Prevent Pathogen Transmission Research Articles

Dynamics of Xylella fastidiosa and plum leaf scald: Insights from a long‐term study in Brazilian orchards

AbstractXylella fastidiosa is one of the most dangerous plant‐pathogenic bacteria globally, affecting various host species. Plum leaf scald (PLS) is the primary disease affecting plum trees in Brazil, with plant eradication efforts significantly increasing in recent years. This study aims to elucidate the disease dynamics and its vector in three monitored orchards from 2010 to 2015 and associate the pattern of pathogen dispersal with mechanical pruning. The incidence was lower in Porto Amazonas, starting at 0% and reaching 14% after 5 years. In contrast, the orchards in Araucaria and Palmeira showed an initial incidence around 5% in the first year, exceeding 80% by the end of the study. Sharpshooter leafhoppers, the vectors, were collected at ground and plant canopy level during the last 3 years. In 2013, more leafhoppers were found near the ground, but their numbers equalized across heights in the following years. Kernel smoothing revealed spatial dependence, and an autologistic model indicated an aggregated infection pattern with increased PLS risk for neighbouring plants. The border effect at the epidemic's onset was linked to pathogen entry via external vectors. The disease's progression along rows was attributed to effective mechanical pathogen transmission through pruning. Therefore, in regions with several summer prunings, it is recommended to sanitize pruning shears to prevent pathogen transmission. Constant monitoring and control of the vector are essential for effective disease management.

Detectability of cytokine and chemokine using ELISA, following sample-inactivation using Triton X-100 or heat

Clinical samples are routinely inactivated before molecular assays to prevent pathogen transmission. Antibody-based assays are sensitive to changes in analyte conformation, but the impact of inactivation on the analyte detectability has been overlooked. This study assessed the effects of commonly used inactivation-methods, Triton X-100 (0.5%) and heat (60 °C, 1 h), on cytokine/chemokine detection in plasma, lung aspirates, and nasopharyngeal samples. Heat significantly reduced analyte detectability in plasma (IL-12p40, IL-15, IL-16, VEGF, IL-7, TNF-β) by 33–99% (p ≤ 0.02), while Triton X-100 minimally affected analytes in plasma and nasopharyngeal samples (11–37%, p ≤ 0.04) and had no significant impact on lung aspirates. Structural analysis revealed that cytokines affected by heat had more hydrophobic residues and higher instability-indices. As the protein-detectability was affected differently in different sample types, the sample environment could also influence protein stability. This underscores the importance of selecting the most suitable inactivation methods for clinical samples to ensure accurate cytokine/chemokine analysis in both clinical and research settings.

A survey of healthcare workers on the acceptance and value of personal protective equipment for patient care.

Assess healthcare workers' (HCW) attitudes toward universal masking, and gowns and gloves used as part of transmission-based precautions. Cross-sectional survey. Academic, tertiary care medical center in Baltimore, Maryland. HCW who work in patient care areas and have contact with patients. In May 2023, a 15-question web-based survey was distributed by the hospital's communications team via email. The survey contained questions to assess HCW perceptions of universal masking policies prior to the availability of COVID-19 vaccines and at the time of the survey, and the use of gowns and gloves for transmission-based precautions. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Differences in agreement with universal masking over time, level of agreement with gown and glove policies, and with all PPE types across respondent characteristics were assessed. 257 eligible respondents completed the survey. Nurses and patient care technicians (43%) and providers (17%) were the most commonly reported roles. Agreement with universal mask use decreased from 84% early in the pandemic to 55% at the time of the survey. 70% and 72% of HCW agreed masks protect themselves and others, respectively. 63% expressed any level of annoyance with mask wearing, the most often due to communication challenges or physical discomfort. 75% agreed with gown use for antibiotic-resistant bacteria compared with 90% for glove use. The majority of HCW agree with the use of PPE to prevent pathogen transmission in the healthcare setting. Agreement with universal mask use for patient care shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A glimpse into the world of microRNAs and their putative roles in hard ticks.

