Prevention Of Non-communicable Diseases Research Articles

Quality Development of Soft Drinks Based on the Qualimetric Model Engineering

A number of doctrinal documents of the Russian Federation define the need for the non-communicable chronic disease prevention, and as a consequence, the health promotion by including specialized foods in the diet. From the list of homogeneous product groups, beverages are the most convenient for the functional property development, have simple production technology and are in demand with different population groups. All of those things determine the prospects for further development of the alcohol-free beverages. To forecast the quality and consumer characteristics of the projected alcohol-free beverages, a man developed a process for qualimetric model engineering of the expected assortment properties of drinks based on aspen leaves containing substances with pronounced antioxidant properties based on the example of the Yugorsky drink. The relevance of such research consists in the complex development including the maximum quality properties set of the projected product, in the formation of which engineers, consumers and experts participate. The development process of a qualimetric model for the quality engineering of beverages consists of five stages: identification of significant indicators inherent in this product group; "properties tree" developmen alcohol-free beverages; selection or development of scales for the beverage consumer properties assessment, weighting coefficient determination; complex (integral) indicator determination of the beverage quality. The authors emphasize the stages study depth importance of the new product development process and the degree of its detailing, depending on the knowledge and vision of all participants in the process.

The Six Pillars of Lifestyle Medicine in Managing Noncommunicable Diseases - The Gaps in Current Guidelines.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases that are long-lasting, are considered the major cause of death and disability worldwide, and the six pillars of lifestyle medicine (nutrition, exercise, toxic control, stress management, restorative sleep, and social connection) play an important role in a holistic management of their prevention and treatment. In addition, medical guidelines are the most accepted documents with recommendations to manage NCDs. The present study aims to analyze the lack of lifestyle pillars concerning the major Brazilian medical guidelines for NCDs and identify evidence in the literature that could justify their inclusion in the documents. Brazilian guidelines were selected according to the most relevant causes of death in Brazil, given by the Mortality Information System, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2019. Journals were screened in the PUBMED library according to the disease and non-mentioned pillars of lifestyle. Relevant causes of deaths in Brazil are acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Six guidelines related to these NCDs were identified, and all address aspects of lifestyle, but only one, regarding cardiovascular prevention, highlights all six pillars. Despite this, a literature search involving over 50 articles showed that there is evidence that all the pillars can help control each of these NCDs. Rarely are the six pillars of lifestyle contemplated in Brazilian guidelines for AMI, DM, and COPD. The literature review identified evidence of all lifestyle pillars to offer a holistic approach for the management and prevention of NCDs.

Developing and sustaining high-quality care for children with cancer: the WHO Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer.

Cancer is a major public health concern, impacting nearly 20 million people each year, and it is responsible for 1 in 6 deaths worldwide. The burden of cancer is increasing rapidly, straining health systems that are unable to prevent and manage the disease. Childhood cancer constitutes a significant and relevant public health challenge; it was the ninth leading cause of childhood disease globally, according to findings by the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. Almost 80% of all children diagnosed with cancer live in low- and middle-income countries where treatment is often unavailable or unaffordable. As a result, only about 15-45% of these children survive compared with more than 80% in high-income countries. This represents a great health inequity. Delivering on the mandate provided by World Health Assembly resolution 70.12, WHO together with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and other global partners launched the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer at the United Nations General Assembly during the third High-level Meeting on the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in September 2018. The Initiative aims to increase global survival for children with cancer to at least 60% by 2030, while reducing suffering for all children with cancer. Five years after launching the Initiative, more than 70 countries across the World Health Organization's 6 regions have advanced to different phases of action through implementation of the Initiative's CureAll framework for action. Many successful approaches to implementing the CureAll pillars and enablers have demonstrated that improving care for children with cancer in low- and middle-income countries is possible as long as there is strong political will, multisectoral commitments and strategic investment.

