Prevention Of Pneumonia In Children Research Articles

Implementing Community-Based Strategies for Improved Pneumonia Care in Children: Insights From a Pilot Study.

Respiratory ailments, encompassing a spectrum of disorders, are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children, with pneumonia being particularly significant, accounting for 16% of child mortality. To ensure timely engagement with healthcare services, it is imperative to instill awareness through Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) initiatives targeting mothers of children under five. The primary objective of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility of a community-based intervention on health-seeking behaviour, knowledge, and practice measures concerning the management and prevention of pneumonia in children. The pilot study mirrored the main study's procedures in two villages, Bhuvanahalli and Gavanahalli, each randomly assigned as either an experimental or a control group. We selected 12 mothers with children under the age of five who had community-acquired pneumonia, employing a straightforward random technique, with six mothers from each group. These mothers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire focusing on health-seeking behaviour, knowledge, and practices related to the management and prevention of pneumonia. Mothers in the experimental group received a community-based intervention, specifically an educational set focusing on health-seeking behaviour, knowledge, and practice measures concerning the management and prevention of pneumonia in children, while those in the control group continued with their routine practices. We collected post-test data from the mothers in both groups at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th months of the intervention. The data analysis was conducted using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28 (Released 2021; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York) software. The Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis analyses indicated a notable and statistically significant shift in health-seeking behaviour, knowledge, and practices pertaining to the management and prevention of pneumonia in children as a result of the community-based educational intervention implemented in the experimental group (P<0.05). Community-based intervention is crucial to preventing mortality and morbidity in children. The findings of the pilot study affirm its feasibility and lay a strong foundation for further investigation and implementation.

HUBUNGAN RIWAYAT PEMBERIAN ASI DENGAN KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA

This research was based on the high incidence of pneumonia in West Java, especially on toddlers aged 1-4 years (78.616 cases). The numbers of those cases made West Java as the largest contributor to pneumonia cases in Indonesia. The theory states that one of the risk factors for pneumonia is a history of breastfeeding, where toddlers who get exlusive breastfeeding can be more protected from pneumonia. This study aims to determine the relationship between the history of breastfeeding and the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers at the Garuda Health Center in Bandung. The research design used was analytic survey with cross sectional approach. Data collection techniques used interviews and in determining the research sample used purposive sampling method. The population in this study were toddlers aged 12-59 months who visited the MTBS Polyclinic Garuda Public Health Center with cough symptoms leading to pneumonia, with sample of 60 toddlers studied. Data analysis used Chi Square test. The result showed there was a relationship between breastfeeding and the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers with a p value of = 0.002 (α = 5%). Recommendations for health care institutions are to be able to make effective pneumonia actions, especially concerning exlusive breastfeeding and prevention of pneumonia in children.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Breastfeeding, Pneumonia, Toddler.

A Study to Assess Effectiveness of Instructional Teaching Programme on Level of Knowledge and Practices of Prevention of Pneumonia among Mothers of under Five Children in Selected Villages, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, India

Back ground: An experimental study was conducted to assess the effects of instructional teaching programme (ITP) on knowledge and practices of mothers regarding prevention of pneumonia in children, Pooncherry, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.Objectives of the study were to assess the effectiveness of ITP on prevention of pneumonia on level of knowledge and practices among mothers of under five children.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Non probability purposive technique was adopted for this study. Samples who met inclusion criteria were participated in the study. Self-structured interview schedule for knowledge and structured rating scale for practices were used to collect the data.&#x0D; Results: The study results shows that in the pre test 15.13 % of the mothers had adequate knowledge, 24.34 % of the mothers were had moderately adequate knowledge and 60.53 % of the mothers had inadequate knowledge and and in post test 63.17% of mothers were had adequate knowledge, 28.94% of the mothers had moderately adequate knowledge and very few (8.55% ) mothers had inadequate knowledge. Pre test practices score shows that 63.82 % of the mothers had less desirable practice, 22.37% of the mothers had moderate desirable practices and 13.81% were had highly desirable practices whereas in the post test 63.82% of them had highly desirable practice, 23.03% of them had moderate desirable practices and 13.16% of them had less desirable practices. The mean pretest knowledge score was 5.45 ± 1.47 and the mean posttest knowledge score was 8.49 ± 0.71 and the t value was 15.17, it shows that statistically there was an improvement in the post test knowledge score. The mean pretest practice score was 22.38 ± 2.76, the mean posttest practice score was 43.64 ±1.97 and the t value was 13.35, it shows that statistically there was a significant improvement in the post test practice score. The instructional teaching programme on prevention of pneumonia was statistically effective in promoting the knowledge and desirable practices among mothers.

