Prevention Methods Research Articles

Metabolome modification and underlying biomarker of noise-induced hearing loss Guinea pig cochlear fluid

Background Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a kind of acquired sensorineural hearing loss and has shown an increasing incidence in recent years. Hence, elucidating the exact pathophysiological mechanisms and proposing effective treatment and prevention methods become the top priority. Though a great number of researches have been carried out on NIHL, few of them were focused on metabolites. Aims/Objectives To reveal the metabolomic changes in cochlear fluid after noise injury and search for underlying inner ear biomarkers of NIHL. Material and methods In this study, cochlea fluid extracted from guinea pigs after impulse noise exposure were subjected to GC-MS and LC-MS untargeted metabolomics analysis. Results After impulse noise exposure, 62 significantly changed metabolites in guinea pig cochlea fluid were screened out and deoxyribose 1-phosphate was selected as the key metabolite and underlying biomarker for NIHL. KEGG pathway analysis showed that oxidative phosphorylation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway were significantly changed at all observed time points after noise. Conclusions and significance This study effectively promoted the application of metabolomics in hearing research. The pathophysiology process of NIHL in the inner ear was closely connected with oxidative phosphorylation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway and deoxyribose 1-phosphate could be the biomarker for NIHL.

Comprehensive Insights into Schizophrenia Causes Treatments and Prevention

With the significant improvement in material life in recent years, people now focus more on the status and well-being of spiritual life. The discovery and diagnosis of schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder, thus came into the attention. Current studies have centered on the causes and associations, which are often combined with the symptoms of schizophrenia. As a consequence, scientists developed various treatments. Some scholars suggested control and prevention methods, but many of them remained uninformative and unimplemented on account of real factors. The study combines most of the available information and gives a general overview of schizophrenia as an influential mental disorder. The mechanism of certain genes or alleles inherited from ancestors or unpleasant grown-up environments that can affect the risk of getting schizophrenia is analyzed. Treatment approaches referring to pharmacologic, psychotherapeutic, and other commonly mentioned ones are included. Some prevention techniques that correlate with health literacy, governance participation and parental environment are advocated. The meaning of this review lies in proposing a summarized thesis for schizophrenia, investigating present methods and indicating the inadequacies. In consideration of the shortcomings in medical care and public health system, it is expected that future research can inquire into innovative treatments and public prevention strategies.

Gingival Recession Due to Orthodontic Treatment: Prevention and Treatment Methods

Gingival Recession Due to Orthodontic Treatment: Prevention and Treatment Methods

Cosmeceuticals and Other Techniques to Reduce Bruising From Surgical and Cosmetic Procedures

ABSTRACTBackgroundBruising is the most common adverse event experienced after cosmetic procedures, dermatologic surgeries, and other surgeries. Bruising can cause significant distress to a patient and may be the reason for unnecessary additional office visits.AIMThis review aims to outline the therapeutic remedies and prevention methods to decrease bruising after cosmetic procedures and other surgeries as described in the literature. A thorough in‐depth understanding of the treatment of bruising can help improve the patient experience.MethodsA literature search was conducted on PubMed reviewing remedies for bruising postsurgical and cosmetic procedures in the dermatological field.ResultsA broad variety of remedies for reducing and alleviating bruising after a procedure exist. These treatments include cold compression, ReFORM and RePAIR, various lasers, herbal supplements including Arnica Montana, inhance postinjection serum, vitamin K, peroxide, and tranexamic acid. Results are varied but do show there are treatment options to alleviate bruising.ConclusionsPhysicians performing dermatologic procedures, cosmetic injections, or other surgeries should be aware of the causes and supported remedies for bruising. By understanding the many options out there to decrease bruising, providers can help alleviate the distress that it often causes patients.

