 1941, and to assess how much the Third Reich benefited from its trading and investment ties with this region. Few historians, however, have explored both sides of the story, and this is where Hadži-Jovančić provides a welcome improvement to the existing literature. Using a range of German and Yugoslav sources from archives in Belgrade as well as Berlin, Freiburg, Munich and London, he illustrates the profound agency that Yugoslav leaders exercised over their nation’s economy until a pro-Western coup toppled the government in March 1941, prompting Hitler to launch a ruthless invasion. Hadži-Jovančić argues that until this moment, or perhaps with the fall of France in 1940 at the earliest, the ‘phrase “German informal empire” could hardly be applied to Yugoslavia’ (p. 192). German experts and government officials wanted to transform Yugoslavia into an agricultural and mineral hinterland for their country’s industrial economy, but many Yugoslav leaders rejected this framework. Hadži-Jovančić shows that even though Germany contributed to the industrialization of Yugoslavia by exporting desperately needed machinery and by buying surplus agricultural goods, diplomats from Belgrade successfully defended their nation’s economic interests in trade negotiations and often extracted price concessions from Berlin. Some Yugoslav experts—mostly Croatians like Oto Frangeš or Rudolf Bićanić—believed deeper ties with Nazi Germany would be their nation’s best hope for development in the context of a global depression. But many others, above all Serbian elites like Jovan Mihailović, Vladimir Djordjević and Gjoko Grdjić, questioned German motives and wanted their nation to industrialize by immersing itself in the international economy and retaining close trading relations with Britain and France. Deep into the 1930s, Yugoslavia thus saw participation in a German Grossraumwirtschaft—or large area economy—as a temporary sidetrack on the path back to a liberal international economy. Yet certain events did eventually push Yugoslavia closer into Germany’s economic orbit, above all western sanctions against Italy in 1935—which damaged Yugoslavia’s relationship with its second-largest trading partner—and the Anschluss, which dramatically expanded Germany’s financial and commercial preponderance across south-eastern Europe.

Control of public expenditure on drug products in Bulgaria – Policies and outcomes

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the economic performance of the application of the policy for negotiating discounts on drug products and agreements on the controlled access of patients in Bulgaria. Methods: The methodology involves comparison of the amounts of public spending on medicines in two periods – during the course of the analyzed drug policies (January 2007 – June 2009), and the period in which negotiations on the price of medicines and programs for the controlled access of the patients was discontinued (July 2009 – December 2012). Results: In Bulgaria, the government did not apply methods for controlling publicexpenditure on medicines bargaining price concessions from manufacturers andimplementing agreements on controlled access of patients after June 2009. This led to an annual increase in the expenditures on drug products for home treatment (on average, 17% for the period 2009-2012). Conclusion: This trend in Bulgaria will continue in the future since expenditure control only through price control by means of a reference system and the positive list of medicines is ineffective. There is a need for implementation of combined drug policies in Bulgaria in the form of negotiations on rebates with manufacturers and agreements on controlled access of patients and reference pricing.

Rising number of drug price concessions imposed on pharmacies by the government

One in five generic medicine price concessions are imposed by the government, rather than agreed through negotiation with the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC), data analysis by The Pharmaceutical Journal has revealed. A record 1,334 price concessions were announced in the period October 2021 to October 2022, of which 285 (21%) were imposed by the […]

Community pharmacies made 89p in profit per item dispensed in past year, claims government

There was a small drop in the profit that community pharmacies in England made on dispensing in 2021/2022, compared with the previous year, show government figures. This is despite reports from pharmacy contractors that pharmacies are making “huge losses” through dispensing, owing to increasing medicine prices and issues with the price concessions system. In September […]

Shortage of cold and flu medicines increases pressure on pharmacies

Amid the the worst crisis in medicines supply “in 36 years”, community pharmacists have reported severe shortages of cold and flu medicines. In December 2022, the government agreed to 198 product price concessions — the highest on UK record — in an indication of severe medicines shortages and increased supply prices across the UK. This […]

The Impact of COVID-19 on Accounting and Financial Reporting: An Analysis of Global Contributions

