Previous Government Research Articles

Fiscal Reaction Functions Across the World: In Quest of Statistical (In)significance

We estimate fiscal reaction functions for a panel of 173 countries using data between 1970-2014. Most notably, we assess the existence of non-Ricardian regimes, as postulated in the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level (FTPL), or, contrarily, the possibility of Ricardian regimes. By means of several, well established and state-of-the-art, panel data techniques, we find that: governments have on average increased the primary balance as a response to higher previous government indebtedness, implying a Ricardian fiscal regime, contradicting the FTPL. In addition, the Ricardian results are confirmed for the advanced countries and for the euro area group, but are less clear for the other country groups, lacking statistical significance. A more Ricardian fiscal regime emerged essentially after 1995 and notably in the sub-period 2008-2014, after the Global Financial Crisis (before that statistical insignificance is the norm) From a P-VAR analysis, we find that increases in government indebtedness increase primary balances, supporting overall the existence of an average Ricardian fiscal regime.

신북방시대 한국의 대러 외교전략과 과제

This article examines the new foreign policies of Korean government in order to search for ways to promote cooperation between Korea and Russia. The Korea-Russian relations are laden with the least conflicts compared to other countries in Northeast Asia, and for this reason, they have good conditions to establish cooperative relations. However, their bilateral partnership remains at a lower level than its potential. In order to promote the cooperation between Korea and Russia, the Korean government has to review and strengthen the strategic partnership with Russia. Especially, by concluding an FTA with Russia, Korea will be able to upgrade the economic cooperation. For this purpose, the Korean government intends to launch its New Northern Policy. Compared to similar policies existed in the previous governments, the current government plans to expand the scope of its policy geographically by simultaneously pursuing the New Southern Policy so that the Korean peninsula becomes an economic hub of East Asia. In addition, the Northern Economic Cooperation Committee, which will promote the New Northern Policy, was established for inter-ministerial coordination.

Moon Care: strategies and challenges

Improving financial risk protection in National Health Insurance (NHI) is essential to ensure people's access to health care services and protect them from medical bankruptcy. The previous government 's initiatives to enhance the benefit coverage of the NHI and improve financial risk protection have not been successful due to the balloon effect of non-covered services. MoonCare’s two key strategies for preventing the balloon effect were to introduce the preliminary benefit scheme (PBS) which converts all the medically essential non-covered services to be covered in a short period of time and to raise the fee of covered services to compensate financial loss of hospitals and clinics resulting from the benefit expansion. In order for MoonCare to be successful, the PBS should be systematically designed and implemented considering that it has two components such as the coverage with evidence development (CED) and value-based insurance design (VBID). Also, the fee should be increased in a selective manner to reduce the reimbursement imbalance across clinical areas and to strengthen the delivery system. Furthermore, the health policies closely aligned with the implementation of MoonCare should be reformed simultaneously. The existing claims review system should be transformed to peer review system based on the medical record review. Also, the delivery system should be strengthened so as to prevent the large hospitals from seeing more non-serious patients. To prevent the balloon effect, the use of non-covered services should be monitored and controlled and also, the new medical technology appraisal system should be also improved to systematically manage the PBS scheme. Keywords: MoonCare, strategy, challenge

CТAН ТA ПEPCПEКТИВИ ДЕОКУПАЦІЇ ТА PEIНТEГPAЦIЇ КPИМУ В КOНТEКCТI ПOДOЛAННЯ CУЧACНИХ ВИКЛИКIВ

CТAН ТA ПEPCПEКТИВИ ДЕОКУПАЦІЇ ТА PEIНТEГPAЦIЇ КPИМУ В КOНТEКCТI ПOДOЛAННЯ CУЧACНИХ ВИКЛИКIВ

Differences Matter: The Effect of Coup Types on Physical Integrity Rights

What is the effect of coups d’etat on repression? Do democracy-inducing, ‘good’ coups increase respect for physical integrity rights? Does it make a difference whether a coup d’etat is staged by the military or a civilian leader? We argue that the impact of coups on repression varies with regime type as this determines the relative costs of repression and buying political support. Combining updated panel datasets on democracy and coups d’etat from 1960 to 2010, we provide an analysis of the effects of coups on physical integrity rights, differentiating post-coup regime type. We find that post-coup democratization increases respect for physical integrity rights, while it decreases when non-democratic regimes depose democratic regimes through a coup d’etat. Furthermore, civilian autocracies are more repressive than military ones after successfully ousting the previous government. These findings imply that differences in regime types do matter in research of coups d’etat.