Analysis of the Hamstring Injuries among Soccer Athletes

Nowadays, as the injury rate of hamstring injuries increases, it is important to find the effective recovery method. This article is in order to explain the reasons of why soccer athletes get hamstring injuries based on the detailed analysis of the injured structure anatomy of people, and discuss the functions and mechanisms of the injury, which include stretch and sprinting. Then explain both the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and risk group of human such as older people who has muscle weakness and the athletes who already experience the same injuries. Finally, the article provides several rehabilitation methods which can help athletes to do the recovery step by step, from soft tissue injuries, to reducing the inflammation and pain, then doing physiotherapy which includes the muscle strength training and flexibility training. Besides, it also gives an evaluation of each rehabilitation program to find the most effective and useful one and it also compare the similar rehabilitation program of L-protocol groups and C-protocol groups in many aspects. The common results show that by doing effective recovery, can help athletes with hamstring injuries return to the sports quickly. After that, several prevention methods are given in the article, such as doing warm up program and stretching before doing the sports, which can help athletes avoiding getting those kinds of injury

Using Subsidies, Fines, and Restitution with Budget Balance to Combat Digital Piracy

Despite utilizing technical prevention methods and enacting copyright protection legislation, digital piracy has remained a persistent problem. We examine policy remedies to digital piracy whereby the policymaker has to balance its budget between fines on detected pirates, subsidies for legal purchases, and restitution to the firm. In our model, users choose whether to subscribe, copy, or not use the good, a firm decides on subscription fee and quality, and a policymaker determines subsidies, fines, and restitution. We find that the firm’s subscription fee is always increasing in subsidies, fines, and restitution under a budget balance constraint. The impact of these policy instruments on the firm’s investment in quality depends on how user marginal utility is influenced by the quality of the good and how the policymaker redistributes fines back to society, if at all. Using two specific functional forms with additive and multiplicative utility, we explain how these factors come into play. With additive utility, fines increase the firm’s investment in quality. However, with multiplicative utility the firm’s investment in quality decreases with fines if fines are used alone or alongside subsidies. In contrast to prior research, findings of our general framework illustrate that imposing fines on detected pirates “can” be socially optimal when accounting for the policymaker’s budget balance. Our specific functional forms also serve as two instances where imposing fines is always welfare maximizing. Finally, we find that although the policymaker’s optimal intervention improves social welfare and mitigates digital piracy, it leads to a reduction in consumer surplus. This paper was accepted by Hemant Bhargava, information systems. Funding: This work was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada [Grant 435-2016-0431]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.03463 .

Public Health Evaluation of Prisoners' Demographics and Awareness of Communicable Diseases in Correction Center in South-South Nigeria

Communicable diseases are a significant public health concern in Nigerian custodial centers. This study evaluated the public health implications of prisoners’ demographics and their awareness of communicable diseases in a correctional center in South-South Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data on inmates' demographic characteristics and knowledge of six communicable diseases. Two hundred and nine (209) inmates who consented were randomly selected and self-administered the questionnaire. The data were tabulated and analyzed descriptively. Demographic data, including age, sex, marital and educational status, pre-incarceration occupation, residence, and duration in prison, aligned with the prison registry. Results indicated that all inmates (100.0%) were aware of communicable diseases. Information sources included hospitals/health workers (48.3%), family/friends/inmates (37.3%), books/magazines/newspapers (11.0%), and radio/TV/internet (3.3%). Inmates demonstrated good knowledge of communicable diseases, with 87.1% identifying causes and 56.6% recognizing modes of transmission. Awareness levels were high for HIV/AIDS (100.0%), hepatitis (81.3%), COVID-19 (100.0%), malaria (100.0%), human intestinal parasite infections (66.0%), and tuberculosis (73.2%). Most respondents correctly identified the etiologic agents, though some incorrectly attributed HIV/AIDS (9.3%) and hepatitis (17.1%) to spiritual causes. Regarding prevention, all inmates (100.0%) knew the methods for HIV/AIDS, COVID-19, and malaria. Awareness of hepatitis B prevention was 81.3%, while 66.0% and 73.2% identified preventive methods for human intestinal parasite infections and tuberculosis, respectively. This study highlights commendable awareness of communicable diseases among inmates, however, it revealed some misconceptions about its causes, control, and prevention., offering valuable insights for public health programs in correctional facilities.

