Previous Renal Dysfunction Research Articles

Donor-derived Cell-free DNA Measurement in Kidney Transplant Patients Without Allograft Dysfunction: More Evidence and More Questions.

Donor-derived Cell-free DNA Measurement in Kidney Transplant Patients Without Allograft Dysfunction: More Evidence and More Questions.

Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

Background: Acute kidney injury is an adverse event that carries significant morbidity among patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). We planned to develop a parsimonious model that is simple enough to use in clinical practice to predict the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) occurrence.Methods: Six hundred and fifty patients with ADHF were enrolled in this study. Data for each patient were collected from medical records. We took three different approaches of variable selection to derive four multivariable logistic regression model. We selected six candidate predictors that led to a relatively stable outcome in different models to derive the final prediction model. The prediction model was verified through the use of the C-Statistics and calibration curve.Results: Acute kidney injury occurred in 42.8% of the patients. Advanced age, diabetes, previous renal dysfunction, high baseline creatinine, high B-type natriuretic peptide, and hypoalbuminemia were the strongest predictors for AKI. The prediction model showed moderate discrimination C-Statistics: 0.766 (95% CI, 0.729–0.803) and good identical calibration.Conclusion: In this study, we developed a prediction model and nomogram to estimate the risk of AKI among patients with ADHF. It may help clinical physicians detect AKI and manage it promptly.

Kidney damage in COVID-19 patients

The results of the analysis of case histories of 100 deceased patients (55 women and 45 men), whose cause of death was the syndrome of multiple organ failure due to COVID-19, are presented. The case histories of patients who had no previous renal dysfunction were selected for the analysis. The average age of the patients was 76 years. At the terminal stage of the disease, microhematuria was detected in 27 patients, hypercreatininemia was noted in 17 patients, while the creatinine content in the blood did not exceed 437 mol / L in any of 100 patients. Oliguria was observed in 9 patients, polyuria in 43 patients. A possible cause of kidney damage is the damaging effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephron. At the same time, in no patient with a severe course of COVID-19, kidney damage did not determine the severity of the condition and was not the cause of death.

Effect of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation on Renal Function in Patients With Previous Renal Dysfunction

The study aims to investigate the incidence of immediate renal function improvement in renal dysfunction patients who had transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). TAVI patients with ≥ moderate reduced renal function [estimated GFR ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2] at baseline were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on percent change [(discharge eGFR - baseline eGFR/baseline GFR) × 100] in eGFR post-TAVR. Improvement ≥ 10%, no change, Decline ≥ 10%. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors that predicted improvement/decline in GFR postprocedure. Out of 677 patients, 359 (53%) had eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Of these, 188 (52%) had an improvement in eGFR ≥ 10%, 125 (34%) had no change and 48 (14%) observed decline ≥ 10%. All groups had similar proportions of females and age was comparable in patient groups. Patients in whom a decline in eGFR was observed had significantly higher Society of thoracic Surgeons scores (10.7 vs 8.2 vs 8.2; p = 0.007) and incidence of liver disease (6% vs, 0% vs 2%; p = 0.014) than the no-change or improved groups respectively. On multivariable analysis, independent predictors of decline/improvement in eGFR were being female, low left ventricular ejection fraction and baseline liver dysfunction. In conclusion, over half of patients with compromised renal function who underwent TAVI experience an immediate improvement in kidney function post-TAVI. Being female, baseline liver dysfunction and a low left ventricular ejection fraction is associated with an immediate decline in eGFR.

N-acethyl-cysteine reduces the occurrence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with renal dysfunction: a single-center randomized controlled trial

