Previous Experience Research Articles

Evaluation of Dentist Perception of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) for Accelerated Tooth Movement - Cross Sectional Survey.

The current survey was conducted to assess the knowledge, awareness and perception of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on accelerated tooth movement among dentist present in the state of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu dentists were the subjects of the cross-sectional questionnaire survey. 500 participants completed self-administered questionnaires about their knowledge, awareness, and perception of PRP's effect on accelerated tooth movement. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (V 22.0) was used to do the statistical analysis. It computed the frequency distribution.The result showed that 466 (93.2%) had prior knowledge of PRP, whereas 34 (6.4%) had no previous experience with it. A total of 156 (31.2%) dentists were aware that PRP procedures are used for teeth rotation and canine retraction.15.2% of participants stated that PRP facilitates accelerated tooth movement.Therefore, results of the study show that the dentists were a little aware of PRP as an additional therapeutic strategy for accelerating tooth movement.More awareness required among the dentist regarding application and its benefits of PRP in accelerated tooth movement.

Using active learning strategies during a quality improvement collaborative: exploring educational games to enhance learning among healthcare professionals

BackgroundThe Breakthrough Series model uses learning sessions (LS) to promote education, professional development and quality improvement (QI) in healthcare. Staff divergences regarding prior knowledge, previous experience, preferences and motivations make...

Attitudes of high school students towards visualization of mathematical content

Teaching is a process for which its plan should contain reflection onto previous experience. With that in mind, teaching situations should be continuously researched and improved in accordance with the research results. Led by this thought and the fact that students are uncritically using visualization to solve mathematical problems, we defined the aim of this research–determine the attitude of students about the visualization of mathematical content (VMC). The subject of this research are the attitudes of students towards VMC. By analyzing our research subject, we have discovered the research problem–students use visual aid to solve problems uncritically. Based on this problem, we have set the aim of our research. Our aim was to determine the students’ attitudes (and their opinions) about VMC. Based on the aim of our research, we have set four research tasks. Based on these research tasks, we have established the main (leading) research question–What is the attitude of high school students towards the application of VMC? We divided the main research question into five questions: Do high school students consider that they understand the term ‘VMC’? Who considers they use more methods of solving mathematical problems using visual aid–high school male students or female students? Students of which grades consider that they use solving problems using visual aid more? What is the attitude of high school students about the relationship between the substantiality of the picture (the amount of data it encompasses) and the difficulty of solving the problem? What is the attitude of students about the use of software to solve mathematical problems? The research has been conducted with 1,240 high school students from Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina. For the purposes of this article, we employed a survey, questionnaire-based research. The research was created as part of a larger study conducted in the context of preparing a doctoral dissertation related to VMC. It is one fundamental research. An essential aspect of this research involves students’ attitudes toward VMC. After obtaining all necessary approvals from relevant institutions and parents, students proceeded to testing and surveying in their school classrooms, under the supervision of designated individuals who facilitated the conduct of the research. The distribution of the data was not normal, so we used the Pearson Chi-square, likelihood ratio Chi-square, and linear-by-linear association test to examine the association between student attitudes and categorical variables (gender and grade). In addition, we used frequencies and percentages. It has been concluded that the students are mostly positive towards applying visualization in their process of solving mathematical problems and these should be used in the direction of improving the students’ success, their confidence and their level of contentment in their mathematics class, as well as in other life situations that encompass mathematical content. In future research, it could be examined why students expressed such attitudes about the presented situations. Additionally, it would be significant to explore why students do not consider themselves successful in applying VMC, despite claiming to understand the term. The analysis could extend to the content presented in textbooks or instructional materials students use–how visualized the content is or whether students are required to visualize it themselves. It would also be worthwhile to investigate the extent to which teachers encourage students to visualize specific tasks or do so on their behalf. Given the fluctuation in results (we observe affirmative answers–partially or completely) observed across grades–initial decrease, subsequent increase, followed by another decrease–it might be explored whether this is related to the curriculum taught in each grade (such as content, volume, number of class hours, etc.). Regarding images leading to incorrect conclusions, it would be interesting to investigate the types of images students have in mind, how frequently they encounter such situations, where they use these images, who creates them, and similar aspects. These are just some questions for future research.