Ticks are important blood feeding ectoparasites that transmit pathogens to wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. Hard ticks can feed for several days to weeks, nevertheless they often go undetected. This phenomenon can be explained by a tick's ability to release analgesics, immunosuppressives, anticoagulants, and vasodilators within their saliva. Several studies have identified extracellular vesicles (EVs) as carriers of some of these effector molecules. Further, EVs, and their contents, enhance pathogen transmission, modulate immune responses, and delay wound healing. EVs are double lipid-membrane vesicles that transport intracellular cargo, including microRNAs (miRNAs) to recipient cells. miRNAs are involved in regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. Interestingly, tick-derived miRNAs have been shown to enhance pathogen transmission and affect vital biological processes such as oviposition, blood digestion, and molting. miRNAs have been found within tick salivary EVs. This review focuses on current knowledge of miRNA loading into EVs and homologies reported in ticks. We also describe findings in tick miRNA profiles, including miRNAs packed within tick salivary EVs. Although no functional studies have been done to investigate the role of EV-derived miRNAs in tick feeding, we discuss the functional characterization of miRNAs in tick biology and pathogen transmission. Lastly, we propose the possible uses of tick miRNAs to develop management tools for tick control and to prevent pathogen transmission. The identification and functional characterization of conserved and tick-specific salivary miRNAs targeting important molecular and immunological pathways within the host could lead to the discovery of new therapeutics for the treatment of tick-borne and non-tick-borne human diseases.

Using contact network dynamics to implement efficient interventions against pathogen spread in hospital settings: A modelling study.

Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are hotspots for pathogen transmission. Infection control interventions are essential, but the high density and heterogeneity of interindividual contacts within LTCF may hinder their efficacy. Here, we explore how the patient-staff contact structure may inform effective intervention implementation. Using an individual-based model (IBM), we reproduced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation transmission dynamics over a detailed contact network recorded within a French LTCF of 327 patients and 263 staff over 3 months. Simulated baseline cumulative colonisation incidence was 21 patients (prediction interval: 11, 31) and 35 staff (prediction interval: 19, 54). We examined the potential impact of 3 types of interventions against transmission (reallocation reducing the number of unique contacts per staff, reinforced contact precautions, and hypothetical vaccination protecting against acquisition), targeted towards specific populations. All 3 interventions were effective when applied to all nurses or healthcare assistants (median reduction in MRSA colonisation incidence up to 35%), but the benefit did not exceed 8% when targeting any other single staff category. We identified "supercontactor" individuals with most contacts ("frequency-based," overrepresented among nurses, porters, and rehabilitation staff) or with the longest cumulative time spent in contact ("duration-based," overrepresented among healthcare assistants and patients in elderly care or persistent vegetative state (PVS)). Targeting supercontactors enhanced interventions against pathogen spread in the LTCF. With contact precautions, targeting frequency-based staff supercontactors led to the highest incidence reduction (20%, 95% CI: 19, 21). Vaccinating a mix of frequency- and duration-based staff supercontactors led to a higher reduction (23%, 95% CI: 22, 24) than all other approaches. Although based on data from a single LTCF, when varying epidemiological parameters to extend to other pathogens, our results suggest that targeting supercontactors is always the most effective strategy, indicating this approach could be applied to prevent transmission of other nosocomial pathogens. By characterising the contact structure in hospital settings and identifying the categories of staff and patients more likely to be supercontactors, with either more or longer contacts than others, interventions against nosocomial spread could be more effective. We find that the most efficient implementation strategy depends on the intervention (reallocation, contact precautions, vaccination) and target population (staff, patients, supercontactors). Importantly, both staff and patients may be supercontactors, highlighting the importance of including patients in measures to prevent pathogen transmission in LTCF.

