Pre-war Times Research Articles

The social web of Transnistria’s ghettos: local and remote networks of survival

ABSTRACT The paper approaches Transnistria ghettos from a social perspective looking to recuperate the networks accessed by those ghettoized. My hypothesis is that networking was instrumental for survival and it was conditioned by local conditions, pre-dispositions inherited from pre-war times and the capacity of those ghettoized to adapt the latter to the former. The approach is both historical and sociological with the emphasis put on Cole’s argument for a spatial dimension of Holocaust survival and Bourdieu’s conceptualization of the ‘social space.’

MORTGAGE LENDING AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY

A mortgage and a mortgage loan are components of the mortgagesystem, the evolution of which dates back several millennia. During this period, there was a transformation of views on the mortgage -from a pledge -a plot of land to an understanding of the mortgage as a financial instrument in the mechanism of socio-economic development of the country.In the lands of Ukraine, the mortgage system arises and develops simultaneously with the development of banking. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. a network of mortgage banks was formed on the territory of Ukraine, and mortgages acquired credit functions and turned into a supply channel for investments in agriculture. In the modern period, a mortgage loan is an effective tool in the mechanism of development of the market economy. Mortgages not only stimulate the construction of new housing and provide housing for the country's population on a market basis, but also launch the mechanism for the development of the securities market, the banking and insurance market, and allow the creation of additional jobs in the construction industry and in the production of consumer durables. The action of the mortgage has a multiplicative effect and allows to achieve a significant socio-economic effect, is a factor in the birth of the middle class in societyand a prerequisite for the formation of social well-being. A key role in the development of mortgage lending in the modern period is played by the state program "eOselia", which began working in Ukraine in October 2022 and allowed to obtain a mortgage loan from 3% to 7% per annum. Since the beginning of the "eOselia" program in Ukraine, mortgage loans in the amount of more than 13 billion hryvnias have been issued, and more than 8,500 families have benefited from this program.Adapting the work of the mortgage system to the conditions of war, the aggravation of security risks and demographic changes, requires the participants of the mortgage market to improve the business models developed in pre-war times, to look for new forms for the restoration of mortgage lending, to conduct constant monitoring of social, political and economic factors. The adaptation mechanism on the part of the state provides for the strengthening of legal control over all elements of mortgage lending and maximum support through the transparency of pricing for mortgage loans.

Media coverage of the impact of the war on gender segregation in the Ukrainian labor market

The article aims to outline the trends of gender professional segregation occurring in Ukraine during the military conflict. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out with the use of qualitative methods. A content analysis was chosen for this study. The material consists of online textual publications, which include interviews with managers, specialists, and employees of the State Employment Center. It also includes interviews in which women residing on the territory of Ukraine share their experiences of employment and work during the war. Results and Discussion. In Ukraine today, two factors operate in parallel. On the one hand, there is an urgent need to fill vacancies in professions that have traditionally been dominated by men. On the other hand, the financial situation of women is on the decline. Women are forced to rethink their gender identity in the family and in society because of financial difficulties and their inability to guarantee a minimum of financial stability for themselves and their families. This leads them to be willing to accept jobs with working conditions that are particularly harmful and difficult. Employment opportunities for women are increasing due to differentiated demand, which contributes to the reduction of horizontal gender segregation. One factor that impedes this process is the demand for professions traditionally considered women’s domains, which do not require basic skills, and for which demand increased during the war. These professions are mainly related to manufacturing and working specialties. Given that educated and skilled women occupy blue-collar jobs, we can expect vertical segregation to intensify during wartime, when gender differences are manifested in positions and roles with differing status or potential for advancement. In the area of state gender policy, Ukraine has business development initiatives that reduce the gender gap in women’s access to assets and capital to invest in profitable entrepreneurial industries. However, these initiatives only involve a limited number of women and cannot be associated with radical gender changes in society. At the same time, the positive aspects of reducing horizontal gender segregation observed in Ukraine during wartime may be negated by the lack of or insufficient incentives for the development of preschool education. Thus, there are few effective levers to overcome gender segregation in Ukraine in the short and medium term. Achieving gender equality in the labor market is practically declaratory. Conclusions. In the context of the wartime crisis, gender segregation is a significant issue with negative consequences. A market specifically for women’s labor is emerging, and the social status of women’s work is declining compared to pre-war times. This situation may reinforce societal stereotypes that view men as more suitable for leadership positions, potentially decreasing women’s motivation and career aspirations.

ТРАНСПОРТНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ЗЕРНОВОГО ЕКСПОРТУ

The article provides an overview of the current state of the domestic marine transport infrastructure as such, which provides transport services for cargo flows of export grain products. The provided analysis covers both the pre-war period and the wartime. The main mode of transport, which implements foreign trade deliveries of grain products, is maritime, which currently works with adjacent modes of transport that provide transportation of grain to sea ports – rail and road, their participation in grain transportation is analyzed. The volumes and dynamics of handling of export grain by sea ports of Ukraine are presented. The main "grain" ports of Ukraine were identified, which in pre-war times loaded up to 90 % of the total sea grain export to sea vessels. The most powerful grain terminals are located in Mykolaiv, Chornomorsk, Pivdenny and Odesa ports, which contributes to the acquisition and maintenance of leading positions by these ports in the market of handling of grain export. Changes in the transportation of grain export caused by the war, which were the result of the blockade of Ukrainian seaports, were emphasized. Partial restoration of the work of some ports became possible in June 2022 with the signing of the Black Sea Grain Initiative. Currently, from the very beginning of the fullscale invasion, the ports of Ukraine located on the Danube, remained unblocked – the main cargo flows of export grain fell to the port of Reni, Ust-Dunaisk and Izmail during the period when the ports of Big Odesa were not working, and their cargo turnover tripled. Today, grain is exported through the ports of Big Odesa (outside the Black Sea Grain Initiative); carriages through the Danube ports remains an alternative route – it is interesting and attractive for grain exporters who invest in technical and technological development and improvement of these ports. Publicly available statistics allow you to operate with indicators for the period until 2022; official statistical data were not made public during the war years.

Cities of Ukraine in the conditions of information economy: Principles and scenarios of the development of post-military recovery

The article is devoted to topical issues of re covery of cities of Ukraine in the post-war period and in the conditions of the progress of the information economy. It is noted that for the comprehensive development of cities today, it is necessary to accumulate and process large amounts of information, to disseminate special information technologies and means of communication. Information is becoming both a tool and a recognized strategic resource for social progress, outlining priorities and scenarios for the development of territories. It is proved that management technologies of labor intellectualization business smart specialization automation of production and services are being recognized and implemented. Cities as centers of concentration of knowledge and resources that provide an information type of development of large and small economic systems, social processes and household activities are becoming the centers of information progress, education and science, emergence and development of the information economy. It is determined that cities of Ukraine in pre-war times effectively implemented measures of the state poli cy of digitalization and digitization as mandatory elements of the formation of the national model of the information economy. This movement was enshrined in strategic plans of the government and business, as well as in legal provisions regulating the econ omy and education. Large losses of the Ukrainian economy from the barbaric destruction of the population and cities by the Russian Federation are emphasized. The need to script the deployment of productive forces and the recovery of the country's cities according to the best standards of world experience and information progress is determined. It is recommended to attract the accumulated pre-war manage rial experience of Ukrainian management and world achievements on the issue of post-war recovery. The key principles of urban recovery scripting taking into account information and innovation progress, namely: knowledge management on integrated management platforms; targeted attraction of resources (intellectual, information, investment, innovation ones, security and targeted management risk analysis; smart oriented development of territories; energy independence; transparency, openness and publicity of urban recovery and development processes are identified. Key managerial approaches to targeted regulati on of the economy of Ukrainian cities, namely: compliance of processes with European and global social progress; harmonious, balanced implementation of national and local interests, targeted attraction of resources and accumulated management knowledge system are considered and systematized. The influence of the information economy on the scenarios of post military recovery of Ukrainian cities is substantiated. Impact characteristics and management processes that will take place from targeted regulation: increase in information security and reduction in the risks of economic activities; changes in information culture and communication support of management activities; information asymmetry in the system of management decision making by business and government