Resolution on the Situation in Nicaragua (OAS)

On July 18, 2018, the Organization of American States (OAS) adopted a resolution on the crisis situation in Nicaragua, almost thirty-nine years after the date of the triumph of the Nicaraguan Revolution over the dictator Anastasio Somoza. The crisis started three months earlier, on April 18, 2018, unexpectedly, when pro-government groups violently crushed a protest demonstration against reforms to Nicaragua's social security system announced by President Daniel Ortega's wife, Rosario Murillo. The “reforms” increased the contributions to be paid by workers and pensioners and decreased their benefits, in order to shore up the failing social security system, widely seen as a source of discretionary funds abused by previous governments. Corruption was not unique with Ortega. Arnoldo Aleman, for example, a former president of Nicaragua (1997–2002), was convicted in 2003 of money laundering, fraud, embezzlement, and electoral crimes, and sentenced to twenty years in prison. The demonstrators against the social security reform resented paying for the state's mismanagement of the system. Subsequently, as the demonstrations increased, the protesters equated Ortega with Somoza and called for his departure as they had done for Somoza's. Since April 18, some 400 Nicaraguan demonstrators have been killed and over 2,000 have been injured.

An Analysis of Geriatric Medicine in Malaysia-Riding the Wave of Political Change.

Malaysia became the centre of international attention when it democratically removed a semi-authoritarian government of 62 years during its 14th general election this year. This electoral success has provided geriatric medicine in Malaysia with a high-impact ageing icon by installing the oldest prime minister in the world. A wave of optimism for the expansion of geriatric services in Malaysia, which met with numerous challenges in the last two decades, has emerged as a result of this political change. The number of geriatrics specialists and services had begun to see slow expansions under the previous government. However, existing geriatricians will need to reassess the landscape of delivery and access to care in our rapidly growing ageing population and develop new strategies to truly expand their services. In addition to unrelenting efforts in the recruitment and training of future geriatricians, the steady expansion of the geriatric workforce should take into account the inclusion of geriatric medicine in the undergraduate training curricula of all healthcare professionals. Expansion of geriatric services will also be a cost-effective strategy to reduce the growing national healthcare budget incurred by the growing needs of an ageing population.

Measuring the Openness of Land Investment Policy Related to Housing or Residential Ownership by Foreigners in Indonesia

The existence of Government Regulation No. 103 of 2015 concerning Housing or Residential Ownership by Foreigners Occupied in Indonesia which contains a climate of openness for foreigners raises the problem of government openness policy in the field of land investment.One of the problems contained in the Government Regulation No. 103 of 2015 as a breakdown of Law No. 5 of 1960 concerns the Basic Regulations of Agrarian Principles and Law No. 5 of 2011 concerning immigration is the duration of the right of use. This duration is 80 years containing a climate of openness to foreigners. This period is longer than the enactment in the Government Regulation No. 41 of 1996 which regulates the same matter.This research is a normative juridical research using statute approach, conceptual approach and comparative approach. Comparisons are made between the existing primary legal materials, mainly between Government Regulation No. 103 of 2015 and the previous Government Regulation concerning the same matter, that is Government Regulation No. 41 of 1996.

