Previous Census Research Articles

Indigenous Migration in Canada, 2006–2011

Using data from the 2011 National Household Survey 5-year migration question, we examined the migration of First Nations, Inuit and Metis between communities. Migration into and out of First Nations Reserves, small urban and rural areas, and Census metropolitan areas was estimated, as was migration into and out of Inuit Nunangat. We found that 5-year migration rates decreased in 2011 compared to previous census periods for Status First Nations, Inuit and Metis, but increased for non-Status First Nations. We also found that First Nations communities continued to be net gainers of Status First Nations migration.

The quality of age data: Comparison between two recent Indian censuses 2001–2011

The census is one of the most valuable sources of information on demographic data. The census is a systematic procedure of recording information about a population in a definite area or boundary. The census facilitates the decision-making of the policymakers and thus helps common citizens of the country. The Indian census when first implemented in 1872 faced a conundrum situation, but since then it has come a long way. It is static as well as dynamic in nature. Static in the sense that it gives a broad picture of a country at a particular time point and dynamic within the meaning that every new census data can be compared to previous censuses.

Privatization of Water Supply and Human Capital Accumulation

This study presents empirical evidence that a health improvement program---privatization of municipal water services---in Argentina during the 1990s has a negative effect on long-term human capital accumulation. Exploiting variations across regions and cohorts, I find that early childhood exposure to the program reduces years of schooling by around 0.5 years. The negative effect is more pronounced for males. I further use the previous census to examine the identical cohorts when they were at their school age. I find that they are more likely to drop out of school and participate in the labor force after the program, and the effect is again more marked for boys. The finding is consistent with families prefer healthier children to go to work after improvements in health status.

Cartographic storytelling: 150 years of Swiss Federal Population Census

Abstract. The Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO) was founded in 1850 with the first exhaustive Population Census, which from then on was conducted on a ten-year cycle until 2000, and which was replaced after that by the annual “structural surveys” based on a population sample and the use of data from administrative registers. In 2018, the FSO started a project aiming to emphasize the full value of historical data from these previous Population Censuses records in order to publish some significant historical results and present on that basis some of the major developments that have occurred in Switzerland in the last 150 years. In this context, analog data have been digitized, and with this raw material, stories on important themes concerning the development of modern Switzerland have been written. These stories consist of a narrative approach that focuses on visual communication by mixing cartographic visualizations, charts and historical photographs, which support the written text and significantly contribute to the narrative.Eight stories were drafted under this project, and their choice is based on both the availability of data over time, as well as the importance of these topics for the Swiss population and society – with the activity of official statistics always being a mirror that reflects society’s concerns. The various topics addressed in this project are population dynamics and demographic structure, cultural and religious aspects, the development of building area and the occupation of the territory, the structural development of the economy and finally the changes in the institutional structure of the country. These topics are addressed in their temporal and spatial dimension, and cover a period of more than 150 years.This narrative approach – unique in the context of the FSO’s statistical dissemination – requires important work in the field of data visualization in particular with regard to thematic maps. Indeed, the spatial resolution of the digitized data –the smallest institutional spatial division; the Swiss municipalities – has required the production of new historicized geometries for every single Population Census since 1850. The fusions and dissociations of spatial units that have occurred during the past 150 years have profoundly marked the institutional structure of Switzerland. This dynamic is a challenge in the ongoing work of data management and cartographic production, and the FSO is proud to now have basemaps that precisely describe the state of the geometry for every census. This enables the production of numerous series of thematic maps at municipality level, and provides map readers the opportunity to observe changes in Swisssociety and its structures with unprecedented resolution over a very long time.The dissemination of these stories is ensured through a website created ad hoc for the occasion. The production work is carried out in close collaboration with a web developer, a graphic designer and the FSO’s cartography competence center. The aim is to produce a new, original web publication intended for a broad audience, that is both relevant and attractive, and has a layout optimized to invite the user onto a visual journey in time along the history of the Federal Population Census.With regard to cartographic visualizations, the produced maps have been the subject of a rehabilitated layout for maximum readability and efficiency and a high aesthetic quality. The addition of comments and the focus on specific observations facilitates reading and interpreting maps and supports the narrative. To provide maximum flexibility with respect to the graphics and enable quick loading of visualizations, these are integrated into HTML pages as SVG, which can subsequently be animated in the website. In a concurrent and complementary way, the produced maps are also made available in the Interactive Statistical Atlas of Switzerland (which is the FSO’s main means of thematic maps dissemination). This allows for the interactive exploration of maps, the visualization of animated time series, and data dissemination in the form of downloadable Excel files directly from the application.This attempt at (carto)graphic narration is an opportunity to question narrative approaches in the field of graphic visualization in a very concrete framework of historical data valorization. Since storytelling and its cartographic variants in the form of story maps are an important trend today, this project provides an example and a contribution to this approach. The presentation will focus on presenting the structure and content of the stories, focusing on the cartographic and technical aspects of storytelling, and presenting the different choices and challenges encountered. In addition, editorial and technical strengths and weaknesses will also be discussed. As this project is a work in progress that will take place throughout 2019, this contribution also aims to be submitted to peer review, in order to improve our products in the future.