Fostering environmental and resources management in Sudan through geo-information systems: A prospective approach for sustainability

Environmental and land resource degradation is a serious problem that poses significant challenges in Sudan and worldwide generally. Despite the fact that the physical environment components are the underlying economic resources and production assets in developing countries like Sudan, and they directly affect the nation’s socioeconomic aspects of income, health, water availability, food security, and many others. The interventions and protective measures were insufficient to meet the magnitude and extent of the ongoing degradation and resource wastage. Based on the analysis of the indicators and trends of the environmental and natural resources management ‘status quo’, this paper is an attempt to overview and investigate the state of environmental and natural resources management and governance in Sudan. Further discussion delves into the utilization of geo-information systems in Sudan’s environmental and resource management by analyzing and reviewing “some previous case studies” where GIS approaches and techniques were deployed. The paper further strives to explore and highlight the opportunities and potential contributions of GIS in the context of Sudan’s environmental and resource management. Lessons learned from the previous experiences were considered, and the recommendations for the future use of a tailored geo-information system in Sudan context were highlighted and suggested to support better practices and sustainability insights for environmental governance and resources management.

Utilizing Artificial Intelligence Application for Diagnosis of Oral Lesions and Assisting Young Oral Histopathologist in Deriving Diagnosis from Provided Features - A Pilot study.

AI in healthcare services is advancing every day, with a focus on uprising cognitive capabilities. Higher cognitive functions in AI entail performing intricate processes like decision-making, problem-solving, perception, and reasoning. This advanced cognition surpasses basic data handling, encompassing skills to grasp ideas, understand and apply information contextually, and derive novel insights from previous experiences and acquired knowledge. ChatGPT, a natural language processing model, exemplifies this evolution by engaging in conversations with humans, furnishing responses to inquiries. We aimed to understand the capability of ChatGPT in solving doubts pertaining to symptoms and histological features related to subject of oral pathology. The study's objective is to evaluate ChatGPT's effectiveness in answering questions pertaining to diagnoses. This cross-sectional study was done using an AI-based ChatGPT application that provides free service for research and learning purposes. The current version of ChatGPT3.5 was used to obtain responses for a total of 25 queries. These randomly asked questions were based on basic queries from patient aspect and early oral histopathologists. These responses were obtained and stored for further processing. The responses were evaluated by five experienced pathologists on a four point liekart scale. The score were further subjected for deducing kappa values for reliability. A total of 25 queries were solved by the program in the shortest possible time for an answer. The sensitivity and specificity of the methods and the responses were represented using frequency and percentages. Both the responses were analysed and were statistically significant based on the measurement of kappa values. The proficiency of ChatGPT in handling intricate reasoning queries within pathology demonstrated a noteworthy level of relational accuracy. Consequently, its text output created coherent links between elements, producing meaningful responses. This suggests that scholars or students can rely on this program to address reasoning-based inquiries. Nevertheless, considering the continual advancements in the program's development, further research is essential to determine its accuracy levels in future versions.

Translating knowledge on placebo and nocebo effects into clinical practice.

Positive and negative treatment expectations are powerful modulators of health and treatment outcomes. A substantial part of treatment success is due to contextual factors modulating patient's expectations towards a treatment. Consequently, treatment expectations should be a target of therapeutic interventions themselves. This article highlights the neurobiological underpinnings of treatment expectations as well as strategies to modulate contextual factors to optimize treatment outcomes in daily clinical settings. This clinical update aligns with the 2022 IASP Global Year Translating Pain Knowledge into Practice and selectively reviews the best available evidence and practice. The effects of treatment expectations, also known as placebo and nocebo effects, are observed in various clinical conditions and physiological systems. However, most of our knowledge comes from the field of pain, where expectation effects substantially contribute to overall analgesic treatment outcomes. Experimental placebo analgesia paradigms provide the best illustration of how analgesic effects can be attributed not only to a pharmacological or specific treatment, but instead are the result of the expectation towards the treatment. The impact of expectations on treatment outcome is highly variable between individuals, and the identification of factors predicting an individual's response has proven to be challenging. Further research is required to provide personalized treatment strategies for the daily clinical practice. Patient's previous experiences and expectations are powerful modulators of treatment efficacy, tolerability, and adherence. By providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances in this field, this review offers valuable insights for clinicians and researchers seeking to improve patient-clinician interaction.

