Rabies Prevention Research Articles

Testing of Ferarabivac anti-rabies live vaccine for wild carnivores for its immunogenicity and protectivity

Rabies is one of the most important human and animal viral diseases, being one of the most dangerous zoonoses, causing damage to the central nervous system with an inevitable fatal outcome. This disease is of global concern, and it attracts special attention of international organizations (WHO, OIE, FAO, GARC) and of veterinary services in many countries around the world. A variety of anti-rabies vaccines have been used for specific rabies prevention in wild carnivores, however, the safety and effectiveness of some of them is doubtful. New, more advanced products are being developed, one of which is Ferarabivac, a live oral vaccine. The vaccine was tested for its immunogenicity and protectivity in wild carnivores. The optimal immunizing dose was 2.0 cm3, with the infectivity titre of RV-97 strain of at least 6.00 lg KKID50/cm3. Anti-rabies antibody titres detected in the blood sera of foxes and raccoon dogs 14 days post vaccination, were 0.70 ± 0.18 and 0.73 ± 0.19 IU/cm3, respectively, which provided protection against rabies virus infection (≥ 0.50 IU/cm3). Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in foxes reached their maximum level of 4.30 ± 0.32 IU/cm3 50 days post vaccination. Antibody titres in vaccinated raccoon dogs also reached their maximum level of 4.53 ± 0.27 IU/cm3 50 days post vaccination. The minimum protective threshold levels of serum neutralizing antibodies was determined 12 months after the vaccination, and it was 0.62 ± 0.28 and 0.71 ± 0.17 IU/cm3 in foxes and raccoon dogs, respectively, which proves the necessity to perform booster vaccination one year later. No animals vaccinated against rabies with Ferarabivac live vaccine showed any clinical signs of the disease during the entire observation period following the challenge test carried out 30 days post vaccination.

Analysis Strategies for Rabies Prevention and Control in China

Objective To analyze the current epidemiological characteristics of rabies in China, grasp the law of epidemic changes, and provide scientific basis for rabies prevention and control strategies in China. Methods The data of human rabies prevention and control in China were systematically collected, combined with the genetic sequences of rabies virus street virus epidemic strains in various provinces of China, and statistical and molecular biological methods were used for statistics and analysis. Results The number of rabies cases and deaths in China has decreased year by year. At present, the main method of human rabies transmission in China is dog injury. Post-exposure treatment showed an increase in the rate of self-treatment, a decline in the overall immunity rate of the vaccine, and an increase in the rate of passive immunity. Human rabies vaccines are currently available to meet vaccination needs. In addition, the immune rates of dogs and cats did not change significantly. The rabies street virus strains in China are mainly divided into 6 species including China Ⅰ-China Ⅵ. Conclusion In terms of infrastructure, it is still necessary to increase the number of primary clinics, improve the professional capabilities of medical staff, and strengthen publicity and education on rabies prevention and treatment. In the areas with high incidence of cases, vaccines similar to street strain should be selected for immunization of human and animal.

Knowledge and attitudes about rabies in dog-bite victims in Bangladesh

Rabies is an important zoonotic disease that causes several thousand deaths in Asian countries. Bangladesh launched an elimination programme in 2010 based on the mass vaccination of dogs, management of dog bites, application of post-exposure prophylaxis and communication and social mobilization. The aim of this study is to ascertain the behaviour of and knowledge about dog-bite victims.A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 885 dog-bite victims who presented themselves for post-exposure rabies vaccination to six randomly selected vaccination centers, in addition to a tertiary-level hospital in Bangladesh. Most dog-bite victims were male (70%) and with very low or no education qualifications (75%). Respondents' knowledge of rabies was low: 58% were unaware of the consequences of a dog bite and 52% did not know about any indication of rabies. Most knew that rabies in humans can be prevented after dog bites, but up to 70% did not give a correct answer for other questions related to the prevention and treatment of rabies. Knowledge and attitudes about rabies is closely related to level of education. Finally, 58 of those surveyed (6.4%) did not complete the post-exposure prophylaxis correctly.In conclusion, knowledge about rabies among Bangladeshi citizens is low. An intensive plan to inform and educate people about dog bites, the risk of rabies and measures to adopt for preventing the disease should be implemented in order to reduce risk, including the need to complete post-exposure treatment.

