Previous Symposia Research Articles

Introduction: The Immature Spine

The 2005 Shriners Hospitals for Children (SHC) Symposium on The Immature Spine has taken a different approach than in the past. Previously, there was a relationship between the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and the SHC to develop a triennial symposium that led to a bound publication that was offered for sale to Academy members. Because of declining sales following the 2002 symposium on Caring for the Child with Spina Bifida, the AAOS decided not to pursue this cooperative venture further. This marked the end of a relationship that had existed since 1989 and had produced four publications from the previous symposia. In 1989, when Newton C. McCollough III, MD, was the president of the AAOS, the relationship between the SHC and the AAOS was initiated. This relationship began with Dr. McCollough presenting a plaque to Mr. Gene Bracewell, then chairman of the board of trustees of SHC, expressing appreciation from the AAOS to the SHC for its many contributions to orthopaedics, including resident training, fellowship training, research, and pediatric orthopaedic care. Dr. McCollough had previously arranged, during that same year, for the SHC Board of Trustees to donate $50,000 to the AAOS every three years to fund a symposium on an important topic in pediatric orthopaedics. Mr. Bracewell made the presentation of this grant immediately following the AAOS award to the SHC. The proceedings of these symposia were published as the Shriners Symposium Series, which was a collaborative effort between the AAOS, the SHC, and the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA). S. Terry Canale, MD, who was president of POSNA at that time, was also on stage as a corecipient of this initial presentation. The concept was that the AAOS would provide …

Infection, Cancer and Prevention: Report of the 19th International Symposium of the Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research

Professor Takashi Sugimura (National Cancer Center, Tokyo) opened the symposium with a welcome address and a review of previous symposia (1,2). The Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research has held this International Symposium annually since 1987, as one of the activities of the first 10-year strategy for its cancer control program, and has continued through the second and third terms of the strategy. From the first to the 18th symposium, the total number of invited speakers was 578: 307 from Japan, 183 from the USA, 17 from the UK, 14 from France and 57 from 17 other nations. For this year’s symposium, the Foundation invited 10 speakers from abroad and 24 from Japan (Fig. 1). Professor Sugimura stated his personal interest in this year’s topic and emphasized that the content of the program was divided into three main topics: infectious route, cancer mechanism and prevention. Next, the international chairman Professor Martin Blaser (New York University) after welcoming all attendees summarized the microbes implicated in the causation of human cancers. During his talk, Professor Blazer reported that cancers could be due to the loss of indigenous microbes, and summarized the mechanisms by which their loss could enhance disease risk: direct effects on host cell physiology, loss of suppression of other endogenous organisms and ease of colonization by acquired organisms.

Editorial

Insulin secretion and β-cell biology are the main theme of the Servier-IGIS Meetings that have been held yearly since 2000 in St. Jean Cap Ferrat in southern France (1–5). Previous symposia have mostly focused on insulin secretion and its relationship with β-cell defects in type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes has not previously been considered, since it is generally viewed exclusively as an autoimmune disease. However, the pathophysiology of either disease is centered on β-cells, and type 1 and type 2 diabetes share many concerns, especially the goal of preserving or restoring a normal functional β-cell mass. Evidence has accumulated that immune tolerance reflects a permanent cross talk between the different cells involved in immune survey functions and peripheral tissues, as in the case of β-cells in type 1 diabetes. As in most common autoimmune diseases, the problem of the antigenic specificity of the autoimmune reaction that drives the β-cell damage has been one with most unpredictable issues over the past 20 years. Whether the activation of autoimmunity proceeds from intrinsic immune dysregulation or requires the presence of β-cells is now no longer a question. Against all predictions, the search for the “diabetes autoantigen” has resulted in a long list of candidates with rather loose identification criteria. All presently high-ranking β-cell autoantigens are defined as proteins expressed by β-cells, not as β-cell–specific antigens. Indeed, evidence has accumulated to indicate that B- and T-cells recognize many autoantigens, rather than a single autoantigen, during diabetes development and that most autoantigens are not β-cell specific. This makes type 1 diabetes a β-cell disease rather than an antigen-specific immune disease. As for type 2 diabetes, there is overwhelming evidence that it cannot be considered exclusively from the angle of the β-cell. β-Cells are at the center of multiple physiological loops that send …

Galanin and its receptors: Introduction to the Third International Symposium, San Diego, California, USA, 21–22 October 2004