FEATURES OF THE WORK ORGANIZATION OF INSURANCE COMPANIES OF UKRAINE DURING THE PERIOD OF ARMED INVASION

The article is devoted to the definition of the main aspects of the organization of work of insurance companies of Ukraine during the period of armed invasion. The purpose of the article is to determine the effects on the work of insurance companies in the modern conditions of the armed invasion of Russian aggressors and to provide proposals regarding the priority areas of insurance management. The object of the research is the processes of organization and management of the work of insurance companies. The subject of the study is the ways of optimizing the work of insurers in conditions of external and internal negative influences. The research used general scientific and special research methods: comparative analysis, scientific abstraction and generalization of the scientific experience of modern theoretical studies, a system-complex approach. When conducting an analysis of the dynamics of the number of insurance organizations and gross insurance payments and premiums for the period 2017-2022, it was found that fluctuations in their volumes also occurred in pre-war times. The main reasons that made it possible to effectively reduce the number of insurance service providers without a significant loss of the client base, while simultaneously increasing the guarantee requirements for insurers, were identified. It has been proven that even in the pre-war period, conditions were created for strengthening requirements for corporate governance, introducing a civilized procedure for withdrawing insolvent insurers from the market, and implementing Solvency II. It is noted that Russia's sudden insidious attack caused a wave of violations and disruptions in the work of almost all domestic business entities. revealed that during 2022, the activities of insurance companies and other participants of the financial market of Ukraine took place in the conditions of the maximum limit of destabilization, and the volume of services fell significantly compared to the pre-war period. The structure of assets and liabilities of life insurers and risk insurers in 2022 was studied, and the largest insurance premiums and payments by region of Ukraine as of January 1, 2023 were identified.According to the results of the research conducted by Mrthe development and further development within the framework of state programs and on a unified conceptual basis of the methodology of managing insurance companies in conditions of war, the creation and expansion of a modern intellectual knowledge base of this subject area are recognized as priority areas of insurance management. It was emphasized that measures to ensure the organization of the work of insurance companies during the armed invasion should be based on advanced management techniques using the latest technologies.

The influence of military actions on operation conditions of municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) of Kharkiv city

The events related to the military aggression against Ukraine had a significant impact on the operation conditions of the municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) of Kharkiv city. The quantitative and qualitative indicators of influent wastewater of municipal wastewater treatment plants #1 and #2 - the biological treatment complexes "Dykanivskyi" (MWWTP-1) and "Bezlyudivskyi" (MWWTP-2) significantly had changed because of reduction of the city's population and the reduction of its industrial potential. The daily wastewater pollution loads on wastewater treatment plants in the period from March 2022 to March 2023 had decreased by almost half compared to pre-war times. The actual daily wastewater discharges were: at MWWTP-1 – 216.8 thousand m³/day (or 54.2% of design capacity according to Project of reconstruction of wastewater treatment plants and the sludge treatment line); at MWWTP-2 – 69.0 thousand m³/day (or 43.2%, respectively). The actual daily load of wastewater pollution during military actions was on average (as a percentage of the design value): at the MWWTP-1 by COD - 60%; by BOD5 – 52%; by TSS – 51%; by Ammonium Nitrogen - 66%; and by Phosphates – 27%; at MWWTP-2 by COD - 52%; by BOD5 – 51%; by TSS - 30%; by Ammonium Nitrogen - 64%; and by Phosphates – 43%. The negative consequences of termination of the started works on the reconstruction of wastewater treatment plants due to military actions on their operation conditions are considered in the paper. The conclusion was made about the need to make corrections in the project of reconstruction of wastewater treatment plants and sludge treatment in case of its restoration, taking into account the actual situation.

Politično delovanje Slovencev na Tržaškem, Goriškem in Videmskem po podpisu Pariške mirovne pogodbe leta 1947

For Slovenians, who became a national minority in Italy, the new border demarcation resulting from the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947 opened a new chapter of political engagement, with the formation of new political parties with clear ideological and national profiles. There were significant differences in the political field among Slovenians who lived in the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine, stemming from different historical, social as well as national contexts. Ideological differentiation was also prominent in 1947, further “enriched” in 1948 by the dispute between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union following the Cominform resolution. Ever since the pre-war times, a dividing line had been based on two concepts of political action: independent Slovenian political engagement on the one hand and integration into Italian parties on the other.

