Prevention Of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Research Articles

Progress on salt reduction and prevention of chronic non-communicable disease

Salt reduction is one of the effective strategy for chronic non-communicable disease control and prevention recommended by World Health Organization. Research evidences on salt reduction emerge recently and some issues remain controversial. With the aim of providing reference for the future salt reduction action, this article reviewed the current evidence and strategies on the source of salt intake, the relationship between salt and health, the cost-effectiveness of salt reduction, as well as the targets and strategies of salt reduction. It also elaborated the main controversial issues in salt reduction, including salt reduction in population, evaluation method of salt intake, substitute salt, iodine intake, and the effectiveness of salt reduction strategy. The international and internal salt reduction activities were introduced as well.

Design of a prototype remote medical monitoring system for measuring blood pressure and glucose measurement

Objectives: This article describes the development of two prototypes supported in the e-Health Sensor Shield V2.0 Arduino low as processing architecture, in order to manage and monitor physiological parameters related to the prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) is presented. Methodology: The introduction of Information Technology and Communications (ICT) in the health sector have fostered the creation of new approaches that encompass related to prevention, care, management and health education, offering alternatives to address traditional problems activities. Findings: The ultimate purpose of the system is to encourage user self-care culture and healthy lifestyles as obesity, hypertension and diabetes are now considered as a focus of health programs. Application/Improvements: Prototypes allow the capture, analysis, processing and remote transmission via internet biometric data (glucose and blood pressure) that can be accessed from any device. Keywords: Arduino, Diabetes, e-Health, Hypertension, Telemedicine, NCCD

Mudanças na atividade física de lazer, locomoção e tempo de televisão entre homens e mulheres usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde em uma cidade de médio porte: seguimento de 18 meses

Given the importance of physical activity for health promotion and for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases, the Unified Health System (SUS) has changed its strategy of action in the last decades, trying to adopt preventive activities, seeking better quality of life of the Brazilian population and reduce costs with treatment of diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns in users of the Brazilian National Unified Health System during 18 months and the impact of sex and time on such variables. One hundred and ninety-eight participants (58 men and 140 women) were evaluated. Physical activity level was assessed using the Baecke questionnaire. Men had higher scores in all physical activity variables compared to women: walking (p-value = 0.013), cycling (p-value = 0.001) and commuting (p-value= 0.007), but not for TV watching (p-value = 0.362). After 18 months, in the overall sample, walking score increased 25.9% (95%CI = 10.6 to 41.1), but not cycling (1.5% [95%CI = -2.7 to 5.7]), commuting (14.4% [95%CI = -0.4 to 29.3]) and TV watching (1.6% [95%CI = -5.7 to 9.1]). Men were usually more active than women in active behaviors, but not in TV watching. However, differences over time were similar between sexes.

Economics of the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases

Economics of the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and different type of dietary fat on serum lipid profile, liver enzymes activity and oxidative stress markers in Wistar rats

Nutritional recommendations emphasize the need to limit consumption of saturated fatty acids and to increase the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. Among the fatty acids with health-related effects on the body, conjugated fatty acids are mentioned (i.e. CLA). The current study was designed to determine the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on serum lipid profile, glucose, liver enzymes activity (AST and ALT), malonic dialdehyde (MDA) as well as lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) concentrations in rats fed diet differing in type of dietary fat. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups and fed the following diets: control AIN-93G diet contained soybean oil (O) and diets with modification of fat source: butter (B) and margarine (M). The experimental diets were supplemented with 1% of conjugated linoleic acid (O+CLA, B+CLA, M+CLA). After 21 days the blood was collected and lipid profile, glucose, liver enzymes, MDA as well as LPO were analyzed. The dietary treatments had no significant effect on the body weight and liver weight of the animals. The concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL+VLDL cholesterol were unchanged. Both experimental factors (fat source and CLA) had a significant influence on the TAG and HDL levels. Margarine (M) significantly increased the TAG concentration, whereas CLA had a significant impact on the TAG reduction (M+CLA). Glucose level was significantly decreased in all groups fed diets supplemented with CLA. Serum ALT significantly increased in all CLA groups. Fat source had statistically significant influence on the MDA concentration. The LPO level was significantly elevated in all CLA groups. There was statistically significant interaction of experimental factors (fat source and CLA supplementation) on LPO level. Margarine had an adverse effect on the rat’s lipid profile. However, in the group fed with margarine, the addition of CLA decreased the concentration of TAG. Regardless of the type of the dietary fat, CLA supplementation increased the level of LPO in the blood serum of animals.