The Third Galanin Symposium presented many different and exciting results on galanin research reflecting a major progress since the previous symposium in 1998. A major impression was the many possible relationships of galaninergic mechanisms to important brain functions such as development, cognition and ageing as well as many aspects related to a wide spectrum of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, anxiety/depression, addiction, obesity, pain and tumour growth. These studies were based on an extensive armament of methodologies including various strains of transgenic mice. Unfortunately, the pharmaceutical industry had only a minor participation. Nevertheless, exciting developments in the generation of agonists and antagonists are emerging, providing hope that we at the next symposium will be able to validitate many of the challenging hypotheses concerning galanin and disease with the help of pharmacological tools.

序文

The 6th International Symposium on Plant Responses to Air Pollution and Global Changes was held in Tbukuba Center for Institutes and EPOCHAL TSUKUBA, 'Isukuba, Japan, October 19-22, 2004. This symposium in Japan has been proposed by the late Alan R. Wellburn, who was in the past one of the major moderators of this symposia series. The aim of the symposium is to bring together scientists of various disciplines, who are actively involved in research on the impacts of gaseous air pollutants and global change on plant functioning and growth from molecular to ecosystem scales. The previous symposia were held in Oxford, UK, 1982 (1st), in Munich, Germany, l987 (2nd), in Blacksburg, USA, 1992 (3rd), in Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands, 1997 (4th) and in Pulawy, Poland, 2001 (5th). This special issue is one of three issues (a volume published in Springer and special issues of Phyton and Journal of Agricultural Meteorology) and contains a selection of contributed papers to the symposium. The papers were peer reviewed under session or topic editors. The publication has been executed with a grant from the Commemorative Organization for the Japan World Exposition('70).

European higher education space: where do we go from here?

The Declaration of Bologna and subsequent documents have drastically changed the European university panorama and the future role of universities as providers of continuous education for a lifelong learning. There will be a convergence not only in academic titles, but also in the way we see university education. The previous EEE symposium gave some clues on the approaches taken by different European countries: organization of EE studies, integration of graduates into the market, and interaction with professional bodies. Bologna's outcomes were sold in Spain as a change into an American (USA) model, which, as any other model, has advantages and drawbacks. This paper deals with an open reflection on the future of university studies in Europe.

Managing Pervasive Computing and Ubiquitous Communications: A Report on APNOMS 2003

The 7th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS 2003) was held during October 1–3, 2003 in Fukuoka, Japan. APNOMS 2003, which was organized by IEICE TM (The Institute of Electronics Information and Communication Engineers, Telecommunication Management Committee) and KICS KNOM (The Korean Institute of Communication Science, Korean Network Operations and Management Committee) with support from IEEE CNOM (Committee on Network Operations and Management), IEEE APB (Asia Pacific Board), IEEE ComSoc Japan Chapter and TMF (TeleManagement Forum), has continued to play an important role in exchanging and discussing all aspects of telecommunications management among academics and telecommunication industry at large in the Asia-Pacific region. As in the previous symposia [1–5], APNOMS 2003 was a great success, attracting about 250 researchers, practitioners, operators, and vendors from 10 countries. Its program included keynote speeches, tutorials, special sessions, technical sessions, poster sessions, a distinguished experts panel, and exhibitions. The theme of this symposium was “Managing Pervasive Computing and Ubiquitous Communications.” The concept of “ubiquitous society” frequently appears in mass media, and it spreads a roseate dream and image to the future human life. Application examples include, inventory management, product tracking and tracing, home automation, home and community security management, and environment protection. Governments are trying to push research and development in ubiquitous-related areas. Industries are seeking business opportunities in the near future. In the coming ubiquitous society, it will be hard, or in some cases

Vacuum insulation, fundamentals and applications

st ISDEIV illustrates the ongoing trends evident from previous symposia in the field of vacuum insulation and vacuum discharge physics. The emphasis of research is clearly closely connected to vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) design and operation. However, VCB still present a number of unsolved and highly complicated problems related to the physics of vacuum insulation. The physical phenomena occurring during VCB operation are numerous and inter-connected, a situation which complicates and slows progress in understanding. For example the VCB contains cold and hot insulating gaps at the same time. Furthermore, the presence of plasma during operation makes overall understanding even more complicated. The second most important line of research discussed was high voltage (HV) flashover phenomena. We noticed that progress in that field is encouraging. There was also a series of interesting contributions devoted to prebreakdown phenomena in cold insulating gaps. Nevertheless, it was a little surprising to note the absence of communications in the field of electrical insulation in space applications. This is probably due to the prohibitive cost of experimentation outside the earth atmosphere. All the main symposium trends and topics are reflected in 14 papers selected for this special issue. These papers appear here as a result of meticulous review of a large number of initially submitted papers. We hope that readers will appreciate the papers we have selected.