Political Economy of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) prevention and control in Lebanon: identifying challenges and opportunities for policy change and care provision reforms

IntroductionLebanon is a middle-income country facing substantial fragility features. Its health profile shows a high burden of NCD morbidity and mortality. This paper intends to analyse the political economy of NCD prevention and control in Lebanon.MethodsThis study adopted a literature-based case study research design using a problem-driven political economy analysis framework. A total of 94 peer-reviewed articles and documents from the grey literature published before June 2019 were retrieved and analysed.ResultsLebanon’s political instability and fragile governance negatively affect its capacity to adapt a Health-in-All-Policies approach to NCD prevention and enable the blocking of NCD prevention policies by opposed stakeholders. Recent economic crises limit the fiscal capacity to address health financing issues and resulting health inequities. NCD care provision is twisted by powerful stakeholders towards a hospital-centred model with a powerful private sector. Stakeholders like the MOPH, UN agencies, and NGOs have been pushing towards changing the existing care model towards a primary care model. An incremental reform has been adopted to strengthen a network of primary care centres, support them with health technologies and improve the quality of primary care services. Nevertheless, outpatient services that are covered by other public funds remain specialist-led without much institutional regulation.ConclusionOur study revealed a locked equilibrium in NCD prevention policymaking in Lebanon, but with an incremental progress in service delivery reforms towards a primary care model. Advocacy and close monitoring by policy entrepreneurs (such as civil society) could initiate and sustain the implementation of policy change and care model reforms.

An Examination of Physical Activity, Non-Communicable Diseases, and Health Screening among People Living with HIV in Zamfara State, Nigeria

Aim: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of physical activity levels, non-communicable disease prevalence, and health screening practices of people living with HIV in Zamfara State, Nigeria.
 Methodology: This study is a cross-sectional study involving a total of 424 individuals living with HIV (PLWH) in Zamfara State, Nigeria.
 Results: The socio-demographic analysis reveals that the study participants were predominantly within the age group of 30-39 (38.7%) and were mainly female (70.3%). In terms of ethnicity, Hausa was the most common (75.7%), followed by Yoruba (9.7%) and Igbo (4.7%). The participants were largely married (57.8%) and had no formal schooling (45.8%). Physical activity levels were evaluated based on the time spent on different domains of activity in a typical week. The mean time spent on vigorous intensity activity was 28.6 minutes per week, while moderate-intensity activity and walking/cycling were higher at 69.9 minutes and 205.1 minutes per day, respectively. However, 47.2% of participants overall did not meet WHO recommendations on physical activity for health, with females demonstrating a higher rate of non-compliance (50.7%) compared to males (38.9%). A notable aspect of the study is the examination of the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among the participants. Overall, the highest prevalence was seen for raised blood pressure (10.4%), followed by cardiovascular diseases (7.3%) and raised blood sugar (4.0%), while raised cholesterol levels were minimal (0.2%). Females presented a higher prevalence of raised blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. The study also scrutinized health screening practices, revealing that the screening for cervical cancer among female respondents was worryingly low at 2.3%. The mean weight and height for both sexes were 63.8 Kg and 1.6 meters, respectively. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was found to be 23.5 for males and 25.5 for females. Concerningly, 37.5% of the population had a BMI greater than 25, indicating overweight or obesity, with a higher prevalence among females (31.8%) than males (7.6%).
 Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into physical activity trends, non-communicable disease prevalence, and health screening practices among PLWH in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The findings underline the importance of tailored interventions to promote physical activity, manage non-communicable diseases, and encourage routine health screenings in this demographic.

Comparative analysis of silver-nanoparticles and whey-encapsulated particles from olive leaf water extracts: Characteristics and biological activity.