An analysis on intersectional collaboration on non-communicable chronic disease prevention and control in China: a cross-sectional survey on main officials of community health service institutions

BackgroundOur study aimed to design a tool of evaluating intersectional collaboration on Non-communicable Chronic Disease (NCD) prevention and control, and further to understand the current status of intersectional collaboration in community health service institutions of China.MethodsWe surveyed 444 main officials of community health service institutions in Beijing, Tianjin, Hubei and Ningxia regions of China in 2014 by using a questionnaire. A model of collaboration measurement, including four relational dimensions of governance, shared goals and vision, formalization and internalization, was used to compare the scores of evaluation scale in NCD management procedures across community healthcare institutions and other ones. Reliability and validity of the evaluation tool on inter-organizational collaboration on NCD prevention and control were verified.ResultsThe test on tool evaluating inter-organizational collaboration in community NCD management revealed a good reliability and validity (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89,split-half reliability = 0.84, the variance contribution rate of an extracted principal component = 49.70%). The results of inter-organizational collaboration of different departments and management segments showed there were statistically significant differences in formalization dimension for physical examination (p = 0.01).There was statistically significant difference in governance dimension, formalization dimension and total score of the collaboration scale for health record sector (p = 0.01,0.00,0.00). Statistical differences were found in the formalization dimension for exercise and nutrition health education segment (p = 0.01). There were no statistically significant difference in formalization dimension of medication guidance for psychological consultation, medical referral service and rehabilitation guidance (all p > 0.05).ConclusionThe multi-department collaboration mechanism of NCD prevention and control has been rudimentarily established. Community management institutions and general hospitals are more active in participating in community NCD management with better collaboration score, whereas the CDC shows relatively poor collaboration in China.Xing-ming Li and Alon Rasooly have the same contribution to the paper.Xing-ming Li and Alon Rasooly listed as the same first author.

Health management based on the national big data platform for medical and healthcare management

Big data will change the way of managing, analyzing, and utilizing data in any industries. In the medical and healthcare field, health management is the development direction of the future medical model. Health management is the most basic and representative functions of the national big data platform for medical and healthcare management. For individuals, effective health management can achieve the purpose of not pre-emptive treatment, and for the society, effective health management can effectively control the development of group disease, reduce the loss of medical resources, reduce medical expenses and improve the utilization of medical resources. Although the application of healthcare big data is still restrained by factors such as data quality, data missing, data silos, data security and data processing technologies, the health management based on the national big data platform is expected to play an important role in some research fields including prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases, intervention technology of sub-health status, health status detection and evaluation, and the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Based on the essence and function of health management, the significance the national big data platform for medical and healthcare management was expounded. Key words: Healthcare big data; Health management; Disease control and prevention; Health intervention

Chronic Respiratory Diseases in the Regions of Northern Russia: Epidemiological Distinctions in the Results of a National Population Study.

