Prevention Of Mental Disorders Research Articles

Incarcerated people in prisons: A public health priority in resource-poor settings

Brazil has the third largest prison population on the planet. In this situational framework, Brazil's state prisons experience brutal riots. Here we show that, the risks of prison violence are exacerbated by a lack of opportunities for inmates once they've entered the penal system. Prisoners in Brazil do not have adequate access to healthcare services and neither is