Editorial

This Special Issue of JCISE is drawn from outstanding papers presented at the 2002 ACM Solid Modeling symposium. This is the second year that JCISE and ACM have collaborated to produce such a Special Issue, in what promises to become an annual tradition. Previously, JCISE V1, N4 (December 2001) contained selected papers from the 2001 symposium. The ACM/SIGGRAPH Symposia on Solid Modeling and Applications provide a premier international forum for the exchange of original research results and important practical applications in all areas of solid modeling and its applications. The symposia series brings together leading researchers, practitioners and graduate students working in this field. The seventh ACM Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications was held at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics in Saarbruecken, Germany on June 17–21, 2002, the first to be held outside North America. The symposium was co-chaired by Hans-Peter Seidel of the Max Planck Institute and Vadim Shapiro of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. The international program committee was co-chaired by Kunwoo Lee of Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea and Nicholas M. Patrikalakis of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., USA. The program committee comprised of 25 leading experts on solid modeling theory and its applications from academia and industry working in 10 different countries from around the world. Previous symposia in this series were held in Austin, Texas, 1991; Montreal, Canada, 1993; Salt Lake City, Utah, 1995; Atlanta, Georgia, 1997; Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1999 and 2001. Starting with 2002, the Symposium is expected to be held annually, alternating in location between the USA and other countries within a two year period. Ninety-three papers were submitted to the 2002 symposium and reviewed by one member of the program committee and at least three additional referees. Based on these review results, the program co-chairs selected 26 papers for plenary presentation and 17 papers for poster presentation at the symposium. From the 26 plenary papers, the program co-chairs selected 9 papers for this special issue of JCISE. The selection was based on quality and engineering relevance. All selected papers were updated and extended since the version published in the conference proceedings, and were reviewed again by at least two additional referees and revised accordingly. The topics of the papers selected cover the following solid modeling areas: editing of free-form surfaces with haptic methods; reverse engineering of surface models; meshing of implicit surfaces; topological frameworks for part families; free-form surface design; design of transport elements in complex aircraft structures; collaborative framework for part and assembly modeling; modeling of heterogeneous solids; and iso-surface extraction methods. We wish to thank the authors for revising and extending their papers for this special issue of JCISE and the referees for their valuable comments, which improved the quality of the papers included. We hope that you the readers of JCISE will find these papers stimulating and interesting and that this will encourage you to participate in future solid modeling conferences and submit papers on this important area to these conferences and to regular issues of this ASME Transactions, JCISE, which also officially co-sponsored by ACM.

Current Research on Unemployment: Introduction

Unemployment has been a significant problem for Australian economy since early 1970s. Despite this (or perhaps because of it?) problem of unemployment has largely been ignored in recent policy debate. It is unclear whether this is because unemployed have become disenfranchised, or because, having lived with problem for so long, general population has become immune. Whatever reason, goalposts have shifted. What would have been considered a high rate of unemployment for most of Twentieth Century is now regarded as indicating very successful macro economic policy. A Reserve Bank of Australia Conference reviewing Australian economic policy in 1990s was very congratulatory about success of policy over that decade. In summing up conclusions reached at conference, Gruen (2000: 7) talked about notable successes and stated that the Australian economy performed well in 1990s, both compared to its past and to experiences of other countries. Yet even towards end of long boom of 1990s unemployment was higher than its average level, over boom and slump, for whole of Twentieth Century. (1) The extent and cost of unemployment need constant emphasis. Previous symposia in this Journal have focused on costs of unemployment, and health implications, (2) and we have had two special issues dedicated to question of unemployment and its cures. (3) Now three recent books have brought together much of what we know about unemployment and taken discussion an important step forward, namely: The Price of Prosperity, edited by Saunders and Taylor [UNSW Press: 2002 ISBN 0 086840 541 8], Unemployment: The Tip of Iceberg edited by Mitchell and Carlson [Centre for Applied Economic Research: 2001 ISBN 0 7334 1860 0] and Work Rich, Work Poor edited by Borland, Gregory and Sheehan [Centre for Strategic Economic Studies: 2001 ISBN 1 86272 583 7]. These three books each focus on different aspects of total picture of work and unemployment. The Price of Prosperity argues that, in a time of significant economic growth and prosperity for a large number of Australians unemployed have been left behind, and are paying price for that prosperity. It aims to identify multifacets effects of unemployment on those directly effected as well as their families and community in general. In other words, book attempts to examine not only economic but all social implications of unemployment in order to identify costs involved. As its title indicates, Unemployment: The Tip of Iceberg is mainly concerned with measurement of unemployment, arguing that measured unemployment represents tip of iceberg with respect to actual number of people who are jobless or who would want to work more or who want greater job security. …

Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Blue Lasers and Light Emitting Diodes (ISBLLED2002)

ISBLLED2002 was held in Cordoba, Andalusia, Spain, from March 11 to 15, 2002. This Symposium was the successor to the previous symposia held in Chiba 1996, Kazusa 1998, and Berlin 2000. Its main objective was to provide a joint forum for the GaN and ZnSe communities, gathering experts from industry and academia and students to explore issues which are common to both material systems. ISBLLED2002 covered the entire spectrum of GaN-and ZnSe-based semiconductors and their optoelectronic properties and applications, spanning from growth and substrate-epilayer constraints over heterostructures and doping to device physics, processing and reliability. Papers concentrated on a variety of topics, such as materials growth and characterization, optoelectronic properties, device design, fabrication, performance and reliability as well as novel optoelectronic devices and applications. The Proceedings are published in two parts, to be continued in the following issue of phys. stat. sol. (a) 192, No. 2 (2002).

Special Issue on Solid Modeling Applications in Design & Manufacturing

The ACM/SIGGRAPH Symposia on Solid Modeling and Applications provide an international forum for the exchange of recent research and practical results in all areas and applications of solid modeling. These symposia bring together prominent researchers, practitioners, and numerous students in the field. The sixth ACM Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications was held in Ann Arbor, Michigan on June 4-8, 2001. The general chair was Deba Dutta of the University of Michigan, the tutorials chair was Hans-Peter Seidel of the Max Planck Institute and the program committee comprised 25 prominent experts in solid modeling in industries and universities from around the world. Previous symposia in this series were in Austin, Texas, 1991; Montreal, Canada, 1993; Salt Lake City, Utah, 1995; Atlanta, Georgia, 1997, and Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1999. More than 90 papers were submitted to the 2001 symposium, only 30 of which could be accepted. From the 30 papers presented at the symposium, 11 were selected for this special issue of JCISE. These papers have all been updated and extended since being presented at the conference. The topics of the papers include fundamental issues on the representation and manipulation of solid models, surface fairing, feature recognition, feature model validity, reverse engineering, and collaborative design. Altogether, the papers describe interesting solutions to important problems in solid modelling, as well as innovative directions for future research in this area. We thank the authors for revising and extending their original papers for this special issue, and thank the reviewers for their valuable comments. We hope that you enjoy reading the papers in this special issue, and that this encourages you to participate in future solid modeling symposia. Editors NoteThe Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) has now become an official co-sponsor of this journal. ACM members will serve on JCISE Editorial and Advisory Boards. We welcome ACM readers and invite them to actively participate in every aspect of this journal. We look forward to continued collaboration with ACM and particularly the Solid Modeling conferences.

Simulation and Identification of Organized Structures in Flows. Edited by J. N. SORENSEN, E. J. HOPFINGER & N. AUBRY. Kluwer, 1999. 515 pp. ISBN 0 7923 56039. NLG 395 or US$237 or £104.