The aim of the study is to investigate the epidemiological situation regarding chronic respiratory diseases in populations that inhabit different climatic–geographical regions of Russia, and to develop targeted programs for prevention of these diseases. Methods: (1) a comparative analysis of the standardized mortality data in Russia and other selected regions of the Russian North using the European standard for respiratory diseases, in a population aged 25–64; and (2) data from a randomized cross-sectional epidemiological study, with subjects from three different climatic-geographical regions of Russia. Results: (1) the respiratory disease-related mortality rates in the majority of Russian Northern regions were much higher compared to the national average. Although death rates from chronic lower respiratory diseases were higher among the Northern regions and in the whole of Russia relative to the countries of European Union (EU), the cause of death in the populations of the Northern regions tend to be lower respiratory infections and pneumonia; and (2) despite the absence of any significant differences in the prevalence of smoking, the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases (COPD) is significantly higher in Far North Yakutsk compared to the other two regions in this study—Chelyabinsk and Vologda. The status of hyperborean had the highest chance of a significant contribution to COPD and cardiorespiratory pathology among all other risk factors. The results revealed a need for effective targeted strategies for primary and secondary prevention of chronic respiratory diseases for the populations of the Northern regions of Russia. Conclusions: The revealed regional distinctions regarding the prevalence of, and mortality from, chronic respiratory diseases should be taken into consideration when designing integrated programs for chronic non-communicable disease prevention in these regions.

RISK FACTORS OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN ORGANIZED COHORT OF MALE EMPLOYEES OF THE MACHINE BUILDING PLANT

Aim. To study the incidence of arterial hypertension (HT) and prevalence of risk factors and occupational factors (OF) among people with HT on the base of engineering plant within program of formation of healthy lifestyle and prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases among the contingent, attached for the medical assistance for the period 2012-2016. Material and methods . The study included men (n=586), aged 20-65 years – the workers of the engineering plant directly involved in the works in conditions of industrial occupational exposures. These specified works occupied not less than 50% of the general time, and work experience at the enterprise in examined workers was at least 5 years. Results. All examined people were divided into 2 groups according to the office blood pressure (BP) levels: without HT – 380 people (64.8%) and with HT – 206 patients (35.2%). HT was observed more often among people without higher education (39.2 vs 28.3%; р<0.07). The prevalence of morphological changes on the fundus of eyes was significantly different in hypertensive patients and people without HT (30.6% vs 21.3%, respectively; p<0.04), that appears to be evidence of early organ disorders. OF were found more often in the group of workers with elevated office BP (31.9% vs 23.2%; p<0.04). Metabolic syndrome were detected in 44.8% of hypertensive patients vs 22.4% in people without HT (p<0.001). The people with HT but without other components of metabolic syndrome were taken for particular analysis. In this group the higher education was also much less often (24.0% vs 57.6%; p<0.001), and OF (excluding work at the computer) were revealed more often (87.3% vs 80.2%; p <0.06). Conclusion. The development of HT in workers of engineering plant is influenced, firstly, by traditional risk factors – age and components of metabolic syndrome, and higher education is a kind of HT anti-risk factor. OF were significantly more common in the group of workers with elevated office BP. Periodic checkups should be the routine method to identify chronic non-communicable diseases among people of working age.

Nutraceutical and Pharmacological Properties of Vigna species

Legumes are widely grown and consumed in different parts of world not only for their nutritional value, but also their adaptability to marginal soils and climates. They also have immense potential for the improvement of nutritional quality to overcome protein malnutrition. Major Vigna species including Vigna radiata, Vigna angularis, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna umbellata and Vigna mungo are important dietary staple legumes worldwide, containing variable amounts of oligosaccharides, phytic acid, lectins, phenolic compounds and saponins. Earlier these compounds were considered antinutrients as they reduce the protein digestibility and mineral bioavailability, have recently elicited significant health protective effects in the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases. Some of these compounds are also important in plant defense mechanisms against predators or adverse environmental conditions. The present study reviews potential benefits of different bioactive components of Vigna species for their nutraceutical and pharmacological significance.