Development of a novel multi-epitope subunit mRNA vaccine candidate to combat Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii, an opportunistic bacterium prevalent in various environment, is a significant cause of nosocomial infections in ICUs. As the causative agent of pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis, A. baumannii typically exhibits multidrug resistance and is associated with poor prognosis, thus led to a challenge for researchers in developing new treatment and prevention methods. This study involved the development of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine for A. baumannii and validation of in silico approaches was conducted. We screened 11 immunodominant epitopes for cytotoxic T cells, 5 for helper T cells, and 10 for Linear B-cell based on promising candidate proteins omp33-36, ompA and ompW, the selection of these three proteins is based on reverse vaccinology screening and previous work by other researchers. All predicted epitopes demonstrated strong antigenicity, immunogenicity without posing any potential harm to humans. Additionally, high conservancy is required to cover different strains. All epitopes, as well as adjuvants, were constructed into a final vaccine, which was further assessed by calculating its physicochemical properties. Next, we docked the vaccine protein with immune receptors and analyzed the complexes with dynamic simulations to evaluate its affinity to receptors. At last, the constructed sequence is translated to an mRNA sequence. The results indicated the constructed vaccine is capability of eliciting robust humoral and cellular immune responses, making it a promising candidate for protection against the targeted pathogen.

Marriage and Steady Relationships with Women in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed-Method Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.

High HIV prevalence in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) in men who have sex with men (MSM) leads to greater risk for their wives and other steady female partners because of prolonged exposure. To provide insights into the context possibly contributing to the risk of HIV transmission from MSM to women, our mixed-method synthesis about MSM' marriage and steady relationships with cisgender women aimed to: (i) assess the extent of engagement in steady relationships with women and in risky behaviors with these women across SSA's four regions; (ii) explore the underlying dynamics within these relationships by gathering qualitative information. We used quantitative and qualitative data specifically pertaining to related to marriage or other steady relationships with women from a systematic review on men who have sex with both men and women (MSMW) in SSA (PROSPERO-CRD42021237836). Meta-analyses were performed on quantitative data for each region. Pooled proportions were calculated using random-effects models. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic synthesis. Data were selected from 125 studies. For Southern, East and West Africa, the estimated pooled proportions of married MSM were 4% (95% CI 2-8%; n = 10 studies; 4183 MSM), 8% (6-11%; 19; 7070), and 7% (6-9%; 13; 4705). In Southern Africa, 29% (11-56%; 5; 1667) of MSM had steady female partners. In East Africa, 34% (14-61%; 5; 2003) were currently or previously married to women. Motives to marry women included a desire to have children, and to conform to heteronormative social norms and family pressure. Marriage was seen as a means to discontinue homosexual behaviors or, conversely, a way to secretly continue same-sex behaviors more freely. Procreative intentions and a desire for secrecy often deterred MSM from using HIV prevention methods with their wives. For some MSM, steady relationships with women provided them with mutual support. However, these relationships could also lead to stressful and conflict-ridden situations, potentially resulting in psychosocial and HIV-related risks for the MSM as well as their male and steady female partners. Steady relationships with women are common in MSM in SSA. Sexuality concealment strategies with steady female partners depend on the circumstances that lead MSM to enter into these relationships, and have various implications on sexual behaviors with both male and female partners. Community-based support, HIV research, prevention, and care programs should be adapted to MSM's different life situations to reduce direct HIV transmission risk to steady female partners.

Complications of percutaneous coronary intervention.

Complications of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. In-depth understanding of the mechanisms and management options of these complications as well as timely recognition and action can sometimes be lifesaving. In this review we discuss the mechanisms, prevention methods, diagnosis, and management of three major PCI complications: a) perforation b) acute vessel closure, and c) equipment loss.