Особливості психологічного стану внутрішньо переміщених дітей шкільного віку та підлітків в умовах війни

Since the war escalated on February 24th, 2022, 1,148 children have been killed or injured, and nearly 5.9 million have become internally displaced persons (IDPs) according to UNICEF. The state of health of children who are IDPs requires the close attention of doctors and psychologists. Purpose - to investigate the psychological and psycho-emotional state of schoolchildren and adolescents who are IDPs in the conditions of war in order to substantiate the strategy and tactics of the use of health-preserving technology. Materials and methods. Psychological and psycho-emotional state of 1017 school-age children and adolescents who are IDPs aged 11-17 years and their parents (n=1231) who lived in Lviv and the Lviv region at the time of the study. In May 2022 anonymous questionnaire was conducted for them. The questionnaires were developed by the executors of the scientific research work «To study the age and gender characteristics of the predictors of the transformation of behavioral risk factors for the health of adolescents in the conditions of war». Results. It was found that 53.9% of children were forced to be separated from their families, 21.3% were under shelling; 5.8±0.7% experienced the death of their relatives; 11.4±1.0% suffered from hunger, lack of drinking water and cold. One in three children felt helpless and despair, and one in five had panic attacks. At the same time, 85% of children believed that the horrors of war would end and everything would be fine. 23% of children experienced dizziness, headaches, heart palpitations, and abdominal pain when there was no reason for it. 26.5% of children sought medical help. Conclusions. Almost a third of all interviewees had a constant feeling of anxiety, a fifth had panic attacks, a sense of danger, insecurity. Children had increased negative emotions compared to pre-war times. One third of the children’s mental health has deteriorated, but almost none of them have sought psychological support from specialists. Feelings of dizziness, headache, rapid heartbeat, abdominal pain, when there was no reason for this, were identified in every fifth child, which can be the basis for the formation of psychosomatic pathology. The factor that stabilized the psycho-emotional state of both children and their parents was the belief that the horrors of the war will end and everything will be fine, and almost 85% of the respondents answered this way. This indirectly indicates a sufficient potential for viability. The organization of a multidisciplinary team consisting of psychologists, doctors, and teachers is an actual form of medical and psychological assistance to school-age children and adolescents who are IDPs. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of all participating institutions. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

ФІНАНСОВО-ЕКОНОМІЧНА БЕЗПЕКА ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ВНУТРІШНЬОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ ТА ПІСЛЯВОЄННОЇ ВІДБУДОВИ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ

The study is dedicated to the identification of factors for ensuring the financial and economic security of domestic trade in the conditions of challenges and threats of war and post-war recovery of the economy of Ukraine. The objective function of investment activity is implemented by strengthening competitive positions and reducing vulnerability to adverse financial factors, which actualizes the identification of factors of financial and economic security of investment development of domestic trade. Solving problems in the spheres of management of trade and technological processes and development of trade infrastructure require a reduction of investment and business risks. It has been found that the investment goals of restoring domestic trade in terms of modernizing the management of the development of business entities are complicated in the conditions of military challenges and threats inherited from pre-war times. The identified cause-and-effect relationships between the categories of financial and economic and investment security allow the simultaneous consideration of the interests of the state and subjects of trade activity. It is proved that the exogenous dimension of the eco-state of the post-war recovery of Ukraine causes changes in the perception of the investment component of the financial and economic security of internal trade, supplementing it with the dimension of opportunities and threats of investment interaction. The proposed approach allows you to move away from the linear progression of the usual extrapolation methods and take into account assumptions about different future scenarios, developing a consensus on the innovative transformation of domestic trade despite the regional unevenness of the post-war preservation of trade infrastructure and different dynamics of innovative shifts. It is proposed to supplement the static characteristics of the achieved level of financial and economic security with the dynamic characteristics of investment performance, which will allow more effectively to generate areas of innovative use of available finances. It is advisable to carry out further studies of the eco-state of the post-war recovery of domestic trade in the direction of clarifying the indicative parameters of the assessment and developing countermeasures against systemic investment risks.