The occurrence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) has paralleled the increased number of diagnostic interventions requiring radiographic contrast media (CM). Several strategies aimed at preventing renal injury following iodine have been carried out over the last several years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of three different strategies aimed at preventing CIAKI in patients with renal dysfunction (serum creatinine >1.25 mg/dl or estimated creatinine clearance <45 ml/min) receiving low osmolar CM for diagnostic-therapeutic procedures. Candidates received 154 mmol NaHCO3 solution (B0) at a rate of 3 ml/kg/h from at least 2 h before the procedure and at 1 ml/kg/h during and for the next 6-12 h; the same schedule plus N-acethyl-cysteine (NAC) 600 mg twice daily the day before and the day of the procedure (BN) or NAC as above plus 154 mmol NaCl solution at a rate of 3 ml/kg/h from at least 2 h before the procedure and at 1 ml/kg/h during and for the next 6-12 h (SN). Serum creatinine (SCr) was measured at baseline and on days 2 or occasionally 3 after CM. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of CIAKI, defined as a ≥25% increase in SCr within 2-3 days of CM. The three groups were similar with regard to age, gender distribution, weight, baseline serum levels of creatinine, sodium, potassium, urate and estimated creatinine clearance. A larger proportion of individuals received ACEIs/ARAs in the BN group (p < 0.05), but in the SN group, more patients declared a past history of acute myocardial infarction or had high blood pressure, and few displayed mild-moderate left ventricular dysfunction (p < 0.05). CIAKI occurred in 24/123 (19.5%) assessable patients (15/42 in the B0 group, 3/43 in the BN group and 6/38 in the SN group; p < 0.01). Thus, 15/42 patients who did not receive NAC developed CIAKI in contrast to 9/81 who did (p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression models showed that the use of NAC was the unique factor associated with a statistically significant influence for the occurrence of CIAKI (OR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04-0.72; p = 0.016). The results from this study show that: (1) the occurrence of CIAKI after low-osmolar CM administration is similar to that reported worldwide. (2) NAC-based renoprotective measures are superior for the prevention of CIAKI in patients with previous renal dysfunction. (3) They also demonstrate that bicarbonate expansion alone has limited value in preventing CIAKI. For those individuals at risk, combination prophylaxis including volume expansion plus NAC should be recommended to reduce the chance of overt kidney injury following CM administration.

Importance of anemia in the chronic Cardiorenal syndrome: Effects on renal function after heart transplantation

SummaryBackgroundCardiorenal syndrome has been recently divided into 5 categories, according to acute or chronic evolution and primary organ dysfunction. Anemia can also accompany this disorder, leading to a more complex situation. This study aims to analyze the renal outcomes of patients, specifically patients with chronic Cardiorenal syndrome, with or without anemia, long-term after heart transplantation.Material/MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study on chronic Cardiorenal syndrome patients submitted to heart transplantation. Patients were divided according to presence of anemia and renal dysfunction before heart transplantation.ResultsA total of 108 patients (92 males) with the mean age of 45±12 years were included. The etiologies of the heart failure were hypertensive dilated myocardiopathy (66%), ischemic (14%) and Chagasic (12%). Before the heart transplantation, 51 patients had an eGFR less than 60 mL/min. From these, 24 had concomitant anemia. One year after the transplantation, patients with previous isolated renal dysfunction ameliorates eGFR (45±11 vs. 65±26 mL/min, p<0.001), while those patients with previous renal dysfunction and anemia presented no improvement (eGFR 44±14 vs. 47±13 mL/min, p=0.619) 1 year after heart transplantation. Moreover, higher hemoglobin was an independent predictor of eGFR improvement after heart transplantation when associated with previous renal dysfunction (OR 1.8; CI 1.2–3.6, p<0.01 for each hemoglobin increment of 1 g/dL).ConclusionsPatients with isolated Cardiorenal syndrome presented partial renal function recovery after heart transplantation, while the presence of cardiorenal anemia was a marker of renal function non-recovery 1 year after heart transplantation.

Post-surgical acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. About 1–5% of these patients require dialysis and mortality rates in those requiring dialysis is as high as 40–80% despite advancement in dialysis methods and critical care. Risk factors includes diabetes, previous renal dysfunction, nature of surgery, hypotension and emergency surgery among others. Now a days with the advent of newer biomarkers, AKI can be detected early as compared to serum creatinine. However, the results of various studies are conflicting and there is no recommendation regarding the use of these biomarkers. There is little data about AKI after other surgeries. Many drugs have been tried for the treatment of AKI, but results of them are disappointing. The possible development of genetic markers is a hope for future.