Separating the Accountability and Competence Effects of Mayors on Municipal Spending

Abstract The Italian legislation provides a two-term limits for mayors, but it allows term-limited mayors to pass on the torch to one of their deputies as candidates for mayorship. We exploit this feature of the electoral system to design a novel identification strategy for separating the effects of ‘accountability’ (the difference in performance between two politicians facing different incentives in terms of re-elections) and ‘competence’ (the difference in performance between two politicians with different experience in policy making). Using a panel of 1203 Italian municipalities, from 1998 to 2015, we find a significant role for competence but not for accountability in affecting municipal spending. Specifically, second-and-last-term mayors, and first-term mayors with previous experience as executive officers, spend less, on average, than inexperienced first-term mayors. We also discuss the policy implications of this finding.

First-sight recognition of touched objects shows that chicks can solve Molyneux's problem.

If a congenitally blind person learns to distinguish between a cube and a sphere by touch, would they immediately recognize these objects by sight once their vision is restored? This question, posed by Molyneux in 1688, has puzzled philosophers and scientists since then. To overcome ethical and practical difficulties in the investigation of cross-modal recognition, we studied inexperienced poultry chicks, which can be reared in darkness until the moment of a visual test with no detrimental consequences. After hatching chicks in darkness, we exposed them to either tactile smooth or tactile bumpy stimuli for 24 h. Immediately after the tactile exposure, chicks were tested in a visual recognition task, during their first experience with light. At first sight, chicks that had been exposed in the tactile modality to smooth stimuli approached the visual smooth stimulus significantly more than those exposed to the tactile bumpy stimuli. These results show that visually inexperienced chicks can solve Molyneux's problem, indicating cross-modal recognition does not require previous multimodal experience. At least in this precocial species, supra-modal brain areas appear functional already at birth. This discovery paves the way for the investigation of predisposed cross-modal cognition that does not depend on visual experience.

Factors promoting and hindering resilience in youth with inflammatory bowel disease: A descriptive qualitative study.

To explore factors promoting and hindering resilience in youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) based on Kumpfer's resilience framework. A descriptive qualitative study design with an interpretative approach was used. Participants consisted of 10 youths with IBD from a tertiary hospital in Beijing (China) recruited using the purposive sampling method. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews from December 2020 to March 2021. The directed content analysis was performed for data analysis. Both promoting factors and hindering factors could be divided into personal factors and environmental factors. Thirteen themes were identified. The promoting factors included acceptance of illness, strict self-management, previous treatment experience, life goals, family support, medical support and peer encouragement. Stigma, lack of communication, negative cognition, societal incomprehension, economic pressure and academic and employment pressure were hindering factors. Health care professionals need to develop greater awareness of factors, stemming from both the individual and the outside world, that hinder or promote resilience in order to aid young patients with IBD. Building targeted nursing measures to excavate the internal positive quality of patients, provide external support and promote the development of resilience.

Assessing Preferences for Long-Acting Injectable Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Young Adult Sexual Minority Men and Transgender Women

ObjectiveOral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV transmission. However, oral PrEP uptake is low, particularly among sexual and gender minority youth who are vulnerable to HIV infection. Alternative methods of PrEP delivery, such as long-acting injectable (LAI) PrEP may overcome barriers and be preferred. However, attitudes and preferences of younger sexual and gender minorities towards LAI PrEP have not been well studied. The purpose of this study is to describe preferences for initiating LAI PrEP among sexual and gender minority youth. MethodsWe analyzed data collected as part of an HIV prevention randomized trial from January 2022 to February 2023, using multiple regression to identify factors associated with a preference for LAI PrEP. ResultsThe study sample (N = 265) was 50% youth of color, mean age 25 years (SD=3.4, range=18–31), and primarily identified as gay (71%) and male (91%). Forty two percent had heard of LAI PrEP and 31% preferred LAI PrEP over other prevention methods. In multiple regression analysis, LAI PrEP preference was associated with identifying as White, previous PrEP experience, and perceived LAI PrEP efficacy. ConclusionsWe conclude that gaps in awareness exist for LAI PrEP, however it may be preferred over other prevention methods especially in White youth, those with PrEP experience and higher perceptions of its efficacy. More education and outreach are needed to prevent extension of existing race/ethnicity disparities in use of oral daily PrEP to LAI PrEP.