Transformation of 2000-2020 Population Census Programmes in the CIS States as a Response to Changing Needs of the Society

In 2018 CIS-Stat surveyed national statistical offices of all member states of the Commonwealth regarding the list of topics they plan to include in the 2020 census programmes. This material is a result of thorough analysis of the information presented along with questionnaires from 2000 and 2010 census round. The article covers core census topics that the CIS member-states plan to include in their census programmes of the 2020 round. Population census topics are designed to maintain continuity with the previous censuses, to meet national information needs and are consistent with international recommendations. Much of the national population census programmes preserve the traditional structure. However, every round brings own features given the information needs of every state of the Commonwealth.Pilot population censuses are conducted in order to test methodological and technical solutions. Pilot censuses have currently been completed inBelarus(in 2017),Azerbaijan,Kazakhstan,RussiaandTajikistan(in 2018). This material presents general characteristics of testing of materials and documents included in the core headings of the census programme. All of them have commonalities as well as own features that serve the information needs of a country. The authors explore the following sections of census programme: “Population to be enumerated, household and family characteristics”, “Demographic and ethno-cultural characteristics”, “Marital status and fertility”, “Geographical and migration characteristics”, “Characteristics of persons, temporarily present in the country”, “Educational and economic characteristics”, “Other population and household characteristics”.Population censuses in the CIS countries continue to be one of the pillars of data collection on the number and socio-demographic, economic and ethno-cultural characteristics of the population of a country; at the same time, some topics - educational attainment, marital status, language and ethnicity - can only be investigated in a census of population.The 2020 census round in the CIS countries stands out as having agreed upon methodology for socio-demographic characteristics, particularly information on migration and work force. Harmonized methodology will allow national statistical offices to more precisely determine the flows and volume of international migration, along with the total size of the Commonwealth labour market amidst the fast approaching census date.

Https://studiabas.sejm.gov.pl/Journal.nsf/pubBAS.xsp?view=1&seria=4&lang=PL

The article looks at the origins and scale of migration of Poles to the Republic of Ireland and the characteristics of migrants in light of various statistical data. It outlines the characteristics of the Polish population in Ireland on the basis of 2016 census, taking into account the main directions of changes in relation to previous censuses. Polish immigrants, very few in Ireland before 2004, have since become the largest group of non-Irish nationals, stable in size and spread all over the country. Despite its size and multiple ties to Ireland such as the growing number of Polish-Irish citizens and the increasing share of homeowners, it is argued that the Polish community has limited visibility and impact on the Irish society and politics. The author also points out the housing crisis and Brexit-related risks as important challenges for the Polish community.

Qualitative study exploring the phenomenon of multiple electronic prescribing systems within single hospital organisations

BackgroundA previous census of electronic prescribing (EP) systems in England showed that more than half of hospitals with EP reported more than one EP system within the same hospital. Our objectives were to describe the rationale for having multiple EP systems within a single hospital, and to explore perceptions of stakeholders about the advantages and disadvantages of multiple systems including any impact on patient safety.MethodsHospitals were selected from previous census respondents. A decision matrix was developed to achieve a maximum variation sample, and snowball sampling used to recruit stakeholders of different professional backgrounds. We then used an a priori framework to guide and analyse semi-structured interviews.ResultsTen participants, comprising pharmacists and doctors and a nurse, were interviewed from four hospitals. The findings suggest that use of multiple EP systems was not strategically planned. Three co-existing models of EP systems adoption in hospitals were identified: organisation-led, clinician-led and clinical network-led, which may have contributed to multiple systems use. Although there were some perceived benefits of multiple EP systems, particularly in niche specialities, many disadvantages were described. These included issues related to access, staff training, workflow, work duplication, and system interfacing. Fragmentation of documentation of the patient’s journey was a major safety concern.DiscussionThe complexity of EP systems’ adoption and deficiencies in IT strategic planning may have contributed to multiple EP systems use in the NHS. In the near to mid-term, multiple EP systems may remain in place in many English hospitals, which may create challenges to quality and patient safety.