A Study on Government Trust and Policy Plan for Real Estate Policy Change

본 연구에서는 우리나라 부동산 정책의 유형 및 특징, 변천사 등을 살펴보고, 역대정부의 부동산 정책이 주는 시사점을 제시하는 것이 연구의 목적이다. 기존의 정부신뢰에 관한 경험적 연구들은 대부분은 정권별 대통령과 정부정책에 대한 시민들의 평가에 대한 정치경제적 요인들을 비교분석하는 연구는 드물었다. 또한 많은 연구들은 변수 간에 서로 상호영향을 받는 내생성의 문제에 한정되어 있다. 하지만 본 연구의 연구결과 부동산 정책이 서민주거 안정이라는 측면과 더불어 국토 개발이나 건설투자 경기 활성화 등의 측면에 서도 중요한 정책이기 때문에 정부는 이러한 부동산 정책을 국정철학에 입각하여 명확한 장기비전과 원칙 하에 일관되게 추진되어야 한다는 정책방향이 설립되었다. 이를 위해 정책적 측면에서는 노후주택 관리, 적절한 임대주택 공급 등으로 가격과 거래, 공급에 급격한 변화가 발생하지 않도록 유도 및 대응 필요하다.The purpose of this study is to examine the types and characteristics of real estate policies in Korea and to show the implications of the real estate policy of the previous government. Empirical studies on existing government trust have rarely conducted comparative analysis of the political and economic factors of citizen s evaluation of presidential and governmental policies by regime. In addition, many studies are limited to the problem of endogenous interactions that are mutually influenced by variables. However, as a result of this study, the real estate policy is important in the aspect of stability of ordinary people s residence as well as in terms of development of land and revitalization of construction investment economy. Therefore, based on the philosophy of government, Policy direction was set up. In order to do this, it is necessary to induce and cope with the sudden change in price, transaction, and supply due to aged housing management and proper rental housing supply.

Study on the Principal Invitation and Public Subscription System and the Direction of Policy Change

본 논문은 최근 이슈가 되고 있는 교장공모제를 중심으로 교장임용제도의 정책변동현황을 살펴보았다. Hogwood & Peters(1983)의 모델을 교육정책변동에 적용하여 기존승진제가 초빙형으로 보완되어 유지되는 경우는 정책유지, 내부형, 개방형 위주로 임용이 이루어질 경우 정책개선으로, 정책폐지 및 새로운 정책창출은 내부형, 개방형 전면도입으로 기존의 승진제와 승진제를 기본으로 하는 하고 있는 초빙형을 대체할 경우로 설정하였다. 이러한 정책변동 프레임에 근거하여 각 정부별로 교장공모제 관련 정책내용. 법령, 운영현황으로 구분하여 내용을 분석한 후 현재의 교장공모제도를 중심으로한 교장임용제도의 해당 정책변동유형을 살펴보았다. 분석결과 교장공모제는 기존의 자율학교의 법령에 근거하여 제한적으로 실시되고 있으며, 전체 교장임용제도에서 차지하는 비율도 내부형은 0.6%, 개방형은 0.1%로서 사실상 승진형 위주로, 그리고 승진제도에 기반하고 있는 초빙형 위주로 유지되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 현재의 교장공모제도 도입 단계는 정책유지 단계로서 볼 수 있으며 내부형과 개방형의 교장공모제의 실질적인 도입은 이루어지지 못한 것으로 분석된다. 향후 내부형 공모제를 더욱 확대하여 정책개선 단계로 진입하기 위한 방안으로 교장자격증을 수여할 교장양성과정에 대한 구체적인 방안에 대한 연구, 교장 승진(인사)규정과 관련 법률의 개정방안 마련, 기존의 승진제도에 내포된 기피학교 근무유도 등에 대한 대안 마련(특수지역근무여건 개선 등) 등 교장승진제도를 공모제도로 대체하기 위한 정책개선 방향을 제시하였다.This paper analyzes policy change of principal hiring system focusing on principal invitation and public subscription system(PIPSS). The model proposed by Hogwood & Peters(1983) was applied to the analytic model for the policy change. Simple principal invitation system based on previous principal promotion system is regarded as policy maintenance. Internal invitation system and open invitation system which required main change of current laws is regarded as policy renovation. When internal and open invitation system replace previous principal promotion system(and formal invitation system mainly dependent on promotion system), we regarded it as policy creation and policy termination. We reviews and analyzes policy contents, laws, and management of previous governments surrounding principal hiring system focusing on PIPSS. The result of analysis implies that current principal hiring system is composed of previous promotion system and invitation system which is deeply based on promotion system. So, policy change of PIPSS has not occurred yet and still in the process of policy maintenance. We propose a few future tasks for the policy change of PIPSS.