Purified Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine (PVRV, Verorab®): A Systematic Review of Intradermal Use Between 1985 and 2019.

The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV; Verorab®, Sanofi Pasteur) has been used in rabies prevention since 1985. Evolving rabies vaccination trends, including shorter intradermal (ID) regimens with reduced volume, along with WHO recommendation for ID administration has driven recent ID PVRV regimen assessments. Thus, a consolidated review comparing immunogenicity of PVRV ID regimens during pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is timely and beneficial in identifying gaps in current research. A search of seven databases for studies published from 1985 to November 2019 identified 35 studies. PrEP was assessed in 10 studies (n = 926) with 1–3-site, 1–3-visit regimens of up to 3-months duration. Seroconversion (rabies virus neutralizing antibodies [RVNA] ≥ 0.5 IU/mL) rates of 90–100% were reported within weeks, irrespective of regimen, with robust booster responses at 1 year (100% seroconversion rates by day 14 post-booster). However, data are lacking for the current WHO-recommended, 2-site, 1-week ID PrEP regimen. PEP was assessed in 25 studies (n = 2136) across regimens of 1-week to 90-day duration. All ID PEP regimens assessed induced ≥ 99% seroconversion rates (except in HIV participants) by day 14–28. This review confirms ID PVRV suitability for rabies prophylaxis and highlights the heterogeneity of use in the field.

Rabies in Uganda: rabies knowledge, attitude and practice and molecular characterization of circulating virus strains

BackgroundRabies is a deadly preventable viral disease that affects all warm-blooded animals and widespread in many regions including Africa. The disease remains of major public health importance in Uganda.The purpose of this study was to establish Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP) of Rabies in Moyo and Ntoroko districts and to characterize Rabies virus (RABV) strains from seven districts of Uganda with consistent prevalence of rabies.MethodsKAP survey data were collected based on animal biting history by interviewing the head of the veterinary departments, the medical centers and selected households from the study sites. Data were obtained from 84 households in Ntoroko and Moyo districts. Thirty-five (35) brain samples were collected from bovine, dogs, goats, foxes, jackals ad sheep between 2011 and 2013. Samples were tested using fluorescent antibody test (FAT), One step RT-PCR (following RNA extraction) and partial RABV N gene was sequenced by Sanger method before phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of sequences.ResultsScarcity of post-exposure prophylaxis services in the health centers was noted. Poor attitude of wound washing and deficiency of knowledge on how to handle wounds related to dog bites and the significance among household participants lacked. There is a high risk of rabies infection due to a limited dog’s vaccination. Dog biting episodes in humans were of 75.00 and 62.50% in Moyo and Ntoroko districts respectively. Twenty-seven (27) samples tested positive for rabies by FAT and PCR. Ugandan sequences were closely related (97% nucleotide id) to the rabies virus sequences from Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Nigeria, Central African Republic and Sudan with both the “Africa 1A” and “Africa 1B” RABV clades represented. A putative new clade 1D was also detected.ConclusionsRabies remains a public health hazard in Uganda. There is urgent need to establish advocacy programs in both schools and communities to curtail the spread of rabies. Increasing the knowledge regarding wound washing, post-exposure prophylaxis and dogs vaccination would enhance prevention of rabies. A strong collaboration between medical and veterinary sectors under a one health platform is required to ensure sufficient preventative services to the communities.

Spatio-temporal description of bovine rabies cases in Peru, 2003-2017.

Vampire bats became the main reservoir of rabies in Latin America, where the disease remains one of the most important viral zoonoses affecting humans and livestock. In Peru, the most affected livestock are cattle. The official data of 1,729 cases of bovine rabies were evaluated between 2003 and 2017 through a descriptive analysis, decomposition of the time-series and spatio-temporal analyses. Although the cases did not present a defined seasonality, the trend seemed to increase for several years. The bovine rabies cases are more frequent in the inter-Andean valleys than in other regions of the Amazon plains. The highest case density was observed in the regions of Ayacucho, Cuzco and Apurímac, all located in the Andes. It is necessary to review the current national program for the prevention and control of rabies in livestock, incorporating concepts of the ecology of vampire bats, as well as the prediction of the infection waves geographic and temporal spread. These approaches could improve the efficiency of other current prevention measures that have not shown the expected control effects, such as indiscriminate culling of vampire bats.

