Previous Note Research Articles

Turismo on-line: oportunidades e desafios em um novo cenário profissional

The new digital technologies nowadays represent one of the multiple expressions in relation to the access for the information and communication. The tourism on-line is presented as a contemporary reality marked by a change of paradigms in the most classic models of activate the tourism activity. The present article has for purpose to discuss this new professional scenery, full of opportunities and challenges. In this new panel, it is relevant to interpret and to analyze the presentation of the tourism specialist. The work was carried through bibliographical review, with consultations in books and electronic references. As academic orientation, it is searched for an interdisciplinary vision, linking concepts of tourism, computer science and marketing to base the theory implication. A previous note of the results indicates the requirement of continuous readjustment of the tourism professional in the market-place.

'Go to Jericho' Revisited: Privacy or Perdition?

LETTERS by Hebert Clayton, J. Holden Michael, and W. I. R. V. in a Notes and Queries of 19 January 1901 (9th S. vii. 55) explain that prior definitions of the phrase ‘go to Jericho’, including the one offered in a note by F. Marcham in the previous Notes and Queries (405), fail to include its use as a mild expletive: the wish for a disliked person to dwell in an unusually warm location a little south of the Earth's core. When referring not to spiritual cosmography but the town located in Palestine, the phrase still wishes someone off to an unappealing, because dangerous, place. This sense may be attributed to the tale of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:30), who helps a man just robbed of his belongings, including the clothes on his person, on the road from Jerusalem to Jericho. These entries notwithstanding, the OED defines the slang use of ‘Jericho’ as ‘a place of retirement or concealment, or a place far distant and out of the way’, and traces the etymology of this usage to 2 Samuel 10:5, where David instructs his ambassadors, just humiliated by King Hamun of Ammon, to wait until their beards have grown (it does not cite 1 Chronicles 19:5). As the earlier Notes and Queries referred to above and an entry in the Advertiser Notes and Queries of 1 September 1883 (by ‘the Wizard’; 87–8) show, the attribution of Jericho as a private place also derives from stories of Henry VIII's liaisons with women at Jericho Priory, a country retreat at Blackmore in Essex.

A note on a three-point partial difference equation with variable coefficients

The explicit solution of four-point linear partial difference equations, provided with variable coefficients and with boundary conditions including the independent variables, was found in a previous note. In addition, the note explained the procedure to be used in case of boundary conditions also including the dependent variables. The aim of this note is to determine the explicit solution of a three-point equation of the above-mentioned second type, encountered in the study of differential difference equations with the method of the steps.

Tecnological organization of team's health-related work in an emergency room - previous note

The following paper aims at analyzing the technological organization of team’s health-related work in an emergency room of a public hospital in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, describing the context of the work in the emergency room, as well as the conceptions of the professionals who perform such work. It is a qualitative research performed as a case study. The research constituted a Master’s Degree Project of the Nursing Graduation Program of the Nursing School of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

The Cycle of Fifths

To a student of music, the cycle of fifths refers to a concept in music theory in which every subsequent musical note in a scale moving clockwise is a fifth away from the previous note. To a gastroenterologist, it may confer another more ominous concept that is a fundamental reason why wait times for colonoscopy will continue to grow. There are few examples in contemporary medicine in which healthy people have been recommended to undergo surveillance procedures at intervals for the rest of their lives. Examples could include mammography and pap smears. Guidelines for screening colonoscopy are evolving, but a large percentage of the adult population could potentially be eligible on the basis of age, previous history of polyps, occult blood in stool or family history of colon cancer. In the case of a positive family history of colon cancer or in a patient in which polyps have been discovered, a cycle of colonoscopy may be initiated every five years on a lifelong basis. Thus, a new referral to remove a polyp in a 50-year-old woman may actually be a referral for eight colonoscopies until her death from other causes at 85 years of age. As these patients enter the waiting game for colonoscopy appointments, a clogging problem develops that is progressive and seemingly unending. A new gastroenterologist begins a busy practice and, in the background, their colonoscopy practice is already building five years from their starting day (Figure 1). The wait times build depending on the number of available slots and the number of referrals. This is modelled for several scenarios (Table 1). The number of second colonoscopies after five years is reduced in the model because of noncompliance, death and relocation. However, as the new initial colonoscopies overlap with repeat colonoscopies, the number of slots available is greatly reduced. As a result, the wait times increase significantly after year 5 (Figure 2). This problem compounds for a second time at year 10, when the number of available slots decreases again. Figure 1) The effects on wait times as initial colonoscopy referrals (•) overlap repeat surveillance colonoscopy (○) Figure 2) Effect of referral rate on waiting times. As initial colonoscopy bookings overlap repeat colonoscopy bookings, there is a marked increase in waiting times because there are fewer slots available for new bookings. This problem compounds at years 10, 15 ... TABLE 1 Modelling scenarios to estimate wait times for a gastroenterologist with 10 colonoscopy slots per week This problem becomes like a snowball rolling down a hill. The wait times continue to increase as long as the number of slots available is less than the number of referrals. There are no easy solutions to this problem. Hospital budgets are seemingly unable to expand existing endoscopy facilities to accommodate the increased demand for these services. Ambulatory endoscopy centres are developing, but gastroenterologists resent the lack of overhead fees that are enjoyed by other specialists (radiology, cardiology). There are many variables in the future that may affect this issue. These may include endoscopy by non-physicians, technical fees to encourage ambulatory endoscopy, or replacement of surveillance by imaging techniques. Scheduling software could be used more effectively to allow physicians to titrate input to capacity. The real losers in this cascade are the symptomatic patients who face significant wait times, because apparently normal cases have beaten them into the queue. The gastroenterologist risks becoming a ‘normoscopist’ because all of their slots have been filled by repeat colonoscopy. Another approach may be to dedicate hospital endoscopy slots to symptomatic patients, and follow-up cases to ambulatory endoscopy centres. As the ambulatory centre begins to clog, new centres need to be constructed. While this may be music to the ears of many gastroenterologists, there are significant financial hurdles before this could become a reality.