Exploring the readiness to practice of underrepresented healthcare workers: A scoping review.

Studies across the extant literature suggest that less-experienced healthcare workers are more likely to experience adverse outcomes such as burnout, sick leaves, or intend to leave the profession. Thus, one's readiness to practice is an important element that requires more attention. While extensive research exists on the readiness of certain professions like nurses, a notable gap remains concerning other healthcare workers. This study sought to explore studies examining readiness to practice among various underrepresented healthcare workers. We conducted a scoping review to determine the available research related to clinical and nonclinical areas related to the readiness to practice of healthcare workers, excluding physicians and nurses. We examined three databases, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2023. Our search focused on readiness to practice among various healthcare professions, whether clinically focused or broadly related to professionalism. Our search identified 41 articles meeting the inclusion criteria from several professions, including but not limited to physiotherapists and occupational therapists, pharmacists, osteopaths/chiropractors, and social workers. Overall, studies differed in assessing readiness to practice with a broad range of identified clinical competencies that varied between professions and regions. Nonclinical skills, such as communication, conflict management, and cultural competence, were common barriers across professions. Despite the heterogeneity in job roles, work settings, and geographical reasons, there is evidence to suggest that new healthcare professionals may be clinically adept but may be lacking in other nonclinical skills that could affect their work and well-being. With early-career healthcare workers particularly vulnerable to adverse outcomes in the workplace, future research should standardize core competencies, including nonclinical skills and well-being-related activities, as a prevention method across various health groups.

Development Law and Prevention Methods of Mining-induced Ground Cracks: A Review

ABSTRACT Mining-induced ground cracks in coal mining areas pose a significant threat to the ecological environment and the safety of individuals and property. To achieve sustainable development in mining environments and resource utilization, it is crucial to elucidate the formation mechanisms, types, development laws, research methods, and prevention strategies associated with ground cracks. In this paper, we classify mining-induced ground cracks based on various research purposes. Relevant research methods are summarized, and we systematically review the research progress on the development law of different mining-induced ground cracks. The unique development patterns of ground cracks in the Aeolian sand area of the western mining region in China are analyzed, highlighting a double cycle. Simultaneously, we explore prevention methods for mining-induced ground cracks. Results indicate that the evolution law and formation mechanism of mining-induced ground cracks are influenced by various geological and mining factors, showing complexity, diversity, and unity. However, research methods have their limitations. Building upon these findings, we propose a monitoring and analysis systems for mining-induced ground cracks to enhance real-time monitoring, data processing, and subsequent analysis. It is recommended to make further efforts in seven aspects. These endeavors aim to better comprehend the intricate behavior of ground cracks in coal mining areas, providing a theoretical reference for land ecological restoration.

Formulation development of dual-compartment topical inserts combining Tenofovir Alafenamide and Elvitegravir for flexible on-demand HIV prevention

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has emerged as a prominent approach for the prevention of HIV infections. While the latest advances have resulted in effective oral and injectable product options, there are still gaps in on-demand, event-driven, topical products for HIV prevention that are safe and effective. Here we describe the formulation development of a dual-compartment topical insert containing tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) and elvitegravir (EVG) that may be administered when needed, vaginally or rectally, pre- or post-coitus, for flexible HIV prophylaxis. Specifically, we describe the lab-scale formulation development, preclinical mucosal safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) testing in rabbits, long-term stability, and scale-up clinical manufacturing of the lead TAF/EVG (20 mg/16 mg) inserts, which are currently in clinical stages of development. As designed, the inserts are small, discreet and portable, offering a number of promising attributes, such as simple and robust direct-compression manufacturing, fast initial disintegration/dissolution, and suitable mechanical strengths showing low hardness (<8 kg), friability (<1 %), and moisture content (<1 %). The inserts initiated disintegration quickly (~ ≤ 15 min) providing full in vitro release (>90 %) of TAF and EVG within 60 min of dissolution. The lead insert was selected from formulation prototypes that met the evaluation criteria for manufacturability and characterization, together with a dose-ranging PK study in non-human primates. Successful technology transfer for clinical development of the lead TAF/EVG (20 mg/16 mg) insert was confirmed under cGMP conditions. Based on the 12 months (lab-scale) and 24 months (clinical batch) stability data, the TAF/EVG inserts are projected to have a long shelf life of over 2 years, if stored at or below 30 °C/65 % RH. Overall, these newly designed topical inserts have formulation properties that enable stable storage and fast release of the antiretroviral payload from a small, portable and discreet dosage form. They are safe and effective when applied vaginally or rectally, before or after coitus, providing the basis for a new method of flexible on-demand HIV prevention for cisgender and transgender women and men. The TAF/EVG inserts are currently the most clinically advanced on-demand topical product, as attested by their completed and ongoing clinical trials.