BEP Versus BEAM Conditioning for Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Relapsed Lymphoma. A Single Center Retrospective Review of Two Contemporaneous Cohorts

Abstract 2019High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) followed by autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) has been shown to result in better outcomes than conventional salvage chemotherapy for treatment of relapsed Hodgkin (Lancet 2002;359:2065–71) and non – Hodgkin lymphoma patients (N Engl J Med 1995;333:1540–5).The relative efficacy of different conditioning regimens is still uncertain. Our center has had extensive experience with BEP, consisting of BCNU (600mg/m2), etoposide (2400mg/m2) and cisplatin (200mg/m2) (Lazarus HM, J Clin Oncol 1992;10:1682–9) with more than 150 patients transplanted using this conditioning regimen. We have observed it to be efficacious and associated with a low incidence of transplant-related mortality (Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005;11:13–22). The purpose of this analysis is to compare the outcomes of patients transplanted with BEP with a contemporaneous cohort of patients transplanted with BEAM (BCNU 300mg/m2, etoposide 800mg/m2, cytarabine 1600mg/m2, melphalan 140 mg/m2).We performed a retrospective analysis of 55 consecutive relapsed lymphoma patients who had either BEAM or BEP preparative therapy for AHCT between 2005 and 2010 at our institution. Given the potential for nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of cisplatin, patients were selected to receive BEAM if they had previous renal dysfunction (any elevation of serum creatinine) or had previous hearing loss. All patients received corticosteroids for prophylaxis of BCNU – induced pneumonitis.The Mann – Whitney test was used for analysis of continuous variables, Fisher’s exact test for categorical data, while survival analysis was performed with the Kaplan – Meier method.Twenty-four patients received BEAM and 31 received BEP. The median age was higher in BEAM-treated patients (51 vs. 43 years, p = 0.0392). Other baseline characteristics were comparable between both cohorts: gender (male 54 vs. 58%, p = 0.791); diagnosis (NHL 75 vs. 77.4%, p = 1.000); status of disease at transplant (partial remission or worse 33.3 vs. 35.5%, p = 1.000); median number of previous therapies (2 in both groups, p = 0.51). The rate of non-renal comorbidities was higher in the BEAM cohort, but the difference was not statistically significant (45.8 vs. 32.3%, p = 0.403). The median CD34 cell dose was similar in both groups (6.252 x106 vs. 6.475 x106 CD34 cells/μL, p = 0.842).The rate of complications, including bacteremia, other infections, mucositis, diarrhea and renal dysfunction were not statistically different (Table 1). The small sample size may have prevented us from observing a statistical difference in cardiac toxicity.Table 1Complications observed after BEAM or BEP conditioning for Autologous Hematopoietic CellBEAM (%)BEP (%)Bacteremia45.835.5p = 0.580Non – bacteremic infections37.541.9p = 0.787Mucositis54.258.1p = 0.791Diarrhea79.164.5p = 0.370Increase in serum creatinine > 50%12.516.1p = 1.000Cardiac complications16.73.2p = 0.153BCNU pneumonitis4.26.4p = 1.000The median follow up time for the whole cohort was 31 months (28 vs. 34 months, p 0.267). Relapse free survival (RFS) after 36 months was 81.1% and 82.9% for BEAM and BEP, respectively (p = 0.693) (Figure 1). Overall survival at 24 months was 89.6% for BEAM and 90.8% for BEP (p = 0.371) (Figure 2). Among patients transplanted in partial response or worse, the median RFS was 57 months after BEAM and 66 months after BEP (p = 0.3173). There were no deaths in the first 100 days after transplant for both cohorts. There were no differences in the median number of days from hematopoietic cell infusion to discharge (12.5 vs. 12.0 days, p = 0.600) or achievement of ANC >500/μL (10 days for both cohorts, p = 0.415).In conclusion, BEP conditioning achieved comparable engraftment, toxicity and survival outcomes to those achieved by BEAM for treatment of relapsed lymphoma patients. BEP is therefore a valid alternative for treatment of this patient population. The BCNU dose in BEP is twice that in BEAM, but we continue to observe limited rates of BCNU – induced pneumonitis. BEP may be preferable over BEAM in patients with underlying cardiac comorbidity. Longer follow up and prospective trials will help in identifying variables that aid in the selection of patients for the most appropriate conditioning regimen. [Display omitted] [Display omitted] Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Bone mineral density is related with previous renal dysfunction caused by cadmium exposure

Relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and previous renal dysfunction caused by cadmium exposure was investigated. A total of 457 persons, living in polluted and control areas, were followed up in this study. The inhabitants living in exposure areas ceased ingesting cadmium-contaminated rice in 1996. Blood and urinary cadmium levels and BMD in 1998 and 2006 were measured. Urinary N-acetyl- β- d-glucosaminidase and albumin determined in 1998 and 2006 were used to evaluate kidney status. BMD of subjects with tubular damage was significant lower than those without damage in female ( p < 0.05). The prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly different between those with and without kidney damage ( p = 0.003, in total population; p = 0.039, in female) and those with and without tubular damage ( p = 0.0005, in total population; p = 0.007, in female). The results suggested that BMD was correlated with previous kidney impairment caused by cadmium exposure, especially to tubular damage and especially for female.