Continued increases in blood pressure over two decades in Samoa (1991\u20132013); around one-third of the increase explained by rising obesity levels

BackgroundTo analyse trends over the period 1991–2013 in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the prevalence of hypertension in adults aged 25–64 years in Samoa; and to assess the contribution of rising obesity levels to period trends.MethodsUnit record data from seven population-based surveys (n = 10,881) conducted between 1991 and 2013 were included for analysis. Surveys were adjusted to the nearest previous census to improve national representativeness. Hypertension was defined as SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg and/or on medication for hypertension. Obesity was measured by body mass index (BMI). Poisson, linear and meta-regression were used to assess period trends.ResultsOver 1991–2013 mean SBP and DBP (mmHg), and the prevalence of hypertension (%) increased in both sexes. Increases in hypertension were: from 18.3 to 33.9% (p < 0.001) in men (mean BP from 122/74 to 132/78); and from 14.3 to 26.4% (p < 0.001) in women (mean BP from 118/73 to 126/78). The estimate of the age-adjusted mean SBP and DBP over 1991–2013, and the relative risk for hypertension in 2013 compared to 1991, were attenuated after adjusting for BMI: by 22% (men) and 32% (women) for mean SBP; 37% (men) and 32% (women) for mean DBP; and 19% in both sexes for hypertension.ConclusionsSignificant increases have occurred in SBP/DBP and hypertension prevalence in both sexes in Samoa during 1991–2013, which would contribute significantly to premature mortality from cardiovascular disease. Obesity accounts for around one-third of the rising trend in blood pressure in the Samoan population. Strengthening of population control of hypertension through reduction in obesity and salt intake, and case detection and treatment through primary care, is required to reduce premature mortality from cardiovascular disease in Samoa.

A Distance Metric for Modeling the Quality of Administrative Records for Use in the 2020 U.S. Census

Abstract The U.S. Census Bureau is conducting research on using administrative records to reduce the cost while maintaining the quality of the 2020 Census Nonresponse Followup (NRFU). Previous census tests have implemented approaches that use predictive models and optimization procedures to identify vacant and occupied housing units using administrative records. This article details a modification to previous approaches, introducing a simple distance metric to define a quality ranking of housing units to enumerate using administrative records. The distance approach is illustrated, assessed, and compared to a previous approach via a retrospective study of the 2010 U.S. Census.

Automatically assembling a full census of an academic field.

The composition of the scientific workforce shapes the direction of scientific research, directly through the selection of questions to investigate, and indirectly through its influence on the training of future scientists. In most fields, however, complete census information is difficult to obtain, complicating efforts to study workforce dynamics and the effects of policy. This is particularly true in computer science, which lacks a single, all-encompassing directory or professional organization. A full census of computer science would serve many purposes, not the least of which is a better understanding of the trends and causes of unequal representation in computing. Previous academic census efforts have relied on narrow or biased samples, or on professional society membership rolls. A full census can be constructed directly from online departmental faculty directories, but doing so by hand is expensive and time-consuming. Here, we introduce a topical web crawler for automating the collection of faculty information from web-based department rosters, and demonstrate the resulting system on the 205 PhD-granting computer science departments in the U.S. and Canada. This method can quickly construct a complete census of the field, and achieve over 99% precision and recall. We conclude by comparing the resulting 2017 census to a hand-curated 2011 census to quantify turnover and retention in computer science, in general and for female faculty in particular, demonstrating the types of analysis made possible by automated census construction.

Modified Regression Type Estimators in the Presence of Non-Response in Two Phase sampling

It is a common experience in sample survey that data cannot always be collected for all units selected in the sample at the first attempt and even after some call-backs. An estimate obtained from such incomplete data may be misleading because of the non-response in the data. In addition, the population mean of the auxiliary variable from the previous census may not be available. In this paper, Modified regression type estimators proposed by Tum et al. (2014) in single phase sampling, assuming complete response, have been proposed to estimate the population mean of the study variable in the presence of non-response under two phase sampling scheme. The expression of mean squared errors (MSE) based on the proposed estimators have been derived under two phase sampling to the first degree of approximation. A comparison of the proposed estimators with the usual unbiased estimator and existing estimators under two phase sampling scheme have been carried out. The proposed Modified regression type estimators have been found to be the most efficient compared to the existing estimators and they are recommended for use in practice.