Germline Cas9 promoters with improved performance for homing gene drive

Gene drive systems could be a viable strategy to prevent pathogen transmission or suppress vector populations by propagating drive alleles with super-Mendelian inheritance. CRISPR-based homing gene drives convert wild type alleles into drive alleles in heterozygotes with Cas9 and gRNA. It is thus desirable to identify Cas9 promoters that yield high drive conversion rates, minimize the formation rate of resistance alleles in both the germline and the early embryo, and limit somatic Cas9 expression. In Drosophila, the nanos promoter avoids leaky somatic expression, but at the cost of high embryo resistance from maternally deposited Cas9. To improve drive efficiency, we test eleven Drosophila melanogaster germline promoters. Some achieve higher drive conversion efficiency with minimal embryo resistance, but none completely avoid somatic expression. However, such somatic expression often does not carry detectable fitness costs for a rescue homing drive targeting a haplolethal gene, suggesting somatic drive conversion. Supporting a 4-gRNA suppression drive, one promoter leads to a low drive equilibrium frequency due to fitness costs from somatic expression, but the other outperforms nanos, resulting in successful suppression of the cage population. Overall, these Cas9 promoters hold advantages for homing drives in Drosophila species and may possess valuable homologs in other organisms.

Development of an enzyme-linked phage receptor-binding protein assay (ELPRA) based on a novel biorecognition molecule- receptor-binding protein Gp130 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage Henu5

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with life-threatening healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), including burn wound infections, pneumonia and sepsis. Moreover, P. aeruginosa has been considered a pathogen of global concern due to its rising antibiotic resistance. Efficient identification of P. aeruginosa would significantly benefit the containment of bacterial infections, prevent pathogen transmission, and provide orientated treatment options. The accuracy and specificity of bacterial detection are primarily dictated by the biorecognition molecules employed. Lytic bacteriophages (or phages) could specifically attach to and lyse host bacterial cells. Phages’ host specificity is typically determined by their receptor-binding proteins (RBPs), which recognize and adsorb phages to particular bacterial host receptors. This makes RBPs promising biorecognition molecules in bacterial detection. This study identified a novel RBP (Gp130) from the P. aeruginosa phage Henu5. A modified enzyme-linked phage receptor-binding protein assay (ELPRA) was developed for P. aeruginosa detection employing Gp130 as biorecognition molecules. Optimized conditions provided a calibration curve for P. aeruginosa with a range from 1.0 × 103 to 1.0 × 107 CFU/mL, with a limit of detection as low as 10 CFU/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). With VITEKⓇ 2 Compact system identification (40 positives and 21 negatives) as the gold standard, the sensitivity of ELPRA was 0.950 (0.818–0.991), and the specificity was 0.905 (0.682–0.983) within a 95 %confidence interval. Moreover, the recovery test in spiked mouse serum showed recovery rates ranging from 82.79 %to 98.17%, demonstrating the prospect of the proposed ELPRA for detecting P. aeruginosa in biological samples.

Recent advances in the biosensors application for reviving infectious disease management in silkworm model: a new way to combat microbial pathogens.

Silkworms are an essential economic insect but are susceptible to diseases during rearing, leading to yearly losses in cocoon production. While chemical control is currently the primary method to reduce disease incidences, its frequent use can result in loss of susceptibility to pathogens and, ultimately, antibiotic resistance. To effectively prevent or control disease, growers must accurately, sensitively, and quickly detect causal pathogens to determine the best management strategies. Accurate recognition of diseased silkworms can prevent pathogen transmission and reduce cocoon loss. Different pathogen detection methods have been developed to achieve this objective, but they need more precision, specificity, consistency, and promptness and are generally unsuitable for in-situ analysis. Therefore, detecting silkworm diseases under rearing conditions is still an unsolved problem. As a consequence of this, there is an enormous interest in the development of biosensing systems for the early and precise identification of pathogens. There is also significant room for improvement in translating novel biosensor techniques to identify silkworm pathogens. This study explores the types of silkworm diseases, their symptoms, and their causal microorganisms. Moreover, we compare the traditional approaches used in silkworm disease diagnostics along with the latest sensing technologies, with a precise emphasis on lateral flow assay-based biosensors that can detect and manage silkworm pathogens.

Identification and Measurement of Biomarkers at Single Microorganism Level for In Situ Monitoring Deep Ultraviolet Disinfection Process.