Logistic risk model predicting postoperative renal failure requiring dialysis in cardiac surgery patients☆

Renal failure requiring dialysis represents a serious complication following cardiac surgery. This study was designed to determine the incidence and predictors of renal failure requiring dialysis in a contemporary patient population. We also aimed to create a model based on these risk factors that could serve as a tool for the prediction of renal failure requiring dialysis. Between October 2007 and June 2009, 2511 consecutive patients (mean age 69 ± 12 years, 68% male) underwent on-pump cardiac surgery at our institution. The main outcome investigated was postoperative renal failure requiring temporary or permanent dialysis. Other postoperative parameters included in the analysis were hospital mortality, major morbidity, length of hospital stay, and discharge condition. Predictors of renal failure requiring dialysis were determined using multivariate regression models. The discriminatory power was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves (c-statistic). Renal failure requiring dialysis occurred in 3.9% (n = 98) of patients. Hospital mortality among patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure was 37.8% compared with a mortality rate of 1.3% in patients without this complication (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed pulmonary hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 8.1), preoperative renal dysfunction (creatinine >2.0 mg dl⁻¹) (OR=4.6), cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time >120 min (OR=3.9), peripheral vascular disease (OR = 3.1), previous myocardial infarction (OR=3.0), atrial fibrillation (OR = 2.8), age > 75 years (OR = 2.6), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV (OR = 2.5), and diabetes (OR = 2.0) as independent predictors for postoperative renal failure requiring dialysis. A logistic equation including the coefficients of the regression analysis accurately predicted individual patient's risk for the occurrence of renal failure requiring dialysis (area under the ROC curve: 0.829, 95% confidence interval 0.78-0.86). Renal failure requiring dialysis remains a serious complication, particularly in patients with pulmonary hypertension and previous renal dysfunction. Our logistic risk model allows the prediction of renal failure requiring dialysis, based on the individual presentation of risk factors and, therefore, helps to determine the perioperative risk in cardiac surgery patients.

Metformin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Lactic Acidosis

Objectives. Metformin is the preferred oral antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes. Lactic acidosis is described as a rare complication, usually during an acute kidney injury (AKI). Material and Methods. We conducted a prospective observational study of metformin-associated AKI cases during four years. 29 cases were identified. Previous renal function, clinical data, and outcomes were recorded. Results. An episode of acute gastroenteritis precipitated the event in 26 cases. Three developed a septic shock. Three patients died, the only related factor being liver dysfunction. More severe metabolic acidosis hyperkalemia and anemia were associated with higher probabilities of RRT requirement. We could not find any relationship between previous renal dysfunction and the outcome of the AKI. Conclusions. AKI associated to an episode of volume depletion due to gastrointestinal losses is a serious complication in type 2 diabetic patients on metformin. Previous renal dysfunction (mild-to-moderate CKD) has no influence on the severity or outcome.

Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with gentamicin (GENTA) nephrotoxicity and the renal function recovery after suspension of GENTA treatment in rats

GENTA nephrotoxicity is likely to be caused, among other factors, by an increase of vasoconstrictors or a decrease of vasodilators such as NO. Few days after discontinuing GENTA treatment, the renal function is recovered, but if risk factors like advanced age, previous renal dysfunction, simultaneous use of other nephrotoxic drugs or dehydration are present, severe and progressive renal disease occurs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the renal function in rats during GENTA treatment and after its suspension as well as its relationship with NO. Rats were treated with water (vehicle, CTL) or GENTA (100 mg/kg BW) intraperitonially during 10 days; both n = 24. Twelve animals of each group were sacrificed after blood and 24 h urine were collected, and their kidneys were removed for histology. In another rats this procedure underwent after 20 or 30 days of GENTA suspension. GENTA treated group developed a marked decrease in renal function, characterized by an increased serum urea and decreased creatinine clearance; NO was increased in the serum and decreased in the urine; all P < 0.01 vs CTL. Acute tubular necrosis was confirmed in GENTA treated group. After GENTA suspension we observed a normalization of urea, creatinine clearance and serum and urinary NO; the histological lesions were also attenuated. We suggest that NO could play a role in GENTA induced nephrotoxicity and recovery. The understanding of this physiopathology could be an useful tool to prevent or blunt the nephrotoxicity progression, mainly when risk factors are present.