One Health in Practice: Using Integrated Bite Case Management to Increase Detection of Rabid Animals in Tanzania.

Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease that causes an estimated 59,000 human deaths worldwide annually, mostly in Africa and Asia. A target of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies has been set for 2030, and large-scale control programs are now advocated. However, in most low-income endemic countries surveillance to guide rabies control is weak and few cases of rabies are recorded. There is an urgent need to enhance surveillance to improve timely case detection and inform rabies control and prevention, by operationalizing a “One Health” approach. Here we present data from a study piloting Integrated Bite Case Management (IBCM) to support intersectoral collaboration between health and veterinary workers in Tanzania. We trained government staff to implement IBCM, comprising risk assessments of bite patients by health workers, investigations by livestock field officers to diagnose rabid animals, and use of a mobile phone application to support integration. IBCM was introduced across 20 districts in four regions of Tanzania and results reported after 1 year of implementation. Numbers of bite patient presentations to health facilities varied across regions, but following the introduction of IBCM reporting of bite patients at high-risk for rabies more than doubled in all regions. Over 800 high-risk investigations were carried out, with 49% assessed as probable dog rabies cases on the basis of clinical signs, animal outcome, and rapid diagnostic testing. The status of a further 20% of biting animals could not be determined but rabies could not be ruled out. Livestock field officers reported that use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were useful for confirming rabies occurrence. Overall, our study provides further evidence that IBCM is a practical approach that can improve rabies detection in endemic countries, and be used to monitor the impact of mass dog vaccinations, including potential to verify rabies freedom. However, the main challenges to implementation are limited training of health workers in rabies, perceived burden of real-time recording and limited resources for livestock field officers to undertake investigations. Nonetheless, IBCM dramatically improved case detection and communication between sectors and we recommend further implementation research to establish best practice and applicability to other settings.

Encounters with the Most Animal Other: Rabies, Biopolitics, and Disease Prevention in Bali

Abstract Since 2008, rabies has killed several thousand semi-feral dogs in Bali, but hundreds of thousands of dogs have been killed by government officials to control the disease, which continues to spread. This article tracks this rabies outbreak and the efforts to contain the disease, noting frictions that emerged between officials and animal welfare activists. The former depict the dogs as a nuisance that should be exterminated, while the latter showcase the dogs’ cultural and scientific importance. This biopolitical contest hinges on formulations of animality that position dogs in opposition to humans. Rabies complicates this conflict, as it not only violates human/nonhuman animal boundaries, rendering both human and nonhuman communities vulnerable to infection, but also transforms those who are infected into radically animal (violent, unreasonable, frothing) individuals. By rethinking animality via rabies, we may better recognize and counter articulations of animality that render vulnerable populations killable.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards rabies and associated factors among household heads in Mekelle city, Ethiopia

BackgroundRabies has a worldwide distribution in continental regions of Africa, Asia and the Latin America. Globally, the case fatality rate is 100% once a clinical sign is developed. Poor public awareness towards rabies is one of the major obstacles in any prevention and control scheme of the diseases. The study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about rabies and associated factors among household heads in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia, 2016.MethodsA community based cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2016 with a total of 633 study participants. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and entered to EPI-Info 3.5.4 and coded, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Bi variable and multivariable analysis was done to identify factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice about rabies. Variables having p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant at 95%CI.ResultsOf 633 study participants, 357 (56.4%) were females and 239 (37.8%) were 18–35 years old. Among the study participants, 56.1% (95%CI = 52.2, 59.9), 56.2% (95%CI = 52.4, 60.1) and 61.3% (95%CI = 57.5, 65.1) had good level of knowledge, attitude and practice on the prevention and control of rabies respectively. Being female (AOR = 1.50, 95%CI = 1.05, 2.13), dog owner (AOR = 1.68, 95%CI = 1.17, 2.41) and participants who had training on rabies (AOR = 2.22, 95%CI = 1.53, 3.21) were found to have good knowledge. Married participants (AOR = 2.19, 95%CI = 1.16, 4.16), participants who owned dog (AOR = 2.64, 95%CI = 1.80, 3.86) and those encountered dog bite (AOR = 2.24, 95%CI = 1.23, 4.10) were found to have positive attitude towards rabies. Similarly, dog ownership (AOR = 11.85, 95%CI = 7.16, 19.6) was found to be associated with good practice.ConclusionThis study showed that more than half of the respondents had good knowledge, attitude and practice about the prevention and control of rabies.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of a local community towards the prevention and control of rabies in Gaibandha, Bangladesh.