Since the COVID-19 disease has been further aggravated, the prevention of pathogen transmission becomes a vital issue to restrain casualties. Recent research outcomes have shown the possibilities of the viruses existing on inanimate surfaces up to few days, which carry the risk of touch propagation of the disease. Deep ultraviolet germicide irradiation (UVGI) with the wavelength of 255-280nm has been verified to efficiently disinfect various types of bacteria and virus, which could prevent the aggravation of pandemic spread. Even though considerable experiments and approaches have been applied to evaluate the disinfection effects, there are only few reports about how the individual bio-organism behaves after ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation, especially in the aspect of mechanical changes. Furthermore, since the standard pathway of virus transmission and reproduction requires the host cell to assemble and transport newly generated virus, the dynamic response of infectious cell is always the vital aspect of virology study. In this work, high power LEDs array has been established with 270nm UVC irradiation to evaluate disinfection capability on various types of bio-organism, and incubator embedded atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to investigate the single bacterium and virus under UVGI. The real-time tracking of the living Vero cells infected with adenovirus has also been presented in this study. The results show that after sufficient UVGI, the outer shell of bacteria and viruses remain intact in structure, however the bio-organisms lost the capability of reproduction and normal metabolism. The experiment results also indicate that once the host cell is infected with adenovirus, the rapid production of newborn virus capsid will gradually destroy the cellular normal metabolism and lose mechanical integrity.

Production of a thermoplastic polyurethane/silver nanoparticles 3D filament with antiviral properties to combat SARS‐CoV‐2

AbstractAntiviral agents present a propitious alternative to prevent pathogen transmission on various surfaces. In the present study, we successfully synthesized nanocomposites of thermoplastic polyurethanes with silver nanoparticles (TPU/AgNPs) via extrusion. To comprehensively evaluate their potential in antiviral applications, we conducted a thorough analysis of the nanocomposites, encompassing investigations into their chemical structure, physicochemical and mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, and antiviral efficacy. Remarkably, the incorporation of AgNPs had no discernible impact on the chemical structure of the materials, ensuring the preservation of essential properties. Moreover, the nanoparticles exhibited remarkable stability within the TPU matrix, with no detectable leaching of AgNPs observed in any of the studied nanocomposites. The nanocomposites demonstrated exceptional antibacterial efficiency, effectively inhibiting bacterial growth while concurrently revealing no cytotoxic effects in vitro for BALB/3 T3 cells. The antiviral performance against SARS‐CoV‐2 proved highly potent, achieving inactivation yields surpassing 99.0%. Leveraging these advantageous attributes, we harnessed the potential of TPU/AgNPs nanocomposites to produce various versatile products, such as cell phone cases and 3D‐printing filaments. In conclusion, this study underscores the immense promise of antiviral TPU/AgNPs nanocomposites, offering new insights into the domains of materials science and infection control, contributing to a healthier and safer future.

Outlook on RNAi-Based Strategies for Controlling Culicoides Biting Midges.

Culicoides are small biting midges with the capacity to transmit important livestock pathogens around much of the world, and their impacts on animal welfare are likely to expand. Hemorrhagic diseases resulting from Culicoides-vectored viruses, for example, can lead to millions of dollars in economic damages for producers. Chemical insecticides can reduce Culicoides abundance but may not suppress population numbers enough to prevent pathogen transmission. These insecticides can also cause negative effects on non-target organisms and ecosystems. RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular regulatory mechanism that degrades mRNA and suppresses gene expression. Studies have examined the utility of this mechanism for insect pest control, and with it, have described the hurdles towards producing, optimizing, and applying these RNAi-based products. These methods hold promise for being highly specific and environmentally benign when compared to chemical insecticides and are more transient than engineering transgenic insects. Given the lack of available control options for Culicoides, RNAi-based products could be an option to treat large areas with minimal environmental impact. In this study, we describe the state of current Culicoides control methods, successes and hurdles towards using RNAi for pest control, and the necessary research required to bring an RNAi-based control method to fruition for Culicoides midges.