Nanotechnology applications have been employed to improve the stability of bioactive components and drug delivery. Natural-based extracts, especially olive leaf extracts, have been associated with the green economy not only as recycled agri-waste but also in the prevention and treatment of various non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The aim of this work was to provide a comparison between the characteristics, biological activity, and gene expression of water extract of olive leaves (OLE), green synthesized OLE silver nanoparticles (OL/Ag-NPs), and OLE whey protein capsules (OL/WPNs) of the two olive varieties, Tofahy and Shemlali. The particles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared. The bioactive compounds of the preparations were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and anticancer effect on HCT-116 colorectal cells as well as for their regulatory effects on cytochrome C oxidase (Cox1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) genes. (OL/Ag-NPs) were found to be smaller than (OL/WPNs) with sizes of (37.46±1.85 and 44.86±1.62 nm) and (227.20±2.43 and 553.02±3.60 nm) for Tofahy and Shemlali, respectively. SEM showed that Shemlali (OL/Ag-NPs) had the least aggregation due to their highest Ƹ-potential (-31.76 ± 0.87 mV). The preparations were relatively nontoxic to Vero cells (IC50 = 151.94-789.25 μg/mL), while they were cytotoxic to HCT-116 colorectal cells (IC50 = 77.54-320.64 μg/mL). Shemlali and Tofahy OLE and Tofahy OL/Ag-NPs had a higher selectivity index (2.97-7.08 μg/mL) than doxorubicin (2.36 μg/mL), indicating promising anticancer activity. Moreover, Shemlali preparations regulated the expression of Cox1 (up-regulation) and TNF-α (down-regulation) on HCT-116 cells, revealing their efficiency in suppressing the expression of genes that promote cancer cell proliferation. (OL/Ag-NPs) from Tofahy and Shemlali were found to be more stable, effective, and safe than (OL/WPNs). Consequently, OL/Ag-NPs, especially Tofahy, are the best and safest nanoscale particles that can be safely used in food and pharmaceutical applications.

Resveratrol and Gut Microbiota Synergy: Preventive and Therapeutic Effects.

The role of an imbalanced high-fat diet in the pathophysiology of common chronic noncommunicable diseases has been known for years. More recently, the concept of 'gut microbiota' and the interaction between their composition and gut metabolites produced from the intake of dietary products have gained the focus of researchers, mostly from the perspective of the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, which are still the leading cause of death globally. The aim of this work is to highlight the health benefits of the interaction between resveratrol (RSV), red grape polyphenol, and gut microbiota, through aspects of their therapeutic and preventive potentials. Since changed microbiota (mostly as a consequence of antibiotic overuse) contribute to the persistence of post ('long')-COVID-19 symptoms, these aspects will be covered too. Data were obtained from the electronic databases (MedLine/PubMed), according to specific keywords regarding the protective role of resveratrol, the gut microbiota, and their synergy. RSV exerts beneficial properties in the modulation of cardiovascular, metabolic, and post-COVID-19-related disorders. In healthy individuals, it maintains an ergogenic capacity, prevents oxidative stress, and modulates the inflammatory response. Overall, it improves quality of life. The RSV-gut-microbiota interaction is beneficial in terms of maintaining human health. Along with physical activity, it is key for the prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Non-communicable Diseases Week: Best Practices in Addressing the NCDs Burden from Tanzania.

Five million people die every year from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally. In Tanzania, more than two-thirds of deaths are NCD-related. The country is investing in preventive and advocacy activities as well as interventions to reduce the burden. Of particular interest, the Ministry of Health (MoH) commemorates NCDs' week using a multisectoral and multi-stakeholders' approach. This paper highlights activities conducted during NCDs week with the aim of sharing lessons for other countries with similar context and burdens. A thorough review of official reports and the national strategic plans for NCDs was done including the 2020 and 2021 National NCDs' week reports, the National Strategic Plan for NCDs 2015-2020, and the National NCDs agenda. NCDs week is commemorated annually throughout the country involving the five key activities. First, community awareness and participation are encouraged through media engagement and community-based preventive and advocacy activities. Second, physical activities and sports festivals are implemented with a focus on developing and renovating infrastructures for sports and recreation. Third, health education is provided in schools to promote healthy behaviors for secondary school adolescents in transition to adulthood. Fourth, health service provision and exhibitions are conducted involving screening for hypertension, diabetes, obesity, alcohol use, and physical activities. The targeted screening of NCDs identified 10% of individuals with at least one NCD in 2020. In 2021, a third of all screened individuals were newly diagnosed with hypertension, and 3% were found to have raised blood glucose levels. Fifth, the national NCDs scientific conferences conducted within the NCDs week provide an avenue for stakeholders to discuss scientific evidence related to NCDs and recommend strategies to mitigate NCDs burden. The initiation of NCDs week has been a cornerstone in advocating for NCDs control and prevention in the country. It has created awareness on NCDs, encourage healthy lifestyles and regular screening for NCDs. The multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral approaches have made the implementation of the mentioned activities feasible and impactful. This has set an example for the united efforts toward NCD control and prevention at national, regional, and global platforms while considering contextual factors during adoption and implementation.