Диффузная В-крупноклеточная лимфома с высоким риском поражения центральной нервной системы (обзор литературы, вопросы профилактики, лечение, прогноз)

AIM. To assess the feasibility of preventing the CNS damage in intermediate/high risk patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in accordance with CNS-IPI criteria. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS. The trial was based on the clinical data from 60 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL treated at the NN Blokhin National Medical Cancer Research Center from 2018 to 2024. The patients were 29–80 years of age (median 59 years); there were 34 women and 26 men. In accordance with the immunohistochemical algorithm of C.P. Hans, GCB subtype of DLBCL was identified in 18 (30 %) patients, non-GCB subtype was detected in 35 (58 %), and in 7 (12 %) patients subtype was not specified. By the time of primary DLBCL diagnosis, in 58 out of 60 patients tumor stage 4 was found, in 56 patients LDH increase was reported, and 22 patients showed ECOG ≥ 2. Extranodal lesions (&gt; 1 zone) were identified in 53/60 patients. In accordance with the CNS-IPI score, with respect to CNS damage there were 22 (37 %) intermediate and 36 (60 %) high risk patients. In first-line therapy, R-CHOP (n = 40; 67 %) was most commonly used, R-DA-EPOCH (n = 10; 17 %) and Pola-R-CHP (n = 7; 11 %) were administered less often; 3 patients (5 %) received R-B. In 18 (30 %) patients, the initial lesions were treated with radiotherapy after completing drug chemotherapy. Different variants of CNS damage prevention in DLBCL included intrathecal (IT) administration of 3 drugs (methotrexate, cytarabine, and dexamethasone) and/or 2 methotrexate (МТХ) 3–3,5 g/m2 infusions. The trial identified two clinically comparable groups of DLBCL patients with CNS-IPI intermediate/high risk of CNS damage, who received chemotherapy throughout different periods of time (2018–2021 and 2022–2024). During the first period (n = 30), to prevent possible CNS damage, both methods were used as monotherapy or combined regimens consecutively. МТХ IT + МТХ HD (high dose) as prevention was administered to 20 (67 %) patients, 2 (7 %) patients received only МТХ HD, and 8 (26 %) patients received only МТХ IT. In the second group, CNS damage prevention was not provided for this category of DLBCL patients. RESULTS. In the total group (n = 60), with the follow-up median of 24 months, the 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 76 % (median 44 months), whereas the 2-year overall survival (OS) was 87 % (median 49 months). Age &gt; 60 years was associated with the worst rate of the 2-year PFS (72 %) compared with patients ≤ 60 years (90 %) (p = 0.04). Besides, the 2-year OS in women was 77 % and 100 % in men, whereas in the groups of patients with ECOG ≥ 2 vs. &lt; 2 it was 63 % and 95 %, respectively (p = 0.04). In patients with prevention of CNS damage, the 2-year PFS was 95 % vs. 64 % in patients without it (p = 0.001), and the 2-year OS in them was 95 % and 77 %, respectively (p = 0.05). In the course of this trial, the rate of DLBCL relapses with CNS involvement was 5 % (n = 3). Relapses were detected in 6, 18, and 46 months from the beginning of chemotherapy. CNS damage prevention was not performed in 3 patients with relapses. CONCLUSION. The data obtained in this ambispective trial support systemic and intrathecal use of methotrexate to increase the overall PFS rate and to reduce the relapse rate, also in CNS. The methods of CNS damage prevention are not associated with additional toxicity in DLBCL patients with intermediate/high CNS-IPI risk score.