Livelihood Security in India by Animal Husbandry

India has vast resource of livestock and poultry, which play a vital role in improving the socio-economic conditions of the rural masses. India has the largest livestock populations in the world. The total livestock population consisting of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, horses & ponies, mules, donkeys, camels, mithun, yak and rabbit in the country is 512.65 million numbers in 2012. The total livestock population has decreased by about 3.33% over the previous census. Out of total livestock in the country, 37.24 % were cattle, 21.20 % buffaloes, 12.69 % sheep, 26.37 % goats and 2.01 % pigs. All other animals such as mithun, yaks, horses, ponies, mules, donkey and camels are 0.49 % of the total livestock. As per the figures of 2012 livestock census, India has 190.90 million cattle out of which 39.73 million were crossbred.

Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal Wage Gaps in Canada: Evidence from the 2011 National Household Survey

The fact that Aboriginal peoples in Canada have experienced sizable and persistent earnings disadvantages is well documented. However, the most recent estimates of Aboriginal-non-Aboriginal wage differentials utilize data from the 2006 Census. The present analysis seeks to address this gap by providing more recent estimates of Aboriginal earnings disparities for various groups of full-time, full-year workers using data from the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS). We estimate and decompose Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal wage gaps at the mean for a number of different Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups living on- and off- reserve. We find that, consistent with previous literature, Aboriginal peoples continue to experience sizable earnings disparities relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. We find that Aboriginal Identity respondents living on-reserve experience the largest earnings disparity, followed by males who identify as First Nations and live off-reserve. Respondents who report Aboriginal ancestry, but who do not identify as Aboriginal persons, experience the smallest earnings disadvantage. Results of the decomposition analysis reveal that, unsurprisingly, educational attainment is the most salient factor contributing to the explained portion of the earnings disparity between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians. Somewhat disconcerting, we find that where wage disparities are the largest, the explained proportion of the gap tends to be the smallest. Although previous studies can only serve as a rough comparator, relative to earlier estimates of Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal wage differentials using previous census periods, we find that earnings disparities among Aboriginal ancestry groups have remained relatively constant; wage gaps for Aboriginal identity groups have narrowed slightly; while the earnings disadvantage has widened for Aboriginal identity persons living on-reserve. Research and policy programs aimed at improving educational attainment and access to employment among Indigenous peoples are likely worthwhile initiatives. However, more research is needed on the potential role of discrimination in contributing to the persistent earnings disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons in Canada.

Current status and changing national scenario of goat population: A review

Goats have been associated with man since dawn of agriculture and domestication of animals, making them socioeconomically, a very important animal providing products (meat, milk, fibre, hair ) and service to man throughout the world, especially in developing countries. In India, the total numbers of goat breeds that have been recognized till date is 26 and most other still remain unexplored. According to 19th livestock census a sharp decline in goat population was found over the previous census, suggesting the need of sustainable management for preserving goat breeds and population. A number of factors are found to be responsible for this continues decline in goat population. Efforts have been made through different conservation planning in different region of India. The present review focuses on the current status of goat population in India and its states that stresses out the necessities to protect this species for our own benefits.

Current status and changing national scenario of goat population: A review

Goats have been associated with man since dawn of agriculture and domestication of animals, making them socioeconomically, a very important animal providing products (meat, milk, fibre, hair ) and service to man throughout the world, especially in developing countries. In India, the total numbers of goat breeds that have been recognized till date is 26 and most other still remain unexplored. According to 19th livestock census a sharp decline in goat population was found over the previous census, suggesting the need of sustainable management for preserving goat breeds and population. A number of factors are found to be responsible for this continues decline in goat population. Efforts have been made through different conservation planning in different region of India. The present review focuses on the current status of goat population in India and its states that stresses out the necessities to protect this species for our own benefits.

Current distribution, abundance, and breeding biology of White Terns (Gygis alba) on Oahu, Hawaii

White terns (Gygis alba) are common on many islands in the tropical and subtropical Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, but in the southeastern Hawaiian Islands they are found only on Oahu, where they are listed as threatened by the State of Hawaii. In 2016, we censused the White Tern population on Oahu, mapped their distribution, and investigated their breeding biology. The total White Tern population on Oahu was 2,308 birds, including 1,408 breeders and ∼900 nonbreeders. The number of White Terns on Oahu has increased 282% since the previous census in 2002, for an average annual population growth rate of 7.7%. We observed White Terns only in urban and suburban areas of Honolulu and not in other parts of the island. Breeding occurred year-round, with 2 peaks in egg-laying in March and October. Hatching success was 69%, fledging success was 83%, and overall breeding success was 57%. Pairs made an average of 1.75 (SE 0.09) breeding attempts per year and produced an average of 1.08 (0.09) offspring per year (range 0–3). Terns used >58 tree species for breeding and roosting, most of which were large (>45 cm diameter). Average height in trees of breeding attempts was 9.1 (0.2) m. White Terns are thriving in urban Honolulu and are not seriously affected by numerous potential sources of human disturbance or predation from nonnative mammals, but some efforts will help to ensure their status remains secure. Received 7 July 2017. Accepted 6 January 2018.