Mapping evidence on barriers to and facilitators of diagnosing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Africa: A scoping review protocol

Background Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) represent a global public health challenge in all population groups, but the prevalence of major NCDs, such as depression, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity and diabetes, is increasing at a rapid rate among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Studies show that integrated NCDs and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) services have improved the patient outcome of PLWH with comorbidities with NCDs. It requires a strengthened and sustainable way of diagnosing major NCDs early among PLWH. However, there is limited evidence regarding the barriers to and facilitators of early diagnosis of NCDs (depression, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity and diabetes) among PLWH in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review will systematically map the literature and describe the barriers and facilitators of diagnosing NCDs (depression, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity and diabetes) among PLWH in LMICs in Africa. Methods The methodology presented by Arksey and O’Malley and the recommendation set out by Levac and colleagues will be used. PubMed, MEDLINE with full text via the EBSCO host, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus will be used for a comprehensive search for data extraction. The search will be conducted using keywords, Boolean terms, and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). All studies with eligible titles will be exported to the EndNote citation manager for deduplication and imported to Rayyan software for screening. Two reviewers will independently screen abstracts, and the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis extension to scoping review (PRISMA-Sc) guidelines will be used to guide the search in conducting the scoping review. We will perform descriptive data analysis for quantitative studies, NVivo software version 12 will be used for qualitative studies, and thematic content analysis will be carried out. This scoping review will include studies that included PLWH with those diagnosed with major NCDs (depression, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes) in LMICs in Africa. Discussion This scoping review will highlight evidence mapping on barriers and facilitators of diagnosing NCDs (depression, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes) among PLWH LMICs in Africa. Scoping Review Registration: registered on Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/xvtwd/).

Maintaining health in daily life—is active travel the solution?

Physical inactivity is a global public health challenge. At the same time, the societal transformation toward a sustainable and active lifestyle can be observed. Active travel (AT) is one physical activity (PA) domain and combines healthy and sustainable daily behavior. However, it is still unclear whether assumed associations between AT and health are resilient for objective and subjective health outcomes. Since published research on AT has been growing during the last decade, this scoping review aimed to update and summarize the existing evidence. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library, following PRISMA guidelines. In all, 35 papers including 4,857,918 individuals (age range: 18–93 years old) were included. AT is strongly associated with health dimensions with a great body of knowledge showing strong associations between AT and reduced risks for noncommunicable diseases (NCD), especially in comparison to non-AT. Thus, AT can play an important role to prevent the increasing prevalence of NCD. There is a limited amount of research available on health-promoting factors and subjective health. Extracted studies suggest positive connections with AT. Mostly, cycling as a form of AT seems to have a more significant positive association with health compared to walking. Longitudinal studies further support and reinforce these findings.

PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDs) THROUGH EXAMINATION, EARLY DETECTION AND INCREASING KNOWLEDGE

Indonesia is facing a double burden of disease where infectious diseases are still a problem and at the same time non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasing, causing the burden on society and the state to become increasingly heavy socially and economically. Efforts to improve people's quality of life still receive little attention. The Healthy Society Movement (GERMAS) through efforts to detect non-communicable diseases (PTM) needs to continue to be strengthened. GERMAS is a joint movement which is not only the responsibility of the government through the health service but is also the responsibility of the community, including academics. Several obstacles to the implementation of germas include limited access and not yet optimal community participation. Purpose of Community Service. increasing the achievement of Early Detection of NCDs for the community in the working area of ​​the Sako Palembang Community Health Center in 2023. The solution to the problem is carried out through screening and Early Detection as well as increasing understanding of NCDs in the community through counseling and personal education in the working area of ​​the Sako Palembang Community Health Center in 2023. Activities are carried out through the preparatory stages , implementation and evaluation . The resulting output is in the form of increasing knowledge, understanding and behavior for the community in the work area of ​​the Sako Palembang Community Health Center in 2023, in addition to producing booklets/posters and community service publications.