Венчурний бізнес в Україні в умовах воєнного часу

The article examines the trends in the development of venture business in Ukraine and examines its current state in the conditions of martial law. The main sources of funding for start-up projects were studied, the success stories of leading domestic start-ups were identified and analyzed, and the problems of the formation and formation of domestic start-up businesses were revealed. The authors analyzed the prospects for the development of the startup industry in Ukraine and the possibilities of its restoration to pre-war indicators. The article examines the essence and history of the introduction of venture investment mechanisms in Ukraine and identifies the peculiarities of the formation and development of domestic start-up companies. The authors analyzed the trends in the development of the venture capital market in the pre-war period in the segment of individual players of the investment market – joint venture investment institutions. The article defines the positions of Ukraine and its cities in the global rankings of the best ecosystems for startups and outlines the most popular high-tech industries for investors in local startup projects in pre-war times. The authors analyzed the branch-based local startups and investigated the profile types of the Ukrainian startup based on the criteria of the number of co- founders, duration of work on the market, sources of financing, level of profitability, and organizational forms of entrepreneurship. The article analyzes the factors hindering the growth of the national venture capital market and the development of the local startup industry, as well as highlights the priority areas of their support in wartime conditions. Many factors were added to the risks of innovative activity in the conditions of martial law startups, which disrupted the continuity and normal flow of business processes of national startup companies. The local startup community faced the problems of living in conditions of brutal hostilities, and therefore the issue of employee safety, their relocation to fairly safe places of residence, the relocation of valuable technological equipment, and servers, and the restoration of access to the Internet became the primary factors for the creation of startup teams and recovery. their work in war conditions. The suspension of funding of startup projects by foreign investors and the lack of own resources force emigrant startups and their employees with their family members to safe countries of the world, which is also a problem for the survival of the Ukrainian startup ecosystem.

Німецькі концерни: повоєнне відродження та роль у відбудові економіки

The article is concerned with studying of the role of the role of big business in the post-war reconstruction of the German economy after the Second World War. The purpose of the article is to study the role of concerns in the post-war recovery of the German economy to extrapolate this experience in the development and implementation of the reconstruction plan of Ukraine. The main features of the German corporate sector in the post-war years are characterized based on the scientific analysis of historical and economic literature. As a result of the study, the largest concerns in traditional German industries were determined and the features of preserving the country's military-industrial potential were identified. The dual nature of the decartelization of German industry, which provided for the fight against monopoly and at the same time contributed to the preservation of large industrial enterprises, was determined. It is established that the rapid revival of industrial empires was made possible by a combination of skillful business management, favorable market conditions and the preservation of long-standing business connections from pre-war times. The importance of diversification of the activities of large enterprises in the post-war period in order to adapt to new conditions in the domestic and international markets is emphasized. The feature of German business such as family ties in family businesses which were important for post-war recovery is determined. The results of research are important for understanding the ways and methods of recovery of big business and the economy in general after the war, and also show that there are effective forms of combining the interests of the state, business and society, which ensured the rapid revival of Germany after the Second World War.

The Effect of Martial Law on Transfer Pricing in Ukraine

The purpose of this study was to describe the current state of tax control over transfer pricing in Ukraine. Analysing the effect of war and martial law on the tax system on the whole and transfer pricing as well, I would like to say that the situation shook the system, but nevertheless, it managed to rehabilitate itself and survive, in turn, standing on wartime slats. The practical significance of the study lies in the complex analysis and evaluation of the current situation of the transfer pricing processes taking place in Ukraine. For Ukraine, in practice, the experience of European countries and case law can be found, which have formed a number of important and progressive legal positions and conclusions to improve control in the field of transfer pricing. The practical novelty of the obtained results consists in a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transfer pricing on the current state of tax management in general. While the EU countries and the UK introduce additional temporary taxes on excess profits on electricity production between 2021 and 2023, as well as on excess profits received from activities in the oil, gas, coal and oil refining sectors, Ukraine introduces an income tax for all companies in any industries in the amount of 2% of the turnover, in order to keep the business afloat. In particular, I would like to note the effectiveness of the work within the framework of the EU4PFM international project, which made it possible, even in wartime, not only to preserve the achievements of pre-war times, but also to start the development of new software products and OECD support for the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with EU norms in the context of the further integration of Ukraine into the European Union. The main goal of this work is to determine the effectiveness of transfer pricing in Ukraine today, as well as to assess the development prospects for Ukraine in this direction.

Від національного до інтернаціонального: українські акценти в повоєнній моді Львова 40–50-х рр. ХХ ст.