The purpose of the study: Explain the impact of COVID-19 on accounting and financial reporting by describing the analysis and evaluation of the global contributions of organizations, bodies, institutes, commissions, European banks and professional accounting firms and firms and in light of the application of IFRSs and the pandemic conditions, which are likely to last for a longer period. Design / Methodology / Approach: This study is based on the use of the inductive deductive approach, as the study looks at the accounting issues most affected by the Covid-19 pandemic by describing, analyzing and evaluating the reality of studies, bulletins and alerts issued by organizations and bodies, institutes, committees, European banks and international professional accounting offices and companies, with the aim of extrapolating the effects of pandemic events Covid-19 on accounting and financial reporting, in light of IFRSs and pandemic conditions that may last for longer accounting periods. Findings: Analysis and evaluation of the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on accounting and financial reporting, and their implications for the application of IFRSs and the work of financial reporting prepareing, revealed the following: (1) There is a very significant impact on leasing contracts, which necessitated the IASB to introduce amendments to the IFRS (16) and there is also a significant impact of pandemic events Covid-19 on events after the financial reporting period, whether events that require adjust or not that require adjust but require disclosure, and management’s assessment of the company’s going concern to the prolonged period of the pandemic and uncertainty as basic factors and also on measuring fair values and the Impirment in the value of non-financial assets, especially financial instruments and investments Real Estate to ensure that the values reflect conditions at the balance sheet date based on unobservable inputs, and also on expected credit losses of lenders and borrowers. (2) There is, to some extent, an effect on revenue recognition due to the modification of rights or obligations applicable under a contract with a client International Journal of Accounting and Management Sciences ISSN: 2832-8175 (Special Issue – Arabic – September 2022) https://scipubhouse.com/?page_id=1035 تأثير جائحة كوفيد 91 على املحاسبة واعداد التقاريراملالية……………………………… جمعة واملعتاز )ص 46 – 19) 65 as a price concession due to the pandemic, taking into account that the IASB has voted for a general extension to all private companies and non-profit companies that have not yet issued their financial statements and the effective date of application will be for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2021. (3) There is little impact on hedging transactions as the Covid-19 pandemic may reduce the likelihood of an expectation of a hedging transaction or affect its timing, and also on deferred taxes on assets where there are some doubts or uncertainty at the end of the year in estimating whether there is Sufficient future profits are subject to tax, as well as government support, possibly due to the conditions that the state may set for obtaining support. Originality / value: This paper sheds light on the current and expected effects of the events of the Covid-19 pandemic on accounting and financial reporting in listed companies by describing, analyzing and evaluating the accounting contributions of organizations, bodies, councils, institutes, committees, professional associations, European banks and international professional accounting offices or companies since the time of the pandemic at the end The year 2019 and the beginning of 2020 – until now – and in light of the application of IFRSs issued by the IASB and the pandemic circumstances that may last for a longer period.

Customer-oriented salespeople’s value creation and claiming in price negotiations

Although customer orientation is widely endorsed as a crucial salesperson characteristic, little is known about its effect in price negotiations with customers. This study rectifies this omission and argues for its ambiguous effects. While customer-oriented salespeople create value for customers that enables them to reduce price concessions, they may overly focus on customers’ needs and, in doing so, hesitate to defend against such requests. Results of two quantitative studies and one preliminary qualitative study reveal that customer-oriented salespeople do not unconditionally benefit from their created value in price negotiations with customers. That is, salespeople effectively leverage their created value to negotiate prices with customers only if their sales managers instill confidence that high prices are justified. Furthermore, we find that profit-related incentives reduce undesired consequences of salespeople’s customer orientation in price negotiations.

What drives intraday reversal? illiquidity or liquidity oversupply?

Previous studies of the U.S. market regard short-term reversal as compensation for liquidity provision. However, we find that intraday reversal has no significant dependence on stock liquidity in the Chinese market. Hence, based on a stylized framework, we propose an alternative explanation: irrational uninformed liquidity providers, who underestimate the information component in the equilibrium price due to physiological anchoring, trade against previous price movement, which generates an opposing price pressure. The empirical results confirm this explanation of liquidity oversupply (from irrational uninformed liquidity providers). The negative correlation between previous intraday returns and future returns in the Chinese market is reversed once we extend the holding period. This indicates that reversal is a pricing error due to excessive liquidity provision from uninformed retail traders instead of a price correction from a temporary price concession due to a lack of liquidity.

Extra cost of drug concessions reaches highest level for more than two years

Price concessions could cost the NHS in England an extra £26.4m in August 2022 — a higher additional monthly cost than at any other point during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to data published by government-funded researchers. Researchers at OpenPrescribing, a project run by the University of Oxford and funded by NHS England, analysed monthly prescribing […]

Spike in price concessions prompts concern over generic medicine supply issues

Medicine supply issues are behind a rise in generic medicines prices, the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC) has told The Pharmaceutical Journal. It attributed the supply issues to COVID-19-related staff absences, changes in trading post-Brexit and increases in oil prices. “We are concerned to see that supply issues are on the rise,” said Mike Dent, […]

Government grants record number of drug price concessions in September 2022

The government granted a record number of drug price concessions for community pharmacies in September 2022, which could cost the NHS an additional £32m. In an update on its website, published on 3 October 2022, the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC) listed 159 products for which drug price concessions were granted by the government during […]

Pharmacy negotiator tells government it is 'increasingly concerned' over medicines supply

The Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC) is calling on the government to improve the price concessions process owing to the “serious impact” that medicines shortages are having on community pharmacy teams. In a statement, published on 20 July 2022, the PSNC said it was becoming “increasingly concerned” about the sustained pressures on medicines supply and […]

Critical Conditions Identification for Online Purchase Intention of Fruits: A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis.