Information on health promotion and prevention on the websites of Baden-Württemberg's public health services-afirst approach

Health promotion and prevention are core tasks of German public health services (Öffentlicher Gesundheitsdienst). Health communication is, among other things, central to their effectiveness. As the Internet has become an important source of health information and public health services are increasingly in the public eye, their websites are gaining more focus. We therefore investigated how public health services present topics on health promotion and prevention of non-communicable diseases (HPP-NCDs) on their websites. The websites of the 38public health service departments in Baden-Wuerttemberg were examined using qualitative content analysis from June to October 2022. The presentation of the HPP-NCDs topic on the websites as well as the relevant measures were documented. For each measure/activity the addressed target group, the topic, and the type of intervention was collected. The HPP-NCDs topic is addressed on all websites (n = 38); however, the presentation style is heterogeneous. Atotal of 243 HPP-NCDs measures/activities were identified across the 38websites. There was abroad spectrum of topics, target groups, and types of intervention used in the measures/activities presented. The study shows an extensive but heterogeneous presentation of HPP-NCDs on the websites of public health services. In doing so, they are caught between the requirements of public relations and health information. The use of synergy effects through the joint promotion of nationally relevant informational materials and measures could be beneficial for public health services.

Individual perceptions of community efficacy for non-communicable disease management in twelve communities in China: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses

ObjectivesThis objective of this study was to use empirical data to assess cross-sectional variation singular and changes over time in community efficacy for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) management (COEN) and to examine individual factors associated with changes in COEN. Study designThis was a longitudinal observational study. MethodsParticipants with hypertension and diabetes were randomly selected from 12 communities from three cities in eastern China, and a baseline survey and a 1-year follow-up were conducted. The COEN scale has five dimensions: community physical environment (CPE), behavioral risk factors (BRF), mental health and social relationships (MHSR), community health management (CHM), and community organisations and activities (COA). Mixed-effects models were used to investigate the change in COEN over time and the association between individual factors and changes in COEN. ResultsCOEN scores showed significant variation singular among the 12 communities (P < 0.001) at the baseline. In the mixed-effects model, CPE (β coefficient: 1.62, P < 0.001), BRF (0.90, P < 0.001), MHSR (0.86, P < 0.001), CHM (0.46, P < 0.001), and total scores (β = 3.57, P < 0.001) increased significantly over time. The changes in COEN were associated with individual characteristics (e.g., older, men, more educated). ConclusionsCross-sectional variations and changes over time in COEN demonstrated the utility of a sensitive instrument. Factors such as age, gender, marriage, education level, and employment may affect the financial and social resources assignment for NCD management. Our findings suggest that further high-quality studies are needed to better evaluate the effect of community empowerment on the prevention and control of NCDs.

An Appraisal of the Oleocanthal-Rich Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) and Its Potential Anticancer and Neuroprotective Properties.

Dietary consumption of olive oil represents a key pillar of the Mediterranean diet, which has been shown to exert beneficial effects on human health, such as the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases like cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. These health benefits are partly mediated by the high-quality extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), which is produced mostly in Mediterranean countries and is directly made from olives, the fruit of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Preclinical evidence supports the existence of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties exerted by the polyphenol oleocanthal, which belongs to the EVOO minor polar compound subclass of secoiridoids (like oleuropein). This narrative review aims to describe the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of oleocanthal, as well as the potential anticancer and neuroprotective actions of this polyphenol. Based on recent evidence, we also discuss the reasons underlying the need to include the concentrations of oleocanthal and other polyphenols in the EVOO's nutrition facts label. Finally, we report our personal experience in the production of a certified organic EVOO with a "Protected Designation of Origin" (PDO), which was obtained from olives of three different cultivars (Rotondella, Frantoio, and Leccino) harvested in geographical areas located a short distance from one another (villages' names: Gorga and Camella) within the Southern Italy "Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park" of the Campania Region (Province of Salerno, Italy).