This book is the Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on ‘‘Simulation and Identification of Organised Structures in Flows,’’ held in Lyngby, Denmark, May 25‐29, 1997. The symposium was one of those specialized symposia in the field of mechanics that the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) organizes every year. The IUTAM Symposia are normally reserved to invited participants, and usually provide the state-of-the-art assessment of a particular problem by leading professionals. This book is no exception. It presents a useful overview of organized structures in fluid mechanical applications. It covers a wider range of issues than did a previous Symposium on a similar topic held in October 1992 in Poitiers, France. Selected papers from that Symposium—‘‘Eddy Structure Identification in Free Turbulent Shear Flows’’—were published in a Proceedings edited by J. P. Bonnet and M. N. Glauser (1993). Information on organized structures in flows and their interactions with flow boundaries is of considerable hydraulic engineering importance. For instance, work underway at New Zealand’s National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) on periphyton (attached aquatic microalgae) interactions with turbulence is revealing significant mechanisms of mass transfer in the near-bed region. Such mechanisms appear to influence periphyton growth and losses. ADV measurements of turbulence in the NIWA outdoor ecohydraulics flume (Fig. 1) show that the appearance of periphyton on a cobble bed does not change appreciably the velocity spectra above the cobble. However, its appearance reduces the total spectral energy and generates a wide spectral peak in the region below cobble tops. Most probably, this peak is formed by penetration of sweep events into that region, ‘‘filtered’’ by the periphyton tufts. Thus, organized structures may be the main mechanism responsible for the delivery of nutrients from the outer region to the biologically active near-bed layer.

Report of the Fourteenth International Symposium of the Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research: Pain Control, Palliative Medicine and Psycho-oncology.

The Fourteenth International Symposium of the Foundation for the Promotion of Cancer Research, entitled ‘Pain Control, Palliative Medicine and Psycho-oncology: Present Status and Future Direction’, was held in Tokyo on January 24–26, 2001. The Chairman of the organizing Committee was Dr Tadao Kakizoe, Director, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. The Symposium was opened by a welcoming address given by Dr Takashi Sugimura. Dr Sugimura noted the unique nature of this particular Symposium being entirely devoted to the supportive care of the oncology patient. Previous Symposia have been devoted largely to basic and clinical research pertaining to the types of cancer and the organs involved (1–3). The Symposium is an acknowledgment of the fact that since 1981, cancer has been the primary cause of death in Japan. Currently, one out of every three deaths in Japan is due to cancer. Dr Kakizoe, in his keynote address, emphasized this point and noted the paradigmatic shift taking place in medical oncology from the pursuit of an ultimate cure of a disease to its palliative treatment when a cure appears to be impossible. This shift in emphasis has been occurring over the last 25 years and acknowledges the fact that ~50% of adult patients with cancer at the National Cancer Center Hospital in Tokyo will ultimately die of their disease or its complications. In view of this paradigmatic shift, the current Symposium ‘Pain Control, Palliative Medicine and Psycho-oncology: Present Status and Future Direction’ was devised.

Normal Politics with Chinese Characteristics

In my contribution to this journal's previous symposium on elite politics more than five years ago, I argued that the post-Mao period had seen an evolution toward normal politics.3 This transition has gathered apace in the intervening period, in no small measure due to the passing of Deng Xiaoping, but more fundamentally to the quickening of the enormous changes in the polity and society that his policies have produced. Yet distinctive, and disconcerting, Chinese characteristics remain. What is the essence of normal politics? Most fundamentally, it means that political leaders at the apex of an at least partially institutionalized system are beset with an enormous range of issues and pressures, without any dogmatic

6th SRP International Symposium. Achievements & Challenges: Advancing Radiation Protection into the 21st Century, Southport, 14-18 June 1999

6th SRP International Symposium. Achievements & Challenges: Advancing Radiation Protection into the 21st Century, Southport, 14-18 June 1999

Difficult airway and breathing problems

The infant or child with non-acute ‘difficult airway problems’ can often pose considerable clinical difficulty for the paediatrician. particularly when initial interventions such as adenotonsillectomy fail to result in significant improvement in symptoms. It can be a major challenge to establish exactly what is the most important problem causing ‘airway failure’, and then, what, if any, is the best intervention. For example, in attempting to identify treatable problems in children, the clinician may need to resolve the relative contribution of any developmental, physiological or anatomical abnormalities; where each may possibly produce a given child’s symptoms, either alone or in combination. In this article I will not address the management of children with problems necessitating endotracheal intubation, that topic has been covered in emergency texts and previous symposia. Rather, the following review will address some of the issues related to the assessment of children who have severe airway problems which may, ultimately, require assisted nocturnal respiratory support. However, in order to come to the most appropriate decision it is well worthwhile considering systematically the pathophysiology of the underlying problem. In my opinion, only in that way can the often intrusive and invasive therapies be justified.