Molecular investigation of Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella in heart valve specimens of patients with endocarditis in Iran.

Infective endocarditis (IE), is a medical condition that threatens human health. The aim of this study is the molecular investigation of Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella spp. in heart valves in Iran. In this study, 146 patients with pathological evidence of IE and underwent heart valve surgery between 2016 and 2020 were selected. Furthermore, positive samples for C. burnetii were genotyped by the Multi Spacers Typing (MST) method, and positive samples for Bartonella were sequenced on the 16SrRNA gene. 12 patients (8.2%) were identified as positive cases of C. burnetii, and two novel genotypes of C. burnetii were identified using MST genotyping. Additionally, 15 patients (10.3%) were diagnosed with Bartonella endocarditis, and all positive cases were identified as Bartonella quintana. According to the identification of positive cases of Q fever endocarditis and Bartonella endocarditis, future studies in this field are suggested to focus on elucidating methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Preventing Wrong-Level Spine Surgery.

Wrong-level spine surgery (WLSS), a medical error in which a surgeon operates at an unintended vertebral level, is considered a "never event." However, it continues to be a problem in spine surgery today despite the implementation of preventive measures such as the Universal Protocol. The consequences of this event are severe for both the afflicted patient and the treating physician and may result not only in physical harm but also in costly medicolegal proceedings. While WLSS incidence varies with the patient population and practice setting, large studies generally report rates below 1%. Given the ubiquity of spine surgery, this remains a concerning number. Risk factors for WLSS can be categorized into three domains: patient factors, imaging issues, and technical issues. Awareness of risk factors allows surgeons to plan for difficulties in level localization. Many techniques for preventing WLSS have been developed, including invasive preoperative marking strategies. Intraoperative radiography or fluoroscopy is necessary but not sufficient for WLSS prevention, in that many errors occur after imaging. The evidence for prevention methods remains of low quality, necessitating future prospective comparison studies. Consensus has been reached in professional societies: All spine surgeons should implement WLSS prevention protocols. We assess the reported techniques for safer surgery and emphasize one crucial time-out element: the time-out for level localization (TOLL). Addressing WLSS as a problem specific to spine surgery, we show that by using specially tailored prevention strategies, such measures will allow WLSS to become a true never event.

A study on the proposal of diagnostic tests and personalized counseling procedure that can be used for patients with physiological halitosis

Objectives: The authors enlightened the physiological halitosis patients to prevent the occurrence of oral malodor by eliminating the physical causes that contribute to causing oral malodor on their own. We would like to propose a personalized counseling procedure that can help the physiological halitosis patients escape from their oral malodor.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively examined the medical records of 148 adult men and women aged 19 or older who visited the KUMC Oral Malodor Clinic from 2017 to 2023, diagnosed with physiological halitosis, and instructed on oral malodor prevention methods through a personalized counseling program designed by the authors. We investigated and recorded 15 variables excluding the patient's personal information, analyzed them statistically, classified statistically significant variables that could contribute to the occurrence of oral malodor, and analyzed the correlation between these variables to identify statistically significant variables.Results: In order to secure data for individual counseling instruction, the results of a saliva test, the photographs of the tongue condition taken and read, and recording of imaging of the throat using an intraoral camera and reading were required.Conclusions: After comprehensively analyzing all information obtained from patients with physiological halitosis and inferring correlations, personalized counseling contents were organized into visual materials to provide personalized counseling for the prevention of physiological halitosis, and a personalized counseling by these materials could be suggested as one of the physiological halitosis prevention methods.