Changing Dimensions of Women Status in Punjab

The present study examines the changing Dimensions of women status in Punjab. The study was based on secondary data collected from various government and reputed sources. The study revealed that sex ratio in Punjab improved from 876 in 2001 to 893 in 2011 but it is much less than the national average of 943. Sex Ratio in 0–6 age group has improved but is less than the national average. There has been a marginal improvement in daughter preference over the time from 1992–2007. Female work participation rate (FWPR) has declined by 5.2 percent in 2011 from the previous census. Low female work participation denies women from becoming economically empowered in Punjab. Participation of women employment under MNREGS projects a healthy trend in Punjab. While comparing the life expectancy of Punjab with all India, it is observed that both males and female of Punjab have better life expectancy at 67.4 and 71.6 respectively as compared to 64.6 and 67.8 for national average respectively. The state achieved female literacy rate of 70.7percent which was lower than male literacy of 80.4percent in 2011. Punjab ranked 14th in Human and Gender development indicators (HDI and GDI) among 32 states/UTs but value of GDI was less than HDI indicating low status of women. The reasons for low status of women were various social formations that regulate their lives and the patriarchal setup.

Informing Aerial Total Counts with Demographic Models: Population Growth of Serengeti Elephants Not Explained Purely by Demography

AbstractConservation management is strongly shaped by the interpretation of population trends. In the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, aerial total counts indicate a striking increase in elephant abundance compared to all previous censuses. We developed a simple age‐structured population model to guide interpretation of this reported increase, focusing on three possible causes: (1) in situ population growth, (2) immigration from Kenya, and (3) differences in counting methodologies over time. No single cause, nor the combination of two causes, adequately explained the observed population growth. Under the assumptions of maximum in situ growth and detection bias of 12.7% in previous censuses, conservative estimates of immigration from Kenya were between 250 and 1,450 individuals. Our results highlight the value of considering demography when drawing conclusions about the causes of population trends. The issues we illustrate apply to other species that have undergone dramatic changes in abundance, as well as many elephant populations.

Missing Girls, Indirect Measures and Critical Assumptions: A Response to Yong Cai's Comments

We thank Yong Cai for his comments and insights regarding our piece on the “missing girls.” We also recognize and appreciate his expertise in the field of population studies. In short, we agree that we have overestimated the number of nominally missing girls and that the number of hidden or recovered girls may be closer to 10 million or half of the truly missing girls rather than 15 million. Of course, the number of truly missing girls is inconclusive due to the lack of direct measures and the reliance on proxy measures such as previous census data, surveys and state education data. Given the absence of direct measures for the truly missing, scholars also rely on assumptions of villager behaviour and local policy implementation, such as the continued prevalence of son preference as well as the implementation of birth control measures across rural China. Our aim for the “missing girls” article is not to solely challenge the numbers (because we realize the margin of error is in the millions), but we want to challenge the social and political assumptions behind the truly missing. Therefore, we believe the debate over the general estimates of the truly missing is real and should continue.

The Structure of the Young Star Cluster NGC 6231. I. Stellar Population

Abstract NGC 6231 is a young cluster (age ∼2–7 Myr) dominating the Sco OB1 association (distance ∼1.59 kpc) with ∼100 O and B stars and a large pre-main-sequence stellar population. We combine a reanalysis of archival Chandra X-ray data with multiepoch near-infrared (NIR) photometry from the VISTA Variables in the Vía Lactéa (VVV) survey and published optical catalogs to obtain a catalog of 2148 probable cluster members. This catalog is 70% larger than previous censuses of probable cluster members in NGC 6231. It includes many low-mass stars detected in the NIR but not in the optical and some B stars without previously noted X-ray counterparts. In addition, we identify 295 NIR variables, about half of which are expected to be pre-main-sequence stars. With the more complete sample, we estimate a total population in the Chandra field of 5700–7500 cluster members down to 0.08 (assuming a universal initial mass function) with a completeness limit at 0.5 . A decrease in stellar X-ray luminosities is noted relative to other younger clusters. However, within the cluster, there is little variation in the distribution of X-ray luminosities for ages less than 5 Myr. The X-ray spectral hardness for B stars may be useful for distinguishing between early-B stars with X-rays generated in stellar winds and B-star systems with X-rays from a pre-main-sequence companion (&gt;35% of B stars). A small fraction of catalog members have unusually high X-ray median energies or reddened NIR colors, which might be explained by absorption from thick or edge-on disks or being background field stars.