Objectives:Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of rabies in the community are essential for developing post-exposure behavioral treatment and for understanding current prevention and control policy on rabies. This was a cross-sectional study in Gaibandha Sadar, a northern district of Bangladesh, investigating the level of KAP about rabies.Materials and methods:A total of 368 interviewed respondents, of whom 280 (76.09%) were male, and 88 (23.91%) were female. A structured questionnaire was used for the data collection from respondents on socio-demographic information and KAP regarding rabies. The data analyzed with STATA-IC-11.0 and the association of independent variables with rabies KAP scores were calculated using Pearson’s Chi-square.Results:Most respondents had adequate KAP levels and positive thoughts on rabies prevention. The KAP scores were strongly associated with education and employment status (p < 0.05). Most respondents said that stray dogs are a headache in the area and believed that control of the dog population in Gaibandha is essential.Conclusion:These outcomes also revealed that there is an information gap about rabies that might improve by developing an education program for awareness.

Improving the technology of obtaining an inactivated antirabic vaccine from CVS-11 strain

Developing an effective and high-quality vaccine is an important issue in rabies prevention. This article presents the results of the studies aimed at selecting the optimum parameters for the cultivation of the VN-21 finite cell line and the CVS-11 strain of the rabies virus. Such parameters as inoculated cell concentration, the optimal dose of infection with the virus, the time and methods of cultivation, and the choice of the inactivant and the adjuvant were chosen.

Historical analysis of epizootiological situation of rabies on the territory of the Slovak Republic.

Currently, Slovakia is a rabies-free country, but the epizootiological situation of rabies was not always favorable. The main reservoir species of rabies virus in the first half of the last century was the domestic dog. Since 1906, hundreds of cases were reported, of which approximately 90% were infected dogs. The disease had a typical urban character. Since 1929, the number of rabid domestic animals decreased due to the implementation of dog vaccination campaigns in particular parts of Slovakia. From the second half of 1950s, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have become an important reservoir of the RABV. In this time period urban rabies in Slovakia changed into sylvatic form. One effective method of prevention and control of wildlife rabies is an oral rabies vaccination of red foxes. It is carried out in Slovakia since 1993. A detailed development of the rabies epizootiological situation on the territory of the Slovak Republic until the application of oral antirabies immunisation of foxes and the current situation after its performance is the main object of this review. Keywords: rabies; Lyssavirus; red fox; incidence; oral vaccination.

Intradermal rabies vaccination: An efficient and economical method of rabies prevention in cattle

Intradermal rabies vaccination: An efficient and economical method of rabies prevention in cattle

Factors influencing delay in initiating post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite victims: A cross sectional study.

Background and Aims:The aim of this study was to identify the delay and the factors associated with delay in initiating post exposure prophylaxis.Methods:A consecutive sampling method was proceeded, and 199 patients attending the anti-rabies clinic with a history of animal bite reported at SMHS Hospital were the subjects of the study.Results:Majority of the patients (72.36%) reported a delay within 6 h after exposure, 18.59% within (6-48) h and 9.04% after 48 h of exposure.Conclusion:Increasing the number of accessible anti-rabies clinics as well as increasing the awareness among general public about timely post exposure prophylaxis in the community are some of the factors that need to be implemented.