The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-uninfected South African Children: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study.

Pneumonia is the major contributor to under 5 childhood mortality globally. We evaluated the etiology of pneumonia amongst HIV-uninfected South African children enrolled into the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health case-control study. Cases, 1-59 months of age hospitalized with World Health Organization clinically defined severe/very severe pneumonia, were frequency-matched by age and season to community controls. Nasopharyngeal-oropharyngeal swabs were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction for 33 respiratory pathogens, and whole blood was tested for pneumococcal autolysin. Cases were also tested for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Population etiologic fractions (EF) of pneumonia with radiologic evidence of consolidation/infiltrate were derived for each pathogen through Bayesian analysis. Of the 805 HIV-uninfected cases enrolled based on clinical criteria, radiologically confirmed pneumonia was evident in 165 HIV-exposed, -uninfected, and 246 HIV-unexposed children. In HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed children, respiratory syncytial virus was the most important pathogen with EFs of 31.6% [95% credible interval (CrI), 24.8%-38.8%] and 36.4% (95% CrI, 30.5%-43.1%), respectively. M. tuberculosis contributed EFs of 11.6% (95% CrI, 6.1%-18.8%) in HIV-exposed and 8.3% (95% CrI, 4.5%-13.8%) in HIV-unexposed children, including an EF of 16.3% (95% CrI, 6.1%-33.3%) in HIV-exposed children ≥12 months of age. Bacteremia (3.0% vs. 1.6%) and case fatality risk (3.6% vs. 3.7%) were similar in HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed children. Vaccination strategies targeting respiratory syncytial virus should be prioritized for prevention of pneumonia in children. Furthermore, interventions are required to address the high burden of tuberculosis in the pathogenesis of acute community-acquired pneumonia in settings such as ours.

Genetic Predisposition To Out-Of-Hospital Pneumonia In Children: A Modern Interpretation Of The Problem

The article provides a review of the literature devoted to modern data, as well as the impact of genetic predisposition on the development of pneumonia in children. It is known that timely, innovative diagnosis, treatment and prevention of pneumonia in children today is one of the most pressing problems in pediatrics. Timely identification of the etiological cause of pneumonia, treatment is carried out only by early diagnosis, adequate assessment of the severity of the patient's condition, reasonable choice of treatment with antibiotics, taking into account the background disease, age and weight of the child.