Nurse and Physician Perceptions and Decision Making During Interdisciplinary Communication

Errors in decision making and communication play a key role in poor patient outcomes. Safe patient care requires effective decision making during interdisciplinary communication through communication channels. Research on factors that influence nurse and physician decision making during interdisciplinary communication is limited. Understanding influences on nurse and physician decision making during communication channel selection is needed to support effective communication and improved patient outcomes. The purpose of the study was to explore nurse and physician perceptions of and decision-making processes for selecting interruptive or noninterruptive interdisciplinary communication channels in medical-surgical and intermediate acute care settings. Twenty-six participants (10 RNs, 10 resident physicians, and six attending physicians) participated in semistructured interviews in two acute care metropolitan hospitals for this qualitative descriptive study. The Practice Primed Decision Model guided interview question development and early data analysis. Findings include a core category, Development of Trust in the Communication Process, supported by three main themes: (1) Understanding of Patient Status Drives Communication Decision Making; (2) Previous Interdisciplinary Communication Experience Guides Channel Selection; and (3) Perceived Usefulness Influences Communication Channel Selection. Findings from this study provide support for future design and research of communication channels within the EHR and clinical decision support systems.

Investigation of outbreaks and risk factors for brucellosis in goat and sheep farms in central Thailand

Background and Aim: Brucellosis is a harmful disease that affects a wide range of animals and adversely affects both animal and human health. Brucella melitensis is a zoonotic disease that causes brucellosis in sheep and goats. This study aimed to identify human index cases, identify risk factors for brucellosis in goat and sheep farms, and establish recommendations for farmers. Materials and Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted on goat or sheep farms in central Thailand. We utilized animal disease reports and outbreak investigation data extracted from the Department of Livestock Development, Thailand, and assessed these secondary data. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Serum samples were parallel tested for brucellosis using the modified Rose Bengal test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: An index case of human brucellosis was reported in the province of Chai Nat. Patients who were goat farmers or had previous experience of goat farming were included. Bacteria were introduced into the patient's farms by purchasing goats, grazing in public grassland, and insufficient biosecurity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified a higher risk of brucellosis positivity in the large herd than in the small herd (adjusted odds ratio = 8.61; 95% confidence interval = 1.62-45.71). Conclusion: These results suggest that goat or sheep farms with 50 heads should take further measures to prevent disease transmission, such as increasing the frequency of disease testing within the herd and strengthening the biosecurity system. Keywords: brucellosis, goat farms, outbreak investigation, risk factor, sheep farms.

Investigating the use of artificial nest boxes positioned at different heights on trees and in isolated positions by dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius): Implications for current survey guidelines

Abstract This research, carried out in two phases, is a response to questions raised regarding the validity of surveys based on artificial nest boxes, positioned at around 1.4 m from ground level, to determine the presence of dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius). This species is generally considered to be an arboreal mammal that visits the ground infrequently other than for winter hibernation. In Phase 1, artificial nest boxes were positioned high in the tree canopy and at standard height on the same tree. The presence of leaves and material from the woodland floor in nests informed the design of Phase 2 with the inclusion of a third box, on an isolated post with no arboreal connectivity, carried out on a different site. Results demonstrate the presence of dormice and their nests in artificial nest boxes positioned in the tree canopy, at conventional height and on isolated posts with no arboreal connectivity. This suggests that the current method of surveying for dormice using boxes at around 1.4 m from ground level may not result in robust ‘likely absence’ conclusions for surveys aimed at determining the presence of dormice on a site. Previous experience of long‐term surveys has indicated that use of artificial next boxes declines with age of box. This was confirmed over the 6 years of the second project reported here. While often taken to indicate decline in population alternative explanations are proposed and this is highlighted as requiring further investigation. The apparent decline of hazel dormice and the contraction of their range is evidenced by surveys carried out according to current ‘good practice’ guidance. The results of this research suggest that these should be reviewed and revised to ensure conservation objectives are being met.