Charles Elton's 'A Garden Song'; or, 'Luriana, Lurilee': Another Inscription by Leonard Woolf: The Original Version of the Poem?

THE quotations from Charles Isaac Elton's poem ‘Luriana, Lurilee’, in Virginia Woolf's novel To the Lighthouse, are well known. The poem was originally titled ‘A Garden Song’; its history, and Leonard Woolf's manuscript copy of it in his personal notebook of quotations and lists of books, are discussed in two previous Notes.1,2 This manuscript copy is hereinafter referred to as the notebook version.3 Further research shows that Leonard Woolf also inscribed the poem in his copy of Aristotelis Ethica Nicomachea.4 This inscription is hereinafter referred to as the Aristotelis copy: A Garden Song Come out & climb the garden-path, Luriana Lurilee,The China rose is all abloom & buzzing w. the yellow bee We’ll swing you on the cedar-bough, Lur. Lur. I wonder if it seems to you Luriana Lurillee That all the lives we ever lived and all the lives to be Are full of trees & waving leaves, Lur. Lur. How long it seems since you & I, Lur. Lur. Roamed in the forest where our kind had just begun to be, And laughed & chattered in the flowers, Lur. Lur. How long since you & I went out, Lur. Lur To see the kings go riding by over lawn & daisylea With their palm-sheaves & cedar-leaves Lur. Lur Swing, swing on the cedar bough! Lur. Lur. Till you sleep in a bramble-heap or under thegloomy churchyard-tree, And then fly back to swing on a bough, Lur. Lur. Whitsuntide 1899 Charles Isac [sic] Elton5

Foreign Exchange Derivatives

We establish general theory of foreign exchange derivatives (FXD), for multidimensional, possibly incomplete, Ito SDE market/econometric models. The established theory is consistent with the one of foreign exchange rates (FXR) introduced by the author in a previous note. A very simple example is presented as well.

What Is Social Informatics and Why Does It Matter?

Originally published in D-Lib Magazine, January, 1999. Available at http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january99/kling/01kling.html Reprinted with permission. A serviceable working conception of “social info...

Dégénérescence des classes d'Eisenstein des familles modulaires de Hilbert–Blumenthal

We prove, using the main result of a previous Note by the author, that the Eisenstein classes (defined there in Section 4) of Hilbert–Blumenthal families degenerate, at the ∞ cusp of the Baily–Borel compactification of the base, to a special value of an L-function of the underlying totally real number field. As a corollary we get both an alternative proof of the Klingen–Siegel theorem and a non-vanishing result for some of these classes. To cite this article: D. Blottière, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 345 (2007).

Liénard systems and potential-Hamiltonian decomposition III – applications

In the two previous Notes, we described the mathematical aspects of the potential-Hamiltonian (PH) decomposition, in particular for n-switches and Liénard systems. In the present Note, we give some examples of biological regulatory systems susceptible to be decomposed. We show that they can be modeled in terms of 2D-ODE belonging to n-switches and Liénard systems families. Although simplified, these models can be decomposed in a set of equations combining a potential and a Hamiltonian part. We discuss about the advantage of such a PH-decomposition for understanding the mechanisms involved in their regulatory abilities. We suggest a generalized algorithm to deal with differential systems having a second part of rational fraction type (frequently used in metabolic systems). Finally, we comment what can be interpreted as a precise signification in biological systems from the dynamical behaviors of both the potential and Hamiltonian parts. To cite this article: N. Glade et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 344 (2007).