Correlation between vascular endothelial function parameters with indicators of suboptimal health status and the factors of cardiovascular risk

The problem of prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases continues to be relevant. It is a promising non-invasive integration of new screening methods to assess the patient's health system. The goal was to establish the relationship of vascular endothelial function parameters with indicators of suboptimal health status and the factors of cardiovascular risk. Materials and methods. A total of 327 residents of Samara, who had no history of disease and did not receive treatment in the last 3 months. We used a questionnaire diagnostic screening suboptimal health status SHSQ-25, the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, endothelin-1, human blood index of endothelial function was determined by computer photopletismography. Results and discussion. Suboptimal health status is associated with the prevalence and severity of cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, overweight, total cholesterol, glucose, blood endothelin, vascular endothelium reactivity, indicating that their dominant influence on the quality of life in a population of healthy individuals. Vascular reactivity non-invasively evaluated in terms of endothelial function in the sample with ischaemia of the upper limb by computer photopletismography reflects systemic vascular endothelial function as a negative associated with endothelin blood and the main factors of cardiovascular risk: age, male gender, body mass index, the nature of work activity, blood pressure value.

Fighting with obesity: the "gold standard" and new horizons

Data of the World Health Organization and numerous clinical studies have shown a steady increase in the prevalence of obesity in the world. The number of obese people has doubled in the last three decades. The increase in obesity prevalence with age was found in Russia in the large epidemiological study ESSE-RF. Besides, increase in obesity prevalence was observed among men. Special attention is necessary for patients with overweight or obesity in the primary prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Therapy aimed at addressing the risk factors of adverse outcomes is rational, if the patient has a disease associated with obesity.

Physical activity — history and development of methodology and guidelines

First studies in the field of physical activity and its role in chronic non-communicable diseases prevention were published more than 50 years ago. Initially, the goal of these investigations was to assess the risk of cardiovascular events during exercises. However, later the assessment of optimal intensity and duration of physical activity within preventive measures became the leading issue of research. Evolution of methodological approaches in physical activity assessment — from subjective methods based on the diaries and questionnaires to modern mobile devices — pedometers and accelerometers, required the changes in physical activity guidelines. Global recommendations on physical activity for health, published by WHO in 2010, leave many open questions due to the lack of an ideal method for physical activity evaluation.

Prevention of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases: Quo Vadis? A New Example from Zagreb.

Prevention of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases: Quo Vadis? A New Example from Zagreb.

Comparison of four nontraditional lipid profiles in relation to ischemic stroke among hypertensive Chinese population

a Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China b Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Library, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China c Department of Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China d Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China

The finut healthy lifestyles guide: beyond the food pyramid

The World Health Organization has proposed that health be promoted and protected through the development of an environment that enables sustainable actions at individual, community, national and global levels. Indeed, food-based dietary guidelines, i.e., food pyramids, have been developed in numerous countries to disseminate nutritional information to the general population. However, wider recommendations are needed, with information on an active, healthy lifestyle, not just healthy eating. The objective of the present work is to propose a three-dimensional pyramid as a new strategy for promoting adequate nutrition and active healthy lifestyles in a sustainable way. Indeed, the Iberomerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT) pyramid of healthy lifestyles has been designed as a tetrahedron, its three lateral faces corresponding to the binomials food and nutrition, physical activity and rest, and education and hygiene. Each lateral face is divided into two triangles. These faces show the following: 1. food-based guidelines and healthy eating habits as related to a sustainable environment; 2. recommendations for rest and physical activity and educational, social and cultural issues; 3. selected hygiene and educational guidelines that, in conjunction with the other two faces, would contribute to better health and provide measures to promote environmental sustainability. The new FINUT pyramid is addressed to the general population of all ages and should serve as a guide for living a healthy lifestyle within a defined social and cultural context. It includes an environmental and sustainability dimension providing measures that should contribute to the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases.

Prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases in obese patients: choice of management tactics, target criteria, and monitoring. Review of foreign guidelines

Prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases in obese patients: choice of management tactics, target criteria, and monitoring. Review of foreign guidelines

Study of the community-based indexing system for prevention and control technologies of chronic non-communicable diseases

An indexing system is constructed,based on the implementation of prevention and control technology for chronic non-communicable diseases in community health service institutions,using both literature review and Delphi method,and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to calculate the weight of the indexing system.The system comprises three level-1 indexes,8 level-2 indexes and 33 level-3 indexes.The research proposed a transition from emphasis of therapeutic means to prevention,and emphasis on prevention and control technologies to the high-risk population in the prevention and control technology of chronic non-communicable diseases,along with development of techniques and measures to encourage behavioral changes of the population with chronic diseases. Key words: Community health service institutions; Chronic disease; Prevention and control technologies; Indexing system

Assessment on the capacity for programs regarding chronic non-communicable diseases prevention and control, in China

To assess the policies and programs on the capacity of prevention and control regarding non-communicable diseases (NCDs) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) at all levels and grass roots health care institutions, in China. On-line questionnaire survey was adopted by 3 352 CDCs at provincial, city and county levels and 1 200 grass roots health care institutions. 1) On policies: 75.0% of the provincial governments provided special funding for chronic disease prevention and control, whereas 19.7% city government and 11.3% county government did so. 2) Infrastructure:only 7.1% county level CDCs reported having a department taking care of NCD prevention and control. 8 263 staff members worked on NCDs prevention and control, accounting for 4.2% of all the CDCs' personnel. 40.2% CDCs had special funding used for NCDs prevention and control. 3)Capacity on training and guidance:among all the CDCs, 96.9% at provincial level, 50.3% at city level and 42.1% at county level had organized training on NCDs prevention and control. Only 48.3% of the CDCs at county level provided technical guidance for grass-roots health care institutions. 4) Capacities regarding cooperation and participation: 20.2% of the CDCs had experience in collaborating with mass media. 5) Surveillance capacity: 64.6% of the CDCs at county level implemented death registration, compare to less than 30.0% of CDCs at county level implemented surveillance programs on major NCDs and related risk factors. In the grass roots health care institutions, 18.6% implemented new stroke case reporting system but only 3.0% implemented program on myocardial infarction case reporting. 6) Intervention and management capacity: 36.1% and 32.2% of the CDCs conducted individualized intervention on hypertension and diabetes, while less than another 20% intervened into other NCDs and risk factors. More than 50% of the grass roots health care institutions carried follow-up survey on hypertension and diabetes. Rates on hypertension and diabetes patient management were 12.0% and 7.9% , with rates on standard management as 73.8% and 80.1% and on control as 48.7% and 50.0%, respectively. 7) Capacity on Assessment: 13.3% of the CDCs or health administrations carried out evaluation programs related to the responses on NCDs in their respective jurisdiction. 8) On scientific research: the capacity on scientific research among provincial CDCs was apparently higher than that at the city or county level CDCs. Policies for NCDs prevention and control need to be improved. We noticed that there had been a huge gap between county level and provincial/city level CDCs on capacities related to NCDs prevention and control. At the grass-roots health care institutions, both prevention and control programs on chronic diseases did not seem to be effective.

A community-based approach to non-communicable chronic disease management within a context of advancing universal health coverage in China: progress and challenges.

Paralleled with the rapid socio-economic development and demographic transition, an epidemic of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) has emerged in China over the past three decades, resulting in increased disease and economic burdens. Over the past decade, with a political commitment of implementing universal health coverage, China has strengthened its primary healthcare system and increased investment in public health interventions. A community-based approach to address NCDs has been acknowledged and recognized as one of the most cost-effective solutions. Community-based strategies include: financial and health administrative support; social mobilization; community health education and promotion; and the use of community health centers in NCD detection, diagnosis, treatment, and patient management. Although China has made good progress in developing and implementing these strategies and policies for NCD prevention and control, many challenges remain. There are a lack of appropriately qualified health professionals at grass-roots health facilities; it is difficult to retain professionals at that level; there is insufficient public funding for NCD care and management; and NCD patients are economically burdened due to limited benefit packages covering NCD treatment offered by health insurance schemes. To tackle these challenges we propose developing appropriate human resource policies to attract greater numbers of qualified health professionals at the primary healthcare level; adjusting the service benefit packages to encourage the use of community-based health services; and increase government investment in public health interventions, as well as investing more on health insurance schemes.