Valuable legacy? The effect of inherited fiscal rules

The working mechanism of national fiscal rules depends strongly on whether a government must comply with its own rules or inherited ones. In the former case, a government usually introduces fiscal rules to show its commitment to a disciplined fiscal policy (the signaling function). In the latter context, however, inherited rules constitute external obstacles to budgetary policymaking (the limiting function). This study mainly is concerned with the limiting function and therefore bases its empirical analysis on periods when the ruling government inherited fiscal rules introduced by a previous government. The results of a panel-data econometric study indicate that national fiscal rules do contribute to disciplined fiscal policy after a change in government in times of an economic upturn. That finding, however, does not mean that the signaling function is ineffective: quite the contrary. My results, in line with the literature, indicate that the double functions of rules may complement one another. A government that introduces such rules is often already committed to a disciplined policy and wishes to signal such commitment in the short term. With the appearance of new government, however, the function of rules changes, and they efficiently promote disciplined fiscal policy in the long term.

Black Money in India: Retrospect and Prospect

The paper makes a review of the attempts of the earlier governments to control black money through various measures vis-à-vis those taken by the present government. The paper finds some leniency in the recently declared Electoral Bond scheme otherwise such other measures of the present government appear to be more focused and reasonably effective. Demonetization was criticized due to the fall-out on the economy in general and its failure as an economic measure to curb black money in particular. The government remains successful in signing too the long awaited Tax Information Exchange Agreement with countries known as tax havens. It is implementing the new Black Money Act. Thus, not remaining exclusively dependent upon tax amnesty schemes like that of the previous governments; the present government has taken a few stern measures in pursuit of fulfilling the ruling political party's election promise to curb the black money menace. Appointment of anticorruption authority or ombudsman following the required legislation having passed under the pressure of an apolitical social movement is the need of the hour. The already existing Prevention of Corruption Act should be suitably amended as proposed, thus not to retain the same any more as a blunt legal weapon to restrain corruption engineered black money.

Austerity and the future of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS): health in perspective.

This article proposes an analysis of the fiscal austerity measures of the Brazilian government and its unfolding in the public health system. It has examined the post-impeachment period of the president of Brazil and the changes of the social policies conduct in opposition to the principle of equity and universality in health with impacts on Brazilian sovereignty. It was a scientific essay on the perspective of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the policy development based on fiscal austerity that is taking place in the Brazilian political scenario, seeking to articulate a diagnosis of the impact of these actions on the structure of the country and the health rights. In this way, we conclude that the SUS is in imminent danger and that austerity policies in Brazil have denied the social gains achieved from previous governments, contributing to the discussion on health systems in the context of the neoliberal economic pressure and its impacts on lifestyles and access to the health services of the Brazilian people.

Reactivación Económica Ecuatoriana: ¿impacta al sector productivo en el primer semestre del año 2018?

Esta contribución trata sobre el impacto que ha tenido la ley de reactivación económica propuesta por el gobierno de Lenin Moreno en las empresas ecuatorianas con corte al primer semestre del año 2018. Se inicia revisando bases teóricas sobre definición de tributos, consecuencias y comportamiento del déficit fiscal, análisis de los rubros del presupuesto general del Estado, incentivos, comportamiento de la inversión nacional – extranjera, dinero electrónico y las últimas reformas tributarias del gobierno anterior. En los aspectos metodológicos se aplica la técnica del panel de expertos para obtener sus criterios y experiencia profesional en la temática planteada, se escogió trabajar con el sector ganadero, bancario, seguros, productivo, transporte y hotelero, los temas a indagar fueron divididos en tres bloques tratando de exoneración del impuesto a la renta, manejo de plusvalía, dinero electrónico, deuda con el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social, refinanciación de deuda externa, tratados bilaterales, crecimiento de la economía, destino del petróleo y reactivación económica. Con las respuestas de los mismos se plantean reflexiones en la discusión y se determinan las conclusiones.
 Palabras Clave: Reactivación económica 2018, impacto, sector productivo ecuatoriano.