Brainstorming dalam Pencegahan Pneumonia pada Anak Balita

Penyakit menular yang menjadi penyumbang terbesar kematian balita di Indonesia salah satunya adalah pneumonia. Di negara berkembang, pneumonia disebut The One Killer Of Children dan menjadi masalah kesehatan yang terabaikan karena banyak anak yang meninggal karena masalah pneumonia akan tetapi perhatian terhadap penanganan masalah ini sangat sedikit. Pneumonia merupakan proses infeksi akut yang mengenai jaringan paru (alveoli) dan dapat dikenali melalui pedoman tanda-tanda klinis dan pemeriksaan penunjang lainnya. Mengatasi penyakit Pneumonia tersebut tidak cukup hanya dengan menguasai pengobatan maupun penanganan saja, tetapi dibutuhkan suatu pengetahuan yang cukup tentang faktor penyebab Pneumonia sehingga dapat dilakukan upaya preventif untuk mencegah Pneumonia pada balita. Pendidikan kesehatan brainstorming merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi pengetahuan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode btanstorming terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap ibu dalam pencegahan Pneumonia pada anak balita. Responden pada penelitian ini adalah ibu dengan anak usia balita. Hasil penelian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada peningkatan pengetahuan dalam pencegahan pneumonia pada anak balita sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Pendidikan kesehatan metode brainstorming dapat mengubah tingkat pengetahuan ibu di Puskesmas Abeli dalam mencegah terjadinya pneumonia pada balita ke arah yang lebih baik. Pendidikan kesehatan metode brainstorming dapat mengubah sikap ibu di Puskesmas Abeli dalam mencegah terjadinya pneumonia.

The use of low-cost Android tablets to train community health workers in Mukono, Uganda, in the recognition, treatment and prevention of pneumonia in children under five: a pilot randomised controlled trial

BackgroundSince 2012, The World Health Organization and UNICEF have advocated for community health workers (CHWs) to be trained in Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) of common childhood illnesses, such as pneumonia. Despite the effectiveness of iCCM, CHWs face many barriers to accessing training. This pilot study compares traditional training with using locally made videos loaded onto low-cost Android tablets to train CHWs on the pneumonia component of iCCM.MethodsWe conducted a pilot randomised controlled trial with CHWs in the Mukono District of Uganda. The unit of randomisation was the sub-county level, and the unit of analysis was at the level of the individual CHW. Eligible CHWs had completed basic iCCM training but had not received any refresher training on the pneumonia component of iCCM in the preceding 2 years. CHWs in the control group received training in the recognition, treatment, and prevention of pneumonia as it is currently delivered, through a 1-day, in-person workshop. CHWs allocated to the intervention group received training via locally made educational videos hosted on low-cost Android tablets. The primary outcome was change in knowledge acquisition, assessed through a multiple choice questionnaire before and after training, and a post-training clinical assessment. The secondary outcome was a qualitative evaluation of CHW experiences of using the tablet platform.ResultsIn the study, 129 CHWs were enrolled, 66 and 63 in the control and intervention groups respectively. CHWs in both groups demonstrated an improvement in multiple choice question test scores before and after training; however, there was no statistically significant difference in the improvement between groups (t = 1.15, p = 0.254). There was a statistically significant positive correlation (Pearson’s r = 0.26, p = 0.03) linking years of education to improvement in test scores in the control group, which was not present in the intervention group. The majority of CHWs expressed satisfaction with the use of tablets as a training tool; however, some reported technical issues (n = 9).ConclusionTablet-based training is comparable to traditional training in terms of knowledge acquisition. It also proved to be feasible and a satisfactory means of delivering training to CHWs. Further research is required to understand the impacts of scaling such an intervention.Trial registrationRegistered on 23/11/2016 at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02971449).

Zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months.

Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children younger than five years of age. Most deaths occur during infancy and in low-income countries. Daily zinc supplements have been reported to prevent acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and reduce child mortality. This is an update of a review first published in 2010. To evaluate the effectiveness of zinc supplementation in the prevention of pneumonia in children aged two to 59 months. We searched CENTRAL (Issue 21 October 2016), MEDLINE (1966 to October 2016), Embase (1974 to October 2016), LILACS (1982 to October 2016), CINAHL (1981 to October 2016), Web of Science (1985 to October 2016) and IMSEAR (1980 to October 2016). Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged from 2 months to 59 months. Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We did not identify any new studies for inclusion in this update. We included six studies that involved 5193 participants.Analysis showed that zinc supplementation reduced the incidence of pneumonia by 13% (fixed-effect risk ratio (RR) 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 0.94, six studies, low-quality evidence) and prevalence of pneumonia by 41% (random-effects RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.99, one study, n = 609, low-quality evidence). On subgroup analysis, we found that zinc reduced the incidence of pneumonia defined by specific clinical criteria by 21% (i.e. confirmation by chest examination or chest radiograph) (fixed-effect RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.0.71 to 0.88, four studies, n = 3261), but had no effect on lower specificity pneumonia case definition (i.e. age-specific fast breathing with or without lower chest indrawing) (fixed-effect RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.06, four studies, n = 1932). Zinc supplementation in children is associated with a reduction in the incidence and prevalence of pneumonia.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in preventing pneumonia in Peruvian children.

Pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) has a high burden of morbimortality in children. Use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) is an effective preventive measure. After PCV 7-valent (PCV7) withdrawal, PCV 10-valent (PCV10) and PCV 13-valent (PCV13) are the alternatives in Peru. This study aimed to evaluate cost effectiveness of these vaccines in preventing PP in Peruvian children <5 years-old. A cost-effectiveness analysis was developed in three phases: a systematic evidence search for calculating effectiveness; a cost analysis for vaccine strategies and outcome management; and an economic model based on decision tree analysis, including deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis using acceptability curves, tornado diagram, and Monte Carlo simulation. A hypothetic 100 vaccinated children/vaccine cohort was built. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. The isolation probability for all serotypes in each vaccine was estimated: 38% for PCV7, 41% PCV10, and 17% PCV13. Avoided hospitalization was found to be the best effectiveness model measure. Estimated costs for PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 cohorts were USD13,761, 11,895, and 12,499, respectively. Costs per avoided hospitalization were USD718 for PCV7, USD333 for PCV10, and USD 162 for PCV13. At ICER, PCV7 was dominated by the other PCVs. Eliminating PCV7, PCV13 was more cost effective than PCV10 (confirmed in sensitivity analysis). PCV10 and PCV13 are more cost effective than PCV7 in prevention of pneumonia in children <5 years-old in Peru. PCV13 prevents more hospitalizations and is more cost-effective than PCV10. These results should be considered when making decisions about the Peruvian National Inmunizations Schedule.

Evaluation of vaccines for the prevention of pneumonia in children in developing countries.

This paper evaluates vaccines designed to prevent pneumonia among children in developing countries. Additionally, the article discusses the measurement of vaccine efficacy, as well as the potential of vaccine trials to provide information on the etiology of pneumonia and the need for an antibiotic treatment for various categories of acute respiratory infections (ARI). The three approaches to pneumococcal vaccine development include: 1) polysaccharide vaccines; 2) protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines; and 3) vaccines based on common protein antigens. The trial design was performed by individual randomization and randomization in clusters. Vaccines were evaluated in terms of the protection they provide against diseases with an unknown pathogen. The clinical and radiologic evaluation of pneumococcal vaccine trials served three related functions: 1) defining the ability of the vaccines to prevent severe pneumonia; 2) measuring the impact of the vaccine on the total burden of pneumonia that is defined by the World Health Organization; and 3) subdividing documented ARI episodes along clinical and radiological lines. Pneumococcal vaccine trials are essential in understanding the nature of pneumococcal disease among children in developing countries, as well as the public health utility of vaccines for its prevention.

Prevention of pneumonia in children

Prevention of pneumonia in children

Pathogenesis and Prevention of Childhood Pneumonia in Developing Countries: Recommendations

Recommendations are presented that emerged from the Conference on the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Pneumonia in Children in Developing Regions held 21-23 August 1989 in Bellagio, Italy. The conference recommendations embrace three major areas: first, the biology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestation of important etiologic agents causing acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI); second, the evaluation of risk factors affecting ALRI in the developing world necessary for planning intervention strategies in diverse ecologic settings; and third, the generation of targeted research questions that will translate into available safe and effective vaccines capable of controlling ALRI-related morbidity and mortality.