Parasites and zoonotic bacteria in the feces of cats and dogs from animal shelters in Carinthia, Austria

Due to their close associations with humans, dogs and cats can be important reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens. In the current study 200 fecal samples of dogs (n = 70 samples) and cats (n = 130 samples) from animal shelters in Carinthia, southern Austria, were examined for the presence of parasites (fecal flotation and larval migration assay) and selected bacteria. Overall, 17.1% of the canine and 38.5% of the feline samples were positive for parasites (p < 0.001), most commonly Giardia duodenalis (dogs and cats), including potentially zoonotic genotypes revealed by multilocus genotyping, and Toxocara cati (cats). Cryptosporidium (C. felis), Cystoisospora spp. (dogs and cats), hookworms (dog), Trichuris (dog) Capillaria hepatica (cats), taeniids (cat), and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (cat) were also found. Zoonotic bacteria were detected in 10.5% of the samples, Salmonella enterica (dogs), Campylobacter jejuni (dogs and cats) and Yersinia enterocolitica (cat) and were significantly associated with parasite infections in cats but not in dogs. Samples that were positive for several pathogens were common; especially G. duodenalis and T. cati were frequently found in association with each other, other parasites or bacteria. The spectrum of detected pathogens is comparable to that of other dog and cat populations in central Europe. However, since animals from shelters are frequently rehomed, diagnostic measures, appropriate hygiene and therapy as well as training of shelter staff are recommended to prevent zoonotic transmission of enteropathogens to staff or new owners. The presence of heteroxenic parasites, i.e. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Taenia taeniaeformis, and spurious excretion of Ca. hepatica in cats, indicates that these animals preyed on intermediate hosts, and that biosafety measures in pet shelters need to be evaluated for their efficacy in the prevention of pathogen transmission.

High-Performance Supramolecular Organogel Adhesives for Antimicrobial Applications in Diverse Conditions.

Supramolecular organogel coatings that can disinfect the deposited microbial pathogens are emerging as an effective vehicle to prevent pathogen transmission. However, the development of anti-pathogen supramolecular adhesives with mechanical robustness and controlled oil inclusion is technically challenging. Here, we report supramolecular adhesives with mechanical integrity and robust interfacial adhesion over a wide range of biogenic antimicrobial oil. Bifunctional monomers are synthesized and assembled into linear polymers with semicrystalline stackings through hierarchical hydrogen bonds, where incorporated bioactive oil could regulate the semicrystalline stackings into nanosized crystalline domains through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The abundant bonding motifs provided by the supramolecular cross-linked networks could accommodate oil molecules with high inclusion capability and provide more interfacial binding sites with high adhesion strength, and the nanosized crystalline domains could stabilize the organogel network and compensate for the interactions with oil molecules to enhance structural and mechanical stability. In addition, rapid healing, robust adhesion, and antimicrobial and antiviral properties of the resultant organogel coatings are demonstrated. This study paves the way for the development of high-performance antimicrobial supramolecular adhesives with controlled oil inclusion, showing potential applications in soft robotics, tissue engineering, and biomedical devices.

Nanofibers in Respiratory Masks: An Alternative to Prevent Pathogen Transmission.

Recent global outbreak of COVID-19 has raised serious awareness about our abilities to protect ourselves from hazardous pathogens and volatile organic compounds. Evidence suggests that personal protection equipment such as respiratory masks can radically decrease rates of transmission and infections due to contagious pathogens. To increase filtration efficiency without compromising breathability, application of nanofibers in production of respiratory masks have been proposed. The emergence of nanofibers in the industry has since introduced a next generation of respiratory masks that promises improved filtration efficiency and breathability via nanometric pores and thin fiber thickness. In addition, the surface of nanofibers can be functionalized and enhanced to capture specific particles. In addition to conventional techniques such as melt-blown, respiratory masks by nanofibers have provided an opportunity to prevent pathogen transmission. As the surge in global demand for respiratory masks increases, herein, we reviewed recent advancement of nanofibers as an alternative technique to be used in respiratory mask production.

Environmental cleaning in operating rooms: A systematic review from the human factors engineering perspective