Exploring Factors Impacting Engagement in Speech Pathology Intervention for Inducible Laryngeal Obstruction

Speech pathology is the first-line treatment for inducible laryngeal obstruction (ILO) and involves behavioral techniques to address symptoms and modify maladaptive laryngeal postures. Benefit from speech pathology is reliant on patients engaging in treatment sessions, regular home practice, and generalizing techniques to everyday activities. There is limited research exploring engagement in speech pathology treatment for ILO, particularly from the patient perspective. This study aimed to explore the experiences of living with ILO and how this experience may impact the way patients engage in speech pathology treatment. Qualitative study. Semistructured interviews were completed with seven participants exploring their experiences living with ILO, their diagnostic process and their experiences with speech pathology treatment. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis to determine shared meanings across participants and themes were developed. Three major themes were identified - Life with ILO, Challenges of Speech Pathology Treatment, and What Matters to Me. Patients' reports of living with ILO and interacting with speech pathology suggested that these experiences impacted their readiness to start treatment and persist through the challenges of the treatment. Engagement appeared to be positively associated with significant ILO symptom burden and life impact, confidence in the diagnostic process, recommendation for speech pathology treatment, a tailored intervention by a patient-perceived expert in the field and working in a partnership with the speech pathologist to develop a sense of agency. Patients indicated their engagement was negatively influenced by competing time demands, social embarrassment when using symptom relief techniques and laryngeal exercises, and a low ILO symptom burden and life impact. The reasons behind engagement in speech pathology treatment for ILO appear to be a complex interaction between previous experiences of living with ILO including the diagnostic process and the experience of speech pathology treatment. A patient-centered approach to therapy may help to maximize engagement by exploring readiness and expectations for treatment. The greater understanding of the patient experience provided through this study may allow speech pathologists to devise meaningful ways to maximize engagement in treatment for people with ILO.

The constructivist approach as a concept of active learning and teaching of optimization processes at technical universities

As we move toward a more competitive global economy, the demand for highly qualified people to create and manage more efficient logistics systems, such as flows and management of materials or information, human flows, and supply chains, increases. Without logistics, the commercial world would grind to a halt. Businesses depend on logistics professionals to keep production and delivery moving forward which makes logistics education crucial. Companies expect their future employees to gain practical information, and to master what they are learning. Students must know how to apply what they learn. This is a reason why increasing importance is attributed to the constructivist approach to teaching and learning in university education. Through experiments or simulation of processes, and group work based on previous experience and knowledge, students better uncover the laws of phenomena. By actively engaging in the learning process, deeper and long-term applicable knowledge about the studied processes is acquired. The goal of this article is to implement the constructivist approach in the education of operational research and logistics at technical universities.

Utilization of Antenatal Care Services among Patients Presenting in Ayub Teaching Hospital

Regular use of antenatal care services during pregnancy has a positive impact on maternal and fetal health and serves as a tool to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To assess the utilization of antenatal care services among pregnant women at Ayub Teaching Hospital in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Ayub Teaching Hospital in Abbottabad, KPK province, Pakistan. Data were collected on paper-based questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS. A total of 208 patients participated. Results: Key findings from the study indicated that the average age of participants was 28 years. The majority of women came from lower-middle-class backgrounds. The study also revealed a wide range of educational backgrounds among participants. Most women had prior pregnancy experience. The study found that a significant percentage of women initiated antenatal visits during the first trimester with drop in visits during the third trimester. Understanding the reasons for seeking care is crucial, with various medical concerns and routine check-ups cited. Barriers to utilization included lack of awareness, family issues, and geographical distance. Additionally, only 72% of women reported taking recommended supplements during pregnancy. Conclusions: The study identified that women from middle income group with previous experience of pregnancy seek antenatal care in first trimester with various pregnancy problems but visits were not consistent. Major reason for non-utilization of services was unawareness about the services.