Assessment of proteolysis and lipolysis in cheeses made using artisanal lamb rennet paste

Rennet paste contains chymosin and pepsin as major enzymatic coagulant, and lipolytic enzymes such as pre-gastric lipase (PGL) and gastric lipase (GL), able to release free fatty acids during cheese ripening. Main factors influencing rennet paste features are diet (milk feeding, weaning) and slaughter age. Little is known about the effects of probiotic addition to milk substitute on the microbial and enzyme feature of rennet, and thus on the characteristics of cheese. In the present study the effects of different rennet pastes on the Pecorino foggiano cheese in terms of proteolytic and lipolytic characteristics were investigated. Twenty-four lambs were divided into six groups of four according to a 3x2 factorial design with lambs being subjected to three different feeding systems: mother suckling (MS), artificial rearing (AR), and artificial rearing with Lactobacillus acidophilus (Strain DSM 20079; DSMZ, Braunshweig-Germany; cells were suspended in milk replacer at the concentration of 7log 10 cfu ml-1) supplementation (ARLb) and slaughtered at 20d and 40d for each feeding treatment. Lambs’ abomasa were processed according to a traditional protocol to obtain rennet paste used for ovine cheese production. The extent of proteolysis and lipolysis in the cheese was monitored by determining the levels of free amino acids (FAAs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) in cheeses at 60 days of ripening. Total FAAs detected in MS cheeses was higher (P<0.05) than in other experimental cheeses, at both age of slaughtering of lambs. FAAs can be substrate for successive flavor forming reactions which convert FAA to various alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters. Lowest levels of total FAA in ARLb cheeses could be related to the highest lactic microflora loads in rennet paste. In fact, in a previous note the supplementation of milk replacer with Lb. acidophilus was found to influence the growth dynamics of lactic acid bacteria in the rennet paste, with greater lactobacilli cell loads in cheese in the first stages of ripening. A reduction of individual FFA in cheese was observed in all treatments passing from 20 to 40 days of slaughtering of lambs. The most abundant free fatty acid were: butyric acid (C4:0), caproic acid (C6:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) according to milk fatty acid content and other work on ovine cheese. ARLb cheeses displayed higher levels of short chain FFA (C4:0-C10:0) and medium chain FFA (C12:0-C16:0) than MS cheeses, at 20 and 40 days, probably due to the impact of the diet on lipolytic enzymes in the rennet paste. When lambs are feed milk supplemented with Lb. acidophilus rennet paste is enriched in pregastric lipases able to release preferentially short-chain FFA. In conclusion, diet and age of slaughtering of lambs were found to influence the enzyme profile in rennet paste and thus the proteolytic and lipolytic patterns of cheese at 60 days of ripening.

Jeux à champ moyen. II – Horizon fini et contrôle optimal

We continue in this Note our study of the notion of mean field games that we introduced in a previous Note. We consider here the case of Nash equilibria for stochastic control type problems in finite horizon. We present general existence and uniqueness results for the partial differential equations systems that we introduce. We also give a possible interpretation of these systems in term of optimal control. To cite this article: J.-M. Lasry, P.-L. Lions, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 343 (2006).

Twisted Jacobi manifolds, twisted Dirac–Jacobi structures and quasi-Jacobi bialgebroids

We study twisted Jacobi manifolds, a concept that we had introduced in a previous Note. Twisted Jacobi manifolds can be characterized using twisted Dirac-Jacobi, which are sub-bundles of Courant-Jacobi algebroids. We show that each twisted Jacobi manifold has an associated Lie algebroid with a 1-cocycle. We introduce the notion of quasi-Jacobi bialgebroid and we prove that each twisted Jacobi manifold has a quasi-Jacobi bialgebroid canonically associated. Moreover, the double of a quasi-Jacobi bialgebroid is a Courant-Jacobi algebroid. Several examples of twisted Jacobi manifolds and twisted Dirac-Jacobi structures are presented.

Further comments on the paper by Zinoviev and Bies, “On acoustic radiation by a rigid object in a fluid flow”

In this note, in response to the previous note by Zinoviev and Bies [Author's Reply to: F. Farassat, Comments on the paper by Zinoviev and Bies “On acoustic radiation by a rigid object in a fluid flow”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 281 (2005) 1224–1237], the present authors briefly discuss the assumptions used in the acoustic analogy and its intended applications. It is pointed out that the scattering problems discussed by Zinoviev and Bies do not fall within the intended applications of the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) equation. However, the FW–H equation can be used to derive an integral equation for finding scattered pressure fields. We derive this integral equation and show the validity of the equation for some of the examples of Zinoviev and Bies. We respond to the other issues brought up by these authors in their notes. We believe that Zinoviev and Bies have misinterpreted the acoustic analogy and have not applied the Curle formula and the FW–H equation correctly.