Background: Environmental cleaning is critical in preventing pathogen transmission and potential consecutive healthcare-acquired infections. In operating rooms (ORs), multiple invasive procedures increase the infectious risk for patients, making proper cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces of paramount importance. A human-factors engineering (HFE) approach emphasizing the impact of the entire work system on care processes and outcomes has been proposed to improve environmental cleaning. Using the lens of this HFE approach, we conducted a systematic review to synthesize existing evidence and identify gaps in the literature on OR cleaning. Methods: The systematic review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and limited to English-written, peer-reviewed journal articles reporting empirical studies on OR cleaning. Figure 1 shows the flowchart of study search and screening. The following data were extracted from each included article: (1) general information of the article (eg, first author, title, journal, year of publication) and (2) characteristics of the study (eg, country, objectives, design, outcome measures and measuring techniques, findings, funding source). In addition, work-system elements (eg, people, tasks, tools and technologies, physical environment, organizational conditions) and cleaning processes (eg, turnover cleaning, terminal cleaning) addressed in each included studywere coded based on the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model. The methodological quality of included studies using a (non)randomized controlled design was assessed using the version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Results: In total, 35 studies were included in this review, among which 10 examined the effectiveness of OR cleaning in reducing environmental contamination (Fig. 2), 1 examined the compliance of OR cleaning practices (Fig. 3), and 24 examined interventions for improving OR cleaning effectiveness and/or compliance (Fig. 4). Figure 5 summarizes the characteristics of the included studies. Conclusions: In this review, OR cleaning was inconsistently performed in practice, and mixed findings were reported regarding the effectiveness of OR cleaning in reducing environmental contamination. No study has systematically examined work-system factors influencing OR cleaning. Efforts to improve OR cleaning focused on cleaning tools and technologies (eg, ultraviolet light) and staff monitoring and training. Interventions targeting the broader work system influencing the cleaning processes are lacking. The scientific rigor of the included studies was modest. Most studies were either commercially funded or did not reveal their funding sources, which might introduce a desirability bias.Financial support: This study was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Disclosures: None

The Role of Wildlife and Pests in the Transmission of Pathogenic Agents to Domestic Pigs: A Systematic Review.

Wild animals and pests are important reservoirs and vectors of pathogenic agents that can affect domestic pigs. Rapid globalization, anthropogenic factors, and increasing trends toward outdoor pig production facilitate the contact between domestic pigs and wildlife. However, knowledge on the transmission pathways between domestic pigs and the aforementioned target groups is limited. The present systematic review aims to collect and analyze information on the roles of different wild animal species and pests in the spread of pathogens to domesticated pigs. Overall, 1250 peer-reviewed manuscripts published in English between 2010 and 2022 were screened through the PRISMA framework using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total of 84 studies reporting possible transmission routes of different pathogenic agents were included. A majority of the studies (80%) focused on the role of wild boars in the transmission of pathogenic agents to pig farms. Studies involving the role of rodents (7%), and deer (6%) were the next most frequent, whereas the role of insects (5%), wild carnivores (5%), wild birds (4%), cats (2%), and badgers (1%) were less available. Only 3.5% of studies presented evidence-based transmission routes from wildlife to domestic pigs. Approximately 65.5% of the included studies described possible risks/risk factors for pathogens' transmission based on quantitative data, whereas 31% of the articles only presented a hypothesis or qualitative analysis of possible transmission routes or risk factors and/or contact rates. Risk factors identified include outdoor farms or extensive systems and farms with a low level of biosecurity as well as wildlife behavior; environmental conditions; human activities and movements; fomites, feed (swill feeding), water, carcasses, and bedding materials. We recommend the strengthening of farm biosecurity frameworks with special attention to wildlife-associated parameters, especially in extensive rearing systems and high-risk zones as it was repeatedly found to be an important measure to prevent pathogen transmission to domestic pigs. In addition, there is a need to focus on effective risk-based wildlife surveillance mechanisms and to raise awareness among farmers about existing wildlife-associated risk factors for disease transmission.

Prevalence of chewing lice species on migratory birds in Razzaza lake

Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera and Amblycera) are permanent, obligate, and host-specific ectoparasites commonly found in birds. This study detects the types of chewing lice on living migratory birds. 436 birds were detected in Razzaza Lake that included lice and were captured during migration from October 2021 to February 2022 like Anas strepera, Anas crecca, Anas platyrhynchos, and Anas clypeata. The lice were soaked in 70% of ethyl alcohol and three species were found on 48 (10.98%) of four different bird species; Columbicola columbae, Campanulotes bidentatus, and Menacanthus camelinus. A new species is the M. camelinus that was found among new types of birds; A. platyrhynchos and A. clypeata, recording 1(2.04%). The prevalence sex of the infested birds and the lice species was A. strepera; 13(27.08%), 13(26.53%), A. crecca; 3(0.80%), 3(6.12%), A. platyrhynchos; 31(8.27%), 31(63.27%), A. clypeata; 1(0.27%), 2(4.08%), respectively. The Natural History Research Center and Museum at Baghdad University confirmed the parasite and type of birds. Migratory birds are one of the infectious resources for local and domestic birds that should be treated continuously to prevent pathogen transmission and preservation of bird flocks. The insecticide should be used on all bird flocks to prevent the completion concerning the stages of the cycle of life.