With the development of Internet technology, e-commerce platforms have emerged one after another, and the competition of the fruit e-commerce market is increasingly intensified. How to boost customer demand by improving their purchase intention has become a key issue. The study identified the critical conditions leading to high purchase intention of fruits through fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The empirical analysis was conducted based on an online questionnaire of 344 Internet users. The results reveal that high purchase intention comes from high fruit quality, high fruit price concessions and supply service, and low perceived risk (peripheral conditions). In addition, high purchase intention can also be realized from high fruit quality, high fruit price concessions, high supply service, and high website information quality (peripheral conditions). This study provides more nuanced thinking of how to improve online purchase intention of fruits.

MP17-19 A CONTROVERSIAL PROSTATE CANCER DRUG PATENT: THE HEAVY COSTS OF DELAYED GENERIC DRUG ENTRY

You have accessJournal of UrologyHealth Services Research: Value of Care: Cost and Outcomes Measures I (MP17)1 Sep 2021MP17-19 A CONTROVERSIAL PROSTATE CANCER DRUG PATENT: THE HEAVY COSTS OF DELAYED GENERIC DRUG ENTRY David T. Miller, Benedic N. Ippolito, and Benjamin J. Davies David T. MillerDavid T. Miller More articles by this author , Benedic N. IppolitoBenedic N. Ippolito More articles by this author , and Benjamin J. DaviesBenjamin J. Davies More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002002.19AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The United States drug market balances the incentives to invest in new pharmaceuticals by giving novel products short run monopolies while constraining society’s long run spending on drugs by allowing the eventual entry of low-cost generics. However, branded manufacturers sometimes use evergreening strategies, where they strategically extend monopoly periods by acquiring additional patents which may have little novelty. Using the example of abiraterone (brand name Zytiga®, Janssen Pharm. Inc) we show how secondary patents that are successfully overturned in court can still have major implications for pharmaceutical spending. METHODS: We used data from SSR Health to illustrate net sales associated with a secondary patent that was later invalidated. This data set captures returns to the manufacturer and consumer expenditure. Leveraging publicly available data, SSR estimates net sales of branded pharmaceuticals, which reflect all statutory and negotiated price concessions (including rebates, 340B discounts, and more). RESULTS: The figure shows total net sales for Zytiga at the product level from 2012 through the second quarter of 2020. At the expiration of its primary patent (referred to as the ‘213 patent), Zytiga net sales were $249 million per quarter. Net revenues reached $527 million in the third quarter of 2018. In part this reflected expanded approval to include almost all metastatic prostate cancer patients. During the period where Zytiga was only covered by the now invalidated secondary patent (the ‘438 patent), Zytiga sales totaled $2.6 billion. Following the entry of generic competitors branded sales have fallen 83 percent by the second quarter of 2020. CONCLUSIONS: Policy changes that target tenuous drug patents would have a robust cost-containment effect with potential for bipartisan appeal. Source of Funding: None © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e316-e316 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information David T. Miller More articles by this author Benedic N. Ippolito More articles by this author Benjamin J. Davies More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

On Co-opetitive Supply Partnerships with End-Product Rivals: Information Asymmetry, Dual Sourcing and Supply Market Efficiency

Problem definition: We consider opportunities for cooperation at the supply level between two firms that are rivals in the end-product market. One of our firms is vertically integrated (VI), has in-house production capabilities, and may also supply its rival. The other is a downstream outsourcing (DO) firm that has better market information. The DO is willing to consider a supply partnership with the VI, but it also has the option to use the outside supply market. Academic/practical relevance: Such co-opetitive practices are common in industrial supply chains, but firms’ co-opetitive strategic sourcing with the potential of information leakage has not been examined in the literature. Methodology: We build a game-theoretic model to capture the firms’ strategic interactions under the co-opetitive supply partnership with the potential information leakage. Results: The DO exploits its information advantage to obtain a better wholesale price from the VI and may use dual sourcing to protect its private information. Anticipating that, the VI may offer wholesale price concessions as an information rent to obtain the DO’s information. Our work identifies demand uncertainty and efficiency of outside supply market as the factors affecting the VI’s pricing decision and the resulting equilibrium. Pooling equilibrium arises often, but in a few cases, the equilibrium is separating. At the separating equilibrium, the DO always single sources, either from the VI or the independent supplier depending on the demand state. The VI benefits from ancillary revenue-generating opportunity, and from information acquisition in a separating equilibrium. On the other hand, the DO’s benefit is a cheaper price in exchange for market information in a separating equilibrium. In the pooling case, the DO uses dual sourcing to hide demand information, especially in the high demand case, and to better supply the end-market through his accurate demand information. Managerial implications: Our work provides useful insights into firms’ strategic sourcing behaviors to efficiently deal with the potential of information leakage in the co-opetitive supply environment and for the rationale behind such relationships often observed in industries.