Aux origines de la Spiritualité : la notion de transcendance au Paléolithique

In a previous note we presented the expression of the late paleolithic spirituality (Welté and Lambert, 2004). A special analytic grid was used as a possible tool for a demonstration. We separeted rationality from metaphysic; notions which are linked with dialectic relations between necessity (daily constraints), thought, action and evolution in the paleolithic period. Starting from the no direct material activities like burials, funeral materials and art, we purpose now that such notions existed before the upper Paleolithic. We infer that a privilegious set of interactions between the animal and the human appeared early in the thought of the people, before the upper Paleolithic. A metaphysic univers forced itself upon them as an evident “anti-world” which is the symmetric shape of the real and tangible world. In such a context, the social system(s) could not discard these duality.

Champs aléatoires intermittents. Partie II : champs à accroissements dissymétriques

In a previous Note (part I) we presented a family of multifractal random fields, the increments of which have a symmetrical distribution. In this second part we construct another family of intermittent fields, with asymmetric increments. To cite this article: J. Duchon, R. Robert, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 341 (2005).

Ottoman Symbolism in British-Occupied Egypt, 1882–1909

The so-called ‘Edict of Inheritance’ of 1841 formalized the autonomous status of Egypt as a privileged province within the Ottoman Empire and secured hereditary succession to its government for the...

Author's reply

In this note, in response to the previous note by Zinoviev and Bies [Author's Reply to: F. Farassat, Comments on the paper by Zinoviev and Bies On acoustic radiation by a rigid object in a fluid flow, Journal of Sound and Vibration 281 (2005) 1224-1237], the present authors briefly discuss the assumptions used in the acoustic analogy and its intended applications. It is pointed out that the scattering problems discussed by Zinoviev and Bies do not fall within the intended applications of the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation. However, the FW-H equation can be used to derive an integral equation for finding scattered pressure fields. We derive this integral equation and show the validity of the equation for some of the examples of Zinoviev and Bies. We respond to the other issues brought up by these authors in their notes. We believe that Zinoviev and Bies have misinterpreted the acoustic analogy and have not applied the Curle formula and the FW-H equation correctly.

Numerical solution of the two-dimensional elliptic Monge–Ampère equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions: a least-squares approach

We addressed, in a previous note [C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 336 (2003) 779–784], the numerical solution of the Dirichlet problem for the two-dimensional elliptic Monge–Ampère equation, namely: det D 2 ψ = f in Ω, ψ = g on ∂ Ω ( Ω ⊂ R 2 and f > 0 , here). The method discussed previously relies on an augmented Lagrangian algorithm operating in the space H 2 ( Ω ) and related functional spaces of symmetric tensor-valued functions. In the particular case where the above problem has no solution in H 2 ( Ω ) , while the data f and g verify { f , g } ∈ L 1 ( Ω ) × H 3 / 2 ( ∂ Ω ) , there is strong evidence that the augmented Lagrangian algorithm discussed in previously converges-in some sense-to a least squares solution belonging to V g = { φ | φ ∈ H 2 ( Ω ) , φ = g on ∂ Ω } . Our goal in this note is to discuss a least-squares based alternative solution method for the Monge–Ampère Dirichlet problem. This method relies on the minimization on the set V g × Q f (with Q f = { q | q = ( q i j ) 1 ⩽ i , j ⩽ 2 , q i j ∈ L 2 ( Ω ) , ∀ i , j , 1 ⩽ i , j ⩽ 2 , q = q t , det q = f } ) of a well-chosen least-squares functional. From a practical point of view we solve the above minimization problem via a relaxation type algorithm, operating alternatively in V g and Q f and very easy to combine to the mixed finite element approximations employed in the earlier work. Numerical experiments show that the above method has good convergence properties when the Monge–Ampère Dirichlet problem has solutions in V g ; they show also that, for cases where the above problem has no solution in V g , while neither V g nor Q f are empty, the new method reproduces the solutions obtained via the augmented Lagrangian approach, but faster. To cite this article: E.J. Dean, R. Glowinski, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 339 (2004).

Sur un théorème de Cauchy–Kowalewski–Nagumo global dans des espaces de Gevrey projectifs

We propose a new approach, based on a combination of the contraction principle and Picard successive approximations, for the study of a global Cauchy problem associated to partial differential operator D t m − ∑ ( j , α ) ∈ B a j α D t j D x α with coefficients a j α continuous or holomorphic with respect to t in projective Gevrey spaces. We extend the result of a previous Note to the case of non Kowalewskian operators. To cite this article: D. Gourdin, T. Gramchev, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 339 (2004).