Green Space and the Risk of Non-communicable Diseases: A Study of Urban Residents in Dhaka City

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of death in Bangladesh, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Green spaces, defined as natural or semi-natural areas with vegetation, have been recognized for their potential to promote health and prevent NCDs. However, limited research exists on the relationship between green space and NCDs in urban areas of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between green space and NCD risk in urban residents of Dhaka City, focusing on the amount and distribution of green spaces, their effectiveness in reducing NCD risk, and recommendations for policymakers and urban planners. The findings could have significant implications for public health interventions, such as advocating for increased availability and accessibility of green spaces, improving their quality, and promoting activities that encourage their use. The study may also identify areas with inadequate access to green spaces, informing targeted interventions for equitable access. Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms through which green spaces influence NCD risk, such as physical activity, social interaction, air quality, and stress reduction, could lead to evidence-based interventions. The findings could be used to advocate for policy changes and urban planning strategies that prioritize green spaces as an important component of public health promotion and NCD prevention in urban areas. Collaborative efforts between health authorities, urban planners, policymakers, and community stakeholders may be necessary to implement strategies that increase the availability, accessibility, and quality of green spaces in Dhaka City. In conclusion, this study has the potential to contribute valuable knowledge to the literature on green space and health in urban areas of Bangladesh, with implications for public health policy and planning.

A Systematic Review of Anti Diabetic Property of Medicinal Plant - Insulin Plant

Hyperglycemia is the primary symptom of diabetes mellitus, a chronic, progressive, and poorly understood metabolic disease. The most common causes of T2DM, a spectrum of diseases that began with tissue insulin resistance and gradually progressed to a state marked by total loss of secretory activity of the insulin, are believed to be impaired insulin secretion, resistance to the actions of insulin in the tissue, or a combination of the two. pancreatic beta cells. The significant increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases that affect both industrialized and developing countries is largely due to type 2 diabetes. In this brief overview, we want to summarize the current guidelines for managing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, along with the range of drugs currently used for pharmacologic treatment.

Projected impact of population aging on non-communicable disease burden and costs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2020–2030

BackgroundThe number of people aged greater than 65 years per 100 people aged 20–64 years is expected to almost double in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) between 2020 and 2030. We therefore aimed to quantify the growing non-communicable disease (NCD) burden in KSA between 2020 and 2030, and the impact this will have on the national health budget.MethodsTen priority NCDs were selected: ischemic heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, dementia, depression, osteoarthritis, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Age- and sex-specific prevalence was projected for each priority NCD between 2020 and 2030. Treatment coverage rates were applied to the projected prevalence estimates to calculate the number of patients incurring treatment costs for each condition. For each priority NCD, the average cost-of-illness was estimated based on published literature. The impact of changes to our base-case model in terms of assumed disease prevalence, treatment coverage, and costs of care, coming into effect from 2023 onwards, were explored.ResultsThe prevalence estimates for colorectal cancer and stroke were estimated to almost double between 2020 and 2030 (97% and 88% increase, respectively). The only priority NCD prevalence projected to increase by less than 60% between 2020 and 2030 was for depression (22% increase). It is estimated that the total cost of managing priority NCDs in KSA will increase from USD 19.8 billion in 2020 to USD 32.4 billion in 2030 (an increase of USD 12.6 billion or 63%). The largest USD value increases were projected for osteoarthritis (USD 4.3 billion), diabetes (USD 2.4 billion), and dementia (USD 1.9 billion). In scenario analyses, our 2030 projection for the total cost of managing priority NCDs varied between USD 29.2 billion - USD 35.7 billion.ConclusionsManaging the growing NCD burden in KSA’s aging population will require substantial healthcare spending increases over the coming years.