Poverty, Educational Achievement, and the Role of Courts

<p>In this paper, I intend to utilize the facts from a scholarly article, “Poverty, Educational Achievement, and the Role of Courts” by Michael A. Rebell, Teacher College, Columbia University, to broadly identify the differences between the educational system of the U.S.A and a much lower performing country in South East Asia, Myanmar. Myanmar has been left behind in many sectors, including education, due to the mismanagements of the previous governments. The low standard of education in the country is the legacy the current government has inherited from the former military government and whatever facts and situations referred to in this paper about Myanmar belong to the then military-ruled Myanmar.</p>

Could the Greek Taxation Policy Pull the Economy from the Recession to Development?

This paper examines the tax system of Greece from 2002 to 2016, the changes that have been made to it and the structure and evolution over time of taxes compared to GDP components and particularly to investments. Also, the impact of taxes on investments by category, is being studied. Examining the changes in taxes and investment in Greece for the 15year period, a negative relationship among them was found, as there was an increase in taxes and a reduction in investment. This is more profound in the period of the crisis 2010-2016, when taxation was increased (compared to pre-crisis years, 2002-2009) leading to an even greater reduction in investments in total economy. Considering the findings of our research, as well as those of previous studies, government and policy makers should realize that the reduction in the tax burden can bring an increase in investments by business and households, and that investments is the only route to drive the economy out of the recession.

O que será do Brasil e do SUS?

A nota apresenta efeitos do golpe jurídico-parlarmentar de 2016 e avalia seus reflexos na profunda crise política, econômica e social que assolam o Brasil. Assume a dificuldade de projetar o futuro do Sistema Único de Saúde, que completa 30 anos em outubro, nesse contexto.

Why can't we get what we want? Inequality and the early discursive practice of the sixth Labour government

ABSTRACTFocus groups convened in New Zealand in 2014 confirmed a major finding of previous research: that while most people are concerned about existing levels of economic inequality, there is considerable uncertainty over whether and how a more equal distribution might be achieved. In asking why participants acquiesced to views that they did not like, the article suggests that they lacked a language in which to imagine or articulate their preferred alternative, partly because structural critiques of the status quo have become increasingly marginal within the wider public sphere. This observation sets the scene for an analysis of the discursive practice of Jacinda Ardern and the Labour Party during the 2017 election campaign and in the November 2017 Speech from the Throne. The article asks whether this practice represents a departure from – and a challenge to – the discursive dominance of ‘capitalist realism’. It finds signs of significant change relative to previous governments, particularly in the explicit articulation of values. At the same time, significant moments of ambivalence remain, especially on the question of how the new Government’s social and environmental objectives might be achieved.

Towards ‘Global Britain’ ? Theresa May and the UK’s Role in the World after Brexit

This paper seeks to examine Theresa May’s government foreign and defence policy choices in the light of decisions made by previous governments, especially the Conservative-led coalition, and assesses the impact of the June 2016 Brexit referendum. By adopting a role theory perspective on these events, the paper identifies the various institutional actors and the constraints on their action. It shows that the ‘Global Britain’ narrative is meant to meet the British public’s great power expectations. However, this narrative is far from supported by evidence and post-Brexit foreign and defence policy confirms and intensifies Britain’s already-growing isolation on the international stage.

Mutilation of political power

This paper aims to highlight some strategy used during the Fascist regime in Italy to symbolically mutilate the Ethiopian’s crown power and it wants to show the exposition context key-role determining items’ cultural and symbolic meaning. Through the exposition of cultural goods stolen from Ethiopia such as Menelik’s Gala Hat and Hailé Selassié throne, the Fascist regime showed its military and politically superiority, proving to succeed where the previous democratic government failed. After the II World War, according to the Treaty of Paris (art. 37), Italy must give back several stolen cultural goods, including the hat and the throne. Following their movements in space and time, these two objects become an opportunity to develop some important reflections about the strategies used to propose a victorious image of the Fascist regime, according to propagandistic goals. The methodology used privileged an analytic and multidisciplinary approach, combining history, museum studies and cultural studies notions.