Logistic risk model predicting postoperative renal failure requiring dialysis in cardiac surgery patients

Objective: Renal failure requiring dialysis represents a serious complication following cardiac surgery. This study was designed to determine the incidence and predictors of renal failure requiring dialysis in a contemporary patient population. We also aimed to create a model based on these risk factors that could serve as a tool for the prediction of renal failure requiring dialysis. Methods: Between October 2007 and June 2009, 2511 consecutive patients (mean age 69 12 years, 68% male) underwent on-pump cardiac surgery at our institution. The main outcome investigated was postoperative renal failure requiring temporary or permanent dialysis. Other postoperative parameters included in the analysis were hospital mortality, major morbidity, length of hospital stay, and discharge condition. Predictors of renal failure requiring dialysis were determined using multivariate regression models. The discriminatory power was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver-operating- characteristic (ROC) curves (c-statistic). Results: Renal failure requiring dialysis occurred in 3.9% (n = 98) of patients. Hospital mortality among patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure was 37.8% compared with a mortality rate of 1.3% in patients without this complication (p 2.0 mg dl 1 ) (OR = 4.6), cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time > 120 min (OR = 3.9), peripheral vascular disease (OR = 3.1), previous myocardial infarction (OR = 3.0), atrial fibrillation (OR = 2.8), age > 75 years (OR = 2.6), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV (OR = 2.5), and diabetes (OR = 2.0) as independent predictors for postoperative renal failure requiring dialysis. A logistic equation including the coefficients of the regression analysis accurately predicted individual patient's risk for the occurrence of renal failure requiring dialysis (area under the ROC curve: 0.829, 95% confidence interval 0.78—0.86). Conclusions: Renal failure requiring dialysis remains a serious complication, particularly in patients with pulmonary hypertension and previous renal dysfunction. Our logistic risk model allows the prediction of renal failure requiring dialysis, based on the individual presentation of risk factors and, therefore, helps to determine the perioperative risk in cardiac surgery patients. # 2011 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Modifications péri-opératoires de la fonction rénale

Impaired microcirculation and tubule injuries explain the changes in kidney function during and after surgery. Surgery is a risk factor for acute renal failure, the incidence of which ranges from 0.8% to 40%, depending on the kind of surgery. Mortality due to perioperative acute renal failure ranges from 17% to 60%, depending on the kind of surgery. For almost 10 to 20% of survivors, acute renal failure becomes chronic. Of the various definitions of acute renal failure, the RIFLE classification(risk of renal dysfunction, injury to the kidney, failure of kidney function, loss of kidney function, end-stage kidney disease)is a consensus definition for predicting hospital mortality. Preoperative renal function was based on serum creatinine and creatinine clearance, calculated with either the Cockcroft and Gault or modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula. Predictors of postoperative acute renal failure include: previous renal dysfunction (most predictive), age older than 56 years, peripheral vascular occlusive disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, body mass index over 32, use of a vasopressor infusion and diuretic administration, emergency or major surgery, and liver disease. Biomarkers for acute kidney injury are useful for diagnosis of early renal dysfunction. The most promising of these isneutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin(NGAL). Renal protection consists in maintaining an optimal blood volume and cardiac output. Nephrotoxic agents always must be removed.