Factors Related to Community Knowledge of Rabies Management in Sintang, West Kalimantan

Rabies is an acute infectious disease in central nervous system which is the effect of a zoonotic virus that spread through direct contact to the wound or mucosa by infected animal saliva or paw. Rabies virus has been transmitted to human through a animal’s rabies transmitters bite like dog, car, and ape. Indonesia is a Country with a high prevalence of rabies. The low level of knowledge and lack of source of informations lead rabies prevention still become a serious problem. Purpose of this research is to knowing factors that influence society level of knowledge about rabies handling in Desa Sekubang, Sintang, West espondent. This research using descriptive quantitative correlation method with cross sectional approaches. There are 146 patriarch respondent in Desa Sekubang that has been comply inclusion criteria. The research result show that 63,7% espondent age 20-40, 49,3% respondent only studied until elementary school, 86,3% got the information from healthcare workers, 91,1% has a risk environment, and 89% have a good knowledge. Kendall’s tau-c and Chi-square correlation test statistically have a relation between age (p=0,114), education (p=0,000), environment (p=0,000), information from healthcare workers and the level of knowledge about rabies handling.Therefore this research shows the source of information from healthcare workers is very important to increase knowledge of rabies handling.

ASSESSMENT OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF INACTIVATED RABIES VACCINES BASED ON “ARRIAH” STRAIN AND FORMULATED WITH DIFFERENT ADJUVANTS IN CATTLE

Rabies cases are still reported in various mammal species in the Russian Federation. Wild carnivores contacting with domestic and farm animals and transmitting the pathogen to them are the main source and natural reservoirs of rabies. The highest level of rabies incidence in livestock is observed among cattle. Thus, 158 new outbreaks were reported in the Russian Federation in 2017 where the virus was identifi ed in cattle. Rabies specifi c prophylaxis as well as assessment of its effi cacy based on the level of accumulated antirabies virus neutralizing antibodies currently occupy one of the leading positions in the modern system of veterinary and sanitary measures against rabies. The paper presents the study results confi rming effi cacy and safety of three inactivated rabies vaccines based on the “ARRIAH” strain and intended for rabies prevention in cattle. The adsorbed and two emulsion rabies vaccines, formulated with diff erent adjuvants demonstrated innocuity and safety, and induced post-vaccination immunity in all immunized animals at day 21 post inoculation. The mean titers of anti-rabies antibodies were as follows: for inactivated adsorbed vaccine – 4.02 ± 0.76 IU/cm3; for inactivated emulsion vaccines – 16.30 ± 2.03 and 20.73 ± 3.39 IU/cm3. As compared with the adsorbed vaccine, the emulsion vaccines formulated with Montanide ISA 206 and ISA 70 adjuvants induce stronger immunity.

Community knowledge, attitude and practice on rabies, incidence in humans and animals and risk factors to rabies in selected districts of Tigray Region, Ethiopia

Community awareness and assessing the trend of suspected rabies cases play a significant role in preventing its fatality. Therefore, a cross-sectional study design was employed (October 2016 - April 2017) to assess community knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP), and Incidence and risk factors to rabies (human and animal) in the study area. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed to collect required information from 1440 study participants. Retrospective data of five-year (2012-2016) from hospitals and health centers (human cases), and veterinary clinics (animal cases) was used. Majority of the study participants (64.3%) were rural residents, 95.2% have heard about rabies and 50.1% were found dog owners. Among the study participants, 72.2%, 66.0%, and 62.4% have a good level of knowledge, attitude, and practices about rabies, respectively. A strong association between knowledge, attitude and practice with sex; educational level; occupation, dog ownership and rural/urban dwellers (p<0.05) was recorded. Furthermore, a total dog bite cases of 398 domestic animals and 4617 humans were found registered on casebooks of both veterinary and human health service centers of the study districts during the five years study period among which the highest percentage (36.4%) was recorded from canines. The highest anti-rabies vaccine coverage recorded was 36.0% in the year 2016, and higher human dog bite cases recorded was 50.1% on individuals aged between 5-15 years (both male and female). Hence, the current findings suggest that there is a need for coordinated and integrated effort of government, professionals (medical and veterinarians), community and other stake holders towards rabies control and prevention. Keywords: Animal, Human, Tigray, Rabies, Status