The author analyzes the use of Ukrainian themes by the Soviet fashion industry in the first postwar decade on the basis of archival materials, periodicals, specialized literature, and historiography. The article reads that a number of Russian fashion designers actively used Ukrainian ethnic elements in their work – cut, embroidery, drapery, etc. At the same time, most of the borrowings were presented as “Russian ornament”, “Russian silhouette” or as the best – “embroidery of the peoples of the USSR”. At the same time, the post-war demand for “Ukrainian culture” led to the popularization of Ukrainian embroidery, a folk style that went far beyond its traditional use. One of the key places where Ukrainian national clothes served as a tribute to fashion and reflected much deeper meanings – was the city of Lviv. An artistic embroidery enterprise known for its products in Europe has been operating here since pre-war times. With the arrival of the Soviets a group of artistic embroidery named after Lesya Ukrainka was organized on the base of this enterprise. It quickly made high profits earning millions. In its work, the group used ancient Ukrainian techniques and styles of embroidery including “Kyiv”, “Podil”, “Poltava”, “Chernihiv”, “Snake” or “Horodok stitch”, “Horodok Crescent”, “Dragging”, and “Yavoriv Smooth”. The embroidered shirts offered by this firm also featured their particular styles called “Ukrainian”, “Chumachka” and “Hutsulka”. The enterprise’s embroidered products including shirts, dresses, scarves, towels, vests, and folk clothing quickly gained popularity both in the USSR and abroad.

PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF CEREALS AND LEGUMES UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE MILITARY

The full-scale war that the russian federation has unleashed against Ukraine has caused a humanitarian and economic catastrophe that is spreading beyond our country. One of the most tragic consequences of this war is the strengthening of the global problem of hunger. The article examines the state and prospects of grain export from Ukraine to foreign markets according to the data of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine during martial law. The main volume of supplies of grain and leguminous crops during the 2022 marketing year has been determined. Based on the analysis of the received data, it was established that the war in Ukraine caused the stoppage or damage of many domestic agricultural enterprises. It was determined that significant negatives were created in the logistics of their supply, both within the country and abroad. The impact of russian aggression on the prospects of supplying Ukrainian grain to the global and domestic food market is proven. A well-founded assumption is made that, as a result of military actions, the reduction of the export of Ukrainian grain products causes an unprecedented increase in food prices on the world market and the aggravation of the global problem of hunger in the world. However, the actual food reserves and planned volumes of agricultural production of our state are sufficient to provide the population with grain. It is noted that the restoration of domestic exports, as in pre-war times, in the proper volume is possible only under the condition of a complete cessation of hostilities, since the possibilities of logistics of transport communications on land routes are insignificant. The relevance of the researched data is reinforced by the implementation of an applied study carried out at the Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University at the expense of the state budget on the topic: «Development of methods for improving the technology of growing legumes using biofertilizers, bacterial preparations, foliar feeding and physiologically active substances» (state registration number 0120U102034). A system for the purchase of alternative fertilizers is proposed, which will stimulate income to local budgets due to the additional expansion of the production of recommended biological preparations by regional farms. This, in turn, will stimulate the creation of additional jobs in the field of biological support, increase the overall ecological orientation of cultivation technologies and ensure the ecological stability of agricultural territories. This event will contribute to the effective European integration of Ukraine and the general improvement of the quality of the grown products, which will meet world standards in the field of organic and biological agriculture. Ultimately, this will contribute to the successful processes of stabilization of agricultural production in the post-war period and will guarantee obtaining appropriate levels of production at significantly lower levels of costs.

The ‘Lublin of the Future’ – Clean, Hygienic, Orderly. Making a Clean Sweep with the Jewish Neighbourhood and its Sensescape

Regulating and disciplining the urban environment, especially the sensory improprieties of a city, have always been a crucial means to demonstrate new political orders. This article examines how various authorities attempted to regulate and reshape the Old Town neighbourhood of the Polish city of Lublin during the first half of the twentieth century and how a continuous discourse on order and cleanliness reinforced ethnic, class and political prejudices. It shows how the sensory mapping of the city in pre-war times, including noisome odours, crowdedness and unsightly buildings related, more often than not, to the area’s ‘Jewishness’. The profound changing of the Old Town neighbourhood after the Second World War was a major symbolic act of the new communist regime to make a clean sweep of unpleasant legacies to create the ‘Lublin of the future’.