HIV prevention and missed opportunities among people with recently acquired HIV infection: Α protocol for a systematic review.

Individuals who have recently acquired HIV represent a unique population because the time frame since HIV acquisition is relatively short and identification of missed HIV prevention opportunities is, therefore, closer to real time and less subject to recall bias. Identifying prevention measures used and missed opportunities for using them, can help stop further HIV transmission. This systematic review aims to synthesise current global evidence on uptake of HIV prevention methods among people with recently acquired HIV from 2007, the year that the concept of ART as a prevention method was first introduced. MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Web of Science databases, will be searched for articles published January 2007-December 2023. Eligible studies will be those that reported on HIV prevention methods among people with recently acquired HIV. Quality assessment of the studies selected will be undertaken, and reporting of the systematic review will be informed by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The systematic review is expected to provide comprehensive insights into the uptake, use and adherence to HIV prevention methods among individuals with recently acquired HIV. Analysis anticipates identifying gaps in prevention coverage, missed opportunities for intervention, and variations in access to and use of prevention strategies. Sociodemographic, personal, and behavioural factors influencing prevention uptake and adherence will also be synthesised. The findings will be of key relevance to researchers, healthcare providers including third sector organisations/ community groups and policymakers, as they will offer insight into better understanding of missed or failed HIV prevention efforts and will help ensure future efforts meet the needs of those in need of them.

Risk Factors of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

An increasing number of people worldwide are suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition characterized by fat buildup in the liver. Numerous categories can be used to group the risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including metabolic, genetic, epigenetic, demographic, and environmental factors. First, metabolic variables—obesity and insulin resistance in particular—are among the main risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The accumulation of fat in the liver is largely caused by obesity, and the disruption of normal fat metabolism caused by insulin resistance adds to the burden on the liver. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between the onset of NAFLD and the existence of metabolic syndrome. Second, how susceptible a person is to NAFLD depends largely on hereditary factors. The start of the disease is also significantly influenced by epigenetic variables. Age, gender, and other demographic traits are linked to an increased risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In addition, smoking, leading a poor lifestyle, and being around pollutants can all increase the risk of developing the condition. In order to lower the incidence of NAFLD, effective prevention and intervention methods will be devised with the help of a thorough analysis of the interactions among these factors.

Pets Diseases and Public Health: Zoonosis, Transmission and Treatment: A Review

Zoonotic infections transferred from pets to humans constitute an escalating public health issue exacerbated by the surge in pet ownership worldwide, especially in urban environments. Companion animals operate as reservoirs for several diseases, including viruses, germs, and parasites, which can be transmitted to humans, presenting substantial dangers to animal and human health. This review examines the transmission dynamics, prevention, and treatment techniques associated with zoonotic diseases in companion animals, focusing on the influence of veterinary practices, environmental factors, and human-animal interactions. The main aim of this review is to consolidate existing knowledge, pinpoint significant gaps in the field, and offer insights into successful techniques for managing zoonotic risks linked to pets. The review examines trends and conclusions from recent studies, concentrating on growing zoonotic hazards and the efficacy of preventative methods, including immunization, parasite management, and veterinary surveillance. Literature indicates substantial disparities in zoonotic disease prevalence influenced by regional, social, and environmental factors. Urbanization is a significant component in the proliferation of zoonotic illnesses, as high pet populations and heightened human-animal interactions intensify transmission risks. Moreover, despite advancements in veterinary diagnostics and therapies enhancing the management of zoonoses, there persists a necessity for stronger integration of One Health strategies and more focused research in resource-limited environments. This review culminates in recommendations for future research, specifically regarding the influence of cultural practices on pet care, the effects of climate change on zoonotic transmission, and the significance of cross-sector collaboration in public health and veterinary domains.