Rabies vaccination strategies in a western country: a cost evaluation

Abstract Introduction Rabies is a fatal but preventable infectious disease with a large disease burden in endemic countries. The risk of contracting rabies for travellers from a Western country is low. However, an increasing number of Dutch travellers, potentially exposed to rabies abroad, consult a clinician for post-exposure prophylaxis. In this study, several interventions were examined on how they might influence costs involved in rabies treatment and prevention, including the most recent vaccination guidelines and the use of intradermal vaccination. Methods A decision tree based economic model was constructed. Costs of new versus old guidelines, intramuscular versus intradermal vaccination, and post-exposure treatment subsequent to increased vaccination coverage in several risk groups were calculated and compared to each other. Statistical uncertainty with respect to numbers of travellers and vaccination coverage was assessed. Results Costs were highest using the old guidelines, estimated at €15.1 million (€405 per vaccinated person). Intradermal vaccinations in combination with the new guidelines led to the lowest costs, estimated at €10.1 million (€270 per vaccinated person). A higher vaccination uptake resulted in higher overall costs. The ratio between the additional vaccinated persons and additional costs in all risk groups was similar, around €104 per person. Conclusions The new rabies vaccination guidelines reduced total costs. Strategies with increased vaccination uptake led to fewer rabies immunoglobulin administrations and fewer vaccinations after exposure but at higher total costs. Although intradermal administration of rabies vaccination on a large scale can reduce total costs of pre-exposure prophylaxis and can positively influence vaccination uptake, it remains a costly intervention. Key messages The new vaccination guidelines reduce total costs of rabies prevention. Intradermal administration of rabies vaccination on a large scale can further reduce total costs of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Strategies with increased vaccination uptake lead to fewer rabies immunoglobulin administrations and fewer vaccinations after exposure but at higher total costs.

Investigation of the temporal roaming behaviour of free-roaming domestic dogs in Indigenous communities in northern Australia to inform rabies incursion preparedness

Australia is canine rabies free but free-roaming, domestic dog populations in remote northern communities are at risk of an incursion due to proximity to rabies-endemic south-east Asia. Unrestricted contact between dogs could facilitate rabies spread following an incursion, and increase the impact on both dogs and people. Whilst dog vaccination is the foundation of rabies prevention, control strategies could be enhanced by understanding the temporal pattern of roaming and associated risk factors, so that movement restrictions can be targeted. Global positioning system datasets from 132 dogs in eight Indigenous communities in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) of Australia were analysed using regression methods. The influence of risk factors (including age, sex, location, season and hour of day) on dogs’ distance from their residences were assessed. Dogs roamed furthest in the NPA and during the dry season. Daily peaks in mean roaming distance were observed at 1000–1100 hrs and 1700–1800 hrs in the Torres Strait, and 1700–1800 hrs in the NPA. These findings demonstrate that understanding community-specific temporal roaming patterns can inform targeted movement restrictions during an outbreak of rabies in remote communities in northern Australia.

Study to assess the knowledge and attitude about dog bite and the disease rabies among dog catchers of Bangalore city- A cross sectional study

Background: Rabies, a deadly viral zoonotic disease caused by animal bite contributes to around 30,000 deaths in India annually. Veterinarians, dog-handlers, dog-catchers are some of the high risk professions for contracting the rabies disease. Hence proper knowledge about dog bite and the disease plays a significant role in prevention of rabies. Therefore, our study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude about Dog bite and the knowledge about the Rabies among dog catchers. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in the month of April 2016 wherein 30 dog catchers employed in the NGO’s of Bangalore city were included in the study. Data was collected using pre-structured questionnaire by interview method. Results: Awareness about Rabies was 100%. Most of the study subjects were in the age group of 21-25 years accounting for 33.3% (10). 73.3% believed rabies was due to bite of animal and 16.7% due to scratch where 10% believed due to both. 86.7% (26) of the study subjects believed that rabies can be caused by dog bite only whereas remaining 13.3% (4) of the study subjects stated that it can be due to bite of all warm blooded mammals. Among the 30 study subjects, 20 (66.7%) had knowledge that rabies is preventable. Conclusion: There is a need to create awareness that rabies is a preventable disease by pre-exposure prophylaxis and importance of various modalities used in its prevention following dog bite.