TRANSFORMATION OF UKRAINIAN YOUTH VALUES IN TIMES OF CRISIS

The value system of a certain society is characterized by stability, transmitted from generation to generation and determines the direction of the socio-economic, political development of the country. In a fragile, non-linear and incomprehensible globalized world, a shift in society’s values can be triggered by global upheavals that threaten the survival of humans as a biological species. In the 21st century, society feels the danger of war, the threat of the spread of dangerous viruses, and the digitalization of all human life. The purpose of the conducted research is to identify the main values of Ukrainian youth and their transformation in the conditions of economic crises and war danger. Sociological research was conducted to verify hypotheses as to accelerating the transformation of Ukrainian youth values. The first wave of research on the value orientations of Kharkiv student youth was conducted in March 2014, similar research was conducted during November 2020 – January 2021, as well as in April-May 2022. The results showed that absolute and family values traditionally have a high level of priority for Ukrainian youth, regardless of living conditions and external factors. However, changes have taken place within value groups. With the aggravation of the military danger, the values of freedom, honesty, and preservation of life came to the fore. During the military threat, the importance of the group of civic and national values increased significantly. Among the national ones, the greatest growth was gained by the state independence of Ukraine, patriotism, readiness to defend the Motherland, love for the native culture, language, and traditions. Digital values have shown sufficient stability of results compared to pre-war times. Digital government services and digital technologies to improve energy efficiency have grown. The results of the study can be useful for building visions and strategies for the development of higher education institutions, modern youth regional policy.

On the Need for Practical Knowledge of Slavic Languages, or Pre-War Polish Language Textbooks for the Czechs

The paper presents an excerpt from the ongoing research of the beginnings of teaching Polish in Czechia. Its main focus is to analyse two textbooks for learning Polish by Iza Šaunová, designed for Czech students and published in the 1930s. The first one is called Polština pro každého (Prague 1930), the second – Mluvnice jazyka polského (Prague 1934), written by Šaunová together with a great Polish Slavicist, T. Lehr-Spławiński. The paper discusses both the structure of analysed publications, the contents, as well as applied teaching methods. Presented textbooks and their authors thus provide insight not only into the history of teaching Polish in Czechia, but also into the Czech and Polish relations in the pre-war times.

Peculiarities of mental health of staff of educational and research organizations in the conditions of war

Introduction. In times of war, the problem of studying, maintaining and promoting the mental health of staff of organizations, in particular, educational and research organizations, gains importance as it affects staff well-being and work performance as well as the effectiveness of organizations in general. Aim: to empirically determine the levels of and factors behind the mental health of staff of educational and research organizations. Methods. The study used a set of tools called Mental Health in Wartime, which included diagnostic instruments and a special questionnaire to study various components of mental health of staff of educational and research organizations and the factors that affect it. The survey was conducted using Google Form. Results. The staff of educational and research organizations had a number of war-specific mental health problems (serious (high level) negative mental conditions, reduced positive mental health, and internal health locus of control). There were both negative and positive trends in staff mental health compared with pre-war times. Educational and research organization staff's age, position, and security-related characteristics of residence had relationship with staff mental health during the war. Conclusions. The findings suggest that the problem of mental health of staff of educational and research organizations in wartime is a significant social and personal problem, which needs effective psychological programs to solve it.

КАМЕННЫЙ ИНВЕНТАРЬ III БЕРЕГОВОЙ СТОЯНКИ ГОРБУНОВСКОГО ТОРФЯНИКА (СРЕДНЕЕ ЗАУРАЛЬЕ)

The coastal sites of the Gorbunovsky peat bog have been studied by archaeologists since pre-war times. However, not all identified complexes are fully published. The article publishes previously unknown materials from the Stone and Bronze Ages of the 3-rd Coastal site. Statistical-typological, tracological and mineralogical methods were used in the analysis of stone products. The study of the stone inventory made it possible to identify features uncharacteristic for settlement complexes (Paleolithic bifaces, trapezes with side recesses, comb stamps, pendants, unusual types of tools). Among the non-utilitarian items, stone pendants, stripes and ochre-colored objects should be noted. The inhabitants of the peat bog made extensive use of the local raw material base. The list of mineral raw materials reaches 20 names, which represent the composition of local pebbles. The products made of volcanomictics and stone, siliceous shales and milky quartzdominate on the site.