SUBJECT-OBJECT DIRECTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROBLEMS: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF FORMULATION AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM

The article actualizes the methodological problem of specifying the directions of scientific researches in the specialty «Public Administration and Governance» in the third year of higher education. The relevant problem is considered through the prism of the absence of an officially approved standard of higher education at the educational and scientific level in the relevant specialty. Attention is drawn to the fact that the organization of scientific researches in the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance», in contrast to the researches carried out within the field of science «Public Administration» are carried out by applicants for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy without ensuring compliance of the content of qualification work with any directions of scientific research institutionalized at the state level. The article substantiates the fundamental difference between the methodological support of the applicant's choice of a scientific degree of subject-object direction of scientific research which is carried out in the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance» and in the field of science «Public Administration». Attention is drawn to the fact of absence of officially institutionalized at the state level for the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance» directions of organization of scientific research becomes the reason for actualization of risks of incorrect choice by the applicant for the degree «Doctor of Philosophy» of the focus of his scientific research. In contrast, a researcher who prepares a qualification work within the field of science «Public Administration», for example, the applicant for a doctoral degree in public administration, despite their conceptual maturity as a scientist, has a completely exhaustive list of research areas within the officially approved specialty passports. It is proposed to solve the problem of inconsistency of the researcher's previous research experience with the level of methodological support for the choice of the subject-object direction of scientific research through the prism of expanding (changing) the list of specialties within the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Management» and/or providing for separate specializations within the existing specialty. On the one hand, such a step, will allow to order the directions of scientific researches in accordance with the focus of attention of a particular field of knowledge, and on the other hand, it will contribute to improving of the quality of preparation and conducting of scientific research. The indirect result of expanding (changing) the list of specialties within the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance» may be its further development, for example, in the direction of ensuring correlation with the field of science «Public Administration».

“In such a dark period, the only light”: Patients’ motivations and strategies to seek care from an online health community during the COVID-19 pandemic

This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study conducted in Italy about a peculiar online health community named #TERAPIADOMICILIARECOVID19 (#TDC19), which, since April 2020, has assisted people with COVID-19 with early-at-home therapy delivered by volunteer doctors, free of charge for patients. The aim of the paper was to analyse patients' motivations and strategies when negotiating risk in the context of this choice. Findings showed that patients' choices were the outcome of a process that forms an entangled ecology of care involving several dimensions, crossing micro, meso and macro levels: a) the process of knowledge-building by assessing mass-media, ascertaining the best protocol and recalling previous experiences with similar diseases; b) the experience of feeling abandoned by general practitioners (GPs) and healthcare institutions; c) the positive encounter with #TDC19's posts of gratitude written by people who were cured by #TDC19 doctors. In the end, patients' choice was not a leap of faith; they negotiated and balanced out the perceived risks associated with COVID-19 and with the possible available choices (GPs, do-it-yourself, #TDC19-doctors) based on a strategy that chiefly encompassed a blend of rational and in-between logics.

Analysis of Technical Specialists’ Scientific Training: The Role of Written Academic Discourse

The development and implementation of the written academic discourse course as one of the aspects of technical specialists’ scientific training gives students an opportunity to get acquainted with research culture that promotes the introduction and development of research skills in future engineers. The article presents an overview of the existing practices of written academic discourse in the process of scientific training technical specialists on the basis of interdisciplinary theoretical understanding. The authors review the previous experience of research that reflects the linguacultural, psychological, communicative characteristics of written academic discourse in the context of analysis of the main types of students’ scientific training. The authors consider in detail the characteristics of written academic discourse in the expanded understanding of the term, conduct a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign experience, outline ways of further research of its influence on the process of technical specialists’ teaching. The present study was carried out in the of implementation of the project «Intensification of scientific and professional language training of technical specialists in the context of education digital transformation» for 2023-2025, with the financial support of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. 19678460). In this paper the authors analyze the main types of scientific training of students on the basis of comparative analysis of the domestic and international best practices and consider in detail the aspects of written academic discourse and its impact on the training process in the sphere of research.

Who cares? How personal political characteristics are related to online counteractions against hate speech

Abstract Although many Internet users have encountered hate speech online, interventions against those incidents are unlikely. To learn more about online counteractions against hate speech, which we conceptualize as a form of online civic participation, we conducted an online survey representing adult German Internet users (N = 2,691). We investigated what distinguishes users who intervene against hate speech, focusing on associations between citizens’ prior counteractions and their personal political characteristics, their attributed responsibility for intervening against hate speech to social and political actors, and their institutional trust. Results indicate that especially Internet users’ personal political characteristics (e.g., internal political efficacy, political opinion leadership) as well as trust in regulative political institutions are positively associated with counteracting against online hate speech. While social media use and previous experience with counteractions increased the likelihood of users counteracting against hate speech, authoritarian attitudes and attributing responsibility for intervening to platform operators decreased it.