Effect of Holder pasteurisation and UV-C irradiation on bacteriophage titres in human milk.

Human milk is the optimal nutrition source for infants and contains a complex mix of bioactive compounds and microorganisms. When unavailable, pasteurised donor milk may be provided, particularly to preterm infants. Holder pasteurisation (HP) is typically implemented in human milk banks to prevent pathogen transmission. Given the impact of heat on milk bioactives, ultraviolet-C irradiation (UV-C) is an alternative being explored and has demonstrated effective bactericidal activity. In addition to bacteria, milk contains viruses including primarily bacteriophages (phages) and which likely influence the developing bacterial microbiome of infants. However, the effect of pasteurisation on human milk phages is unknown. This study assessed the effect of HP and UV-C on titres of exogenous bacteriophages inoculated into human milk. Ten donor human milk samples were tested in parallel with water controls. Milk samples or water controls were inoculated to a final concentration of 1× 104 PFU/mL (±1 log) each of a thermotolerant Escherichia coli phage (T4) and a thermosensitive Staphylococcus aureus phage (BYJ20) and subjected to HP and UV-C treatments. UV-C inactivated both phages within milk and water controls, however, HP was ineffective against the thermotolerant T4 phages. Initial data suggests that UV-C treatment may eliminate phage with potential to affect preterm infant gut colonization. Further studies should extend this to other phages.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dormancy: How to Fight a Hidden Danger.

Both latent and active TB infections are caused by a heterogeneous population of mycobacteria, which includes actively replicating and dormant bacilli in different proportions. Dormancy substantially affects M. tuberculosis drug tolerance and TB clinical management due to a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of bacilli, which leads to the complexity of both the diagnosis and the eradication of bacilli. Most diagnostic approaches to latent infection deal with a subpopulation of active M. tuberculosis, underestimating the contribution of dormant bacilli and leading to limited success in the fight against latent TB. Moreover, active TB appears not only as a primary form of infection but can also develop from latent TB, when resuscitation from dormancy is followed by bacterial multiplication, leading to disease progression. To win against latent infection, the identification of the Achilles' heel of dormant M. tuberculosis is urgently needed. Regulatory mechanisms and metabolic adaptation to growth arrest should be studied using in vitro and in vivo models that adequately imitate latent TB infection in macroorganisms. Understanding the mechanisms underlying M. tuberculosis dormancy and resuscitation may provide clues to help control latent infection, reduce disease severity in patients, and prevent pathogen transmission in the population.

Application of an Ultrasonic Nebulizer Closet in the Disinfection of Textiles and Footwear.

The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the importance of disinfection processes in health safety. Textiles and footwear have been identified as vectors for spreading infections. Therefore, their disinfection can be crucial to controlling pathogens’ dissemination. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial disinfectant aerosolized by an ultrasonic nebulizer closet as an effective method for disinfecting textiles and footwear. The disinfection was evaluated in three steps: suspension tests; nebulization in a 0.08 m3 closet; nebulization in the upscaled 0.58 m3 closet. The disinfection process of textiles and footwear was followed by the use of bacteriophages, bacterial spores, and bacterial cells. The disinfection in the 0.58 m3 closet was efficient for textiles (4 log reduction) when bacteriophage Lambda, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis were used. The footwear disinfection was achieved (4 log reduction) in the 0.08 m3 closet for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Disinfection in an ultrasonic nebulization closet has advantages such as being quick, not wetting, being efficient on porous surfaces, and is performed at room temperature. Ultrasonic nebulization disinfection in a closet proves to be useful in clothing and footwear stores to prevent pathogen transmission by the items’ widespread handling.