Assessment of antiarthritic potential of Asparagus dumosus using formaldehyde and CFA-induced arthritic models in rats via modulation of oxidative stress biomarkers and mRNA expression of IL-1b, IL-6, RANKL, OPG, TNF-α and COX-2.

Medicinal plants play a pivotal role in the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases including arthritis. Despite the traditional use of Asparagus dumosus in arthritis, it has not been studied yet for its effectiveness in arthritis. This study was aimed to explore the antiarthritic potential of A. dumosus in formaldehyde and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritic rats. Body weight, arthritic index, hepatic oxidative stress, hematological, biochemical and inflammatory markers were assessed using ELISA, whilst qRT-PCR studies were carried out for the mRNA expression of IL-1b, IL-6, RANKL, OPG, TNF-α and COX-2 genes. GCMS and HPLC analysis were performed to identify the secondary metabolites of A. dumosus. From day 8 to 28 post-administration of formaldehyde and CFA, oral administration of A. dumosus (600, 300 and 150mg/kg) showed a noteworthy improvement (p < 0.001) in the body weights, immune organ weights, serum levels of rheumatoid (RA) factor, C-reactive protein, TNF-α and IL-6 levels in arthritic rats similar to the effect of piroxicam and methotrexate. Subsequently, the administration of A. dumosus to formaldehyde and CFA-challenged rats, caused a marked decrease (p < 0.001) in the mRNA expression of IL-1b, IL-6, OPG, RANKL, TNF-α and COX-2 genes in treated rats. Likewise, when assessed for antioxidant potential, A. dumosus produced a pronounced (p < 0.001) reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, whilst a dose-dependent (p < 0.001) increase in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities was recorded. GCMS profiling of A. dumosus presented benzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-, 1-decanol and undecane as plant compositions, whereas HPLC fingerprinting displayed quercetin, benzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-, gallic acid and cinnamic acid as plants constituents. These results depict that A. dumosus possesses anti-arthritic effect mediated possibly through attenuation of arthritic indices, chronic inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers along with down-regulation in the mRNA expression of arthritic candid genes.

Exploring the Interplay between Policy Texts and Local Realities in Drug Procurement for the NPCDCS Program in Bihar: An Institutional Ethnography

India has the largest number of families living below the poverty threshold, resulting in high out-of-pocket expenditure for healthcare, including essential medicines for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). With the increasing prevalence of NCDs, the role of the Indian government becomes crucial in ensuring that patients have access to essential drugs through public health facilities. This research paper explores the institutional processes of drug procurement in the National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Stroke in Bihar, India, using institutional ethnography as its methodological approach. The data for the study was collected over a 10-months period in three districts of Bihar and involved collecting data through participant observation, interviews, and reviews of official documents and program guidelines. The findings highlight the influence of various institutional and regulatory texts that shape the implementation of integrated programs in district hospitals and carry the authority and instructions of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Despite their legal entity and autonomous status, the study reveals that the governance, decision-making, and autonomy of health societies involved in the program were restricted through textual practices. The study’s contribution to social science and health system literature lies in illustrating the multiple factors that influence drug procurement at the central, state, and local levels.

The spatial relationship between long-term vacant housing and non-communicable diseases in U.S. shrinking and growing metropolitan areas

The rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has led to increased attention on understanding how built environments affect NCD risks. However, there's a significant gap in the literature regarding the relationship between housing vacancy duration and NCDs in metropolitan areas with varying development rates. Our research addresses this gap by examining the association between housing vacancy duration and NCDs across all U.S. metropolitan areas, considering growing, shrinking, and fluctuating counties. We used a Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model to analyze this relationship, finding that longer-term vacant housing (over 3 years) is more positively associated with NCDs compared to short-term vacancies. We also discovered that this association is non-uniform across metropolitan counties, except for cancer and stroke outcomes. Shrinking counties in the Northeast are particularly affected, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions in these areas. This study underscores the importance of revitalizing vacant homes, especially those vacant for over 3 years, in both shrinking and growing regions to improve public health. Policymakers should adopt tailored strategies, engage public health experts, and invest in healthcare infrastructure to effectively address the health risks linked to vacant housing.