Effect of Hypertension, Diabetes, and Smoking on Development of Renal Dysfunction After Heart Transplantation

Background Renal dysfunction is a serious problem after heart transplantation (HT). The objective of this study was to determine the cardiovascular risk factors associated with medium- to long-term dysfunction after HT. Materials and Methods We studied 247 consecutive patients who underwent HT between January 2000 and September 2006 who survived for at least 6 months. We excluded patients receiving combination transplants, those undergoing repeat HT, and pediatric patients undergoing HT. Mean (SD) follow-up was 72 (42) months. We defined renal dysfunction as serum creatinine concentration greater than 1.4 mg/dL during follow-up. Patients were considered to be smokers if they had smoked during the six months before HT, to have hypertension if they required drugs for blood pressure control, and to have diabetes if they required insulin therapy. Statistical tests included the t test and the χ 2 tests. We performed Cox regression analysis using significant or nearly significant values in the univariate analysis. Results Mean (SD) age of the patients who underwent HT was 52 (10) years, and 217 (87.9%) were men. Renal dysfunction was detected during follow-up in 135 (54.5%) patients. The significant variables at univariate analysis were smoking (61.4% vs. 43.2%; P = .01) and previous renal dysfunction (94.1% vs 52.7%; P = .001). Nearly significant variables were the presence of hypertension before HT (63.8% vs 51.1%; P = .09) and after HT (58.2% vs 44.8%; P = .082). At multivariate analysis, pre-HT smoking and previous renal dysfunction were significant correlates ( P = .04 and P = .01, respectively). Conclusions Renal dysfunction is common after HT. In our analysis, the best predictors were pre-HT dysfunction and smoking. Less important factors were advanced age and post-HT hypertension.

Postoperative Renal Function Evaluation, through RIFLE Criteria, of Elderly Patients Who Underwent Femur Fracture Surgery under Spinal Anesthesia

Introduction. The postoperative acute renal failure (ARF) incidence in different kinds of surgery has rarely been studied. Age, cardiac dysfunction, previous renal dysfunction, intraoperative hypoperfusion, and use of nephrotoxic medications are mentioned as risk factors for ARF at the postoperative period. The postoperative ARF definition was based on the creatinine increase by the RIFLE classification (R = risk, I = injury, F = failure, L = loss, E = end stage), which corresponds to a 1.5 creatinine increase, two to three times, respectively, above the basal value. This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative ARF incidence in elderly patients who underwent femur fracture surgery under subarachnoid anesthesia and stratify it by the RIFLE criteria. Methods. Ninety patients older than 65 years under spinal anesthesia with fixed dosage of 15 mg of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine associated with morphine 50 μg were studied. Immediate postoperative creatinine was considered basal and compared with maximal creatinine evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 postoperative hours. Results. The mean age of the patients was 80.27 years. ARF incidence was 24.44% and stratified this way: R = 21.11% and I = 3.33%. Conclusions. In conclusion, the postoperative ARF incidence after femur fracture surgery in patients over 65 years was 24.44%. By analyzing the stratification based on the RIFLE classification, the incidence was categorized as Risk (R) = 21.11% and Injury (I) = 3.33%.

Acute renal failure after open heart surgery: newer concepts and current therapy.

It is frequently stated that the best cure is prevention. Nowhere is this more appropriate than with the function of nine increases (Fig 1). This risk may be reduced with the addition of appropriate volume. the kidney in response to an insult like open heart surgery. It has Another area of patient preparation may lie in the use of been estimated that the frequency of renal failure in the setting calcium blockade,’ free oxygen radical scavengers,3 osmotic of open heart surgery ranges from 5% to 40%.’ The patients are diuretics such as mannitol,* diuretics with the site of action at frequently elderly, may have significant comorbid disease such the loop of Henle,5 and so-called “renal dose” dopamine infuas diabetes or peripheral vascular disease, may already show sions6 This combination tends to block the entry of calcium into signs of previous renal dysfunction, and are not infrequently the cell, thought to be one of the primary reasons for initial subject to long pump times because of intraoperative complica- cellular dysfunction, as well as promote a forced diuresis, tions, or extensive surgical requirements. It would seem, there- maintained renal plasma flow, and reduced metabolic demand fore, that appropriate patient preparation might be the first of the tubular cells. Thus, if the kidney is subjected to periods of step in their treatment. hypoxia, the cells might be more tolerant. The patient with postoperative failing renal function would obviously need the usual evaluation of causes for this dysfunction. This would necessitate a review of the pre-renal, postrenal, and intrinsic renal conditions that might give rise to the specific dysfunction. It is here where the stage is set for the subsequent therapeutic approach, given the diagnosis of the existing condition thought to be active. Therefore, a knowledge of the patterns of renal failure, and the interventions that would be appropriate, might salvage some function and facilitate later