The U.S. heavy-ion fusion program

Since the last Symposium, the US has restructured its fusion program to emphasize science, enabling technologies, and innovation. A principal goal of the restructured program is to develop new, more attractive fusion options. As part of the restructuring, we have canceled ILSE, an accelerator project described at previous Symposia. Instead of ILSE, we have initiated a program of small experiments, technology development, and end-to-end numerical simulation of accelerators and targets. In addition, we have expanded our effort in chamber dynamics and power-plant technologies. This new program has two goals: (1) the development of a more compelling (less expensive) long-term vision for heavy-ion fusion and (2) the development of the scientific and technological foundation for the construction of an accelerator research facility with far greater capability than ILSE. This accelerator facility (sometimes called the Integrated Research Experiment) together with the National Ignition Facility and the expanded program in chambers and power plant technologies will, if successful, provide a sound basis for a decision to begin construction of a full-scale heavy-ion driver that could be upgraded to drive a demonstration power plant. The National Ignition Facility is expected to demonstrate ignition by 2006. With adequate funding, it would also be possible to complete the Integrated Research Experiment by this time.

READINESS FOR RESPONSIBILITY

have spent too much time thinking, purposing that if only we weigh every possibility in advance, everything will somehow happen automatically. We have learnt a bit too late in day that action springs not from thought but from a readiness for responsibility. So wrote Dietrich Bonhoeffer in his book Prisoner for God: Letters and Papers from Prison.(1) The themes developed in this symposium resonate with major concerns of world as we approach new millennium. The most valuable contribution may be that we have been motivated for beyond our own setting and have been enabled to ask questions related to in a fresh way. Perhaps pertinent question is not is or how can be done in a new way in new century. For is not just problem out there - it is also us: we are also problem of God's mission. Who will be mission-doers of approaching epoch? Are present actors fit enough? churches will have energy for endeavour of Christian in 21st century? Who is emerging and who is fading away? While these issues directly touch identity that is envisioned by Dutch churches and bodies in their current and ongoing efforts towards unity, they are hardly avoidable for other local and national churches, or for international bodies such as World Council of Churches. Having taken prayer on board as the heartbeat of mission, symposium went beyond thought to readiness for responsibility for transformation. In written form, these papers provide food for readiness in four courses: 1) Motivation for 2) Subject-matter and method of missiology 3) Church and Mission-doers 4) God's and God of mission. Motivation for Mission With popular awareness about millennium and consciousness about situation of globalization running strong both inside and outside church, many churches are taking opportunity to review their activity and thinking, and to ask in new context: What does Lord require of us...? (Micah 6:8), and what does larger community expect from us? The sponsoring bodies assumed this responsibility as they organized this symposium on occasion of 200th anniversary of their work. Not a few contributors, listeners and speakers will forget all-day event of November 1997. We can imagine expectancy of more than 600 church people when they left home, heading for St Laurens Church in Rotterdam from all over Netherlands. Many would look forward to seeing acquaintances, and to meeting and listening to people from overseas regions their church relates to. Some would have had insights that they were eager to test or share. In effect, programme was organized to take account of this expectancy. After opening prayers, participants went to workshops centred on each region. Two speakers covered theme of in past and present. There was time for clarification and discussion between speakers and between speakers and audience, and then same process happened concerning future. This was followed by plenary discussion, a cultural performance and symposium statement. Closing prayers ended gathering. Among other things, participants were reminded of suffering of particular categories of people; they were upset to hear about analysis of spiritual situation in Western Europe and hopeful for possibilities of contacts with other churches. |n other words, feelings and will of participants were touched, their readiness for responsibility heightened. Such motivational gain was possible owing, largely, to guest speakers of workshops and writers of preparatory booklet, Agenda 2000: Zending op het kruispunt van twee eeuwen.(2) In previous symposia, European missionaries would speak for people of their mission fields; this time they spoke for themselves. …

South Africa: Money Laundering

The Fifteenth International Symposium on Economic Crime, on the subject of ‘The Globalisation of Crime — the electronic dimension’ was held at Jesus College, Cambridge University from 14th to 20th September, 1997. Previous symposia have been convened to discuss a variety of issues relating to economic crime. In recent years, they have focused on areas of concern such as banking secrecy, how to take the profit out of crime, on cross‐border commercial crime, as well as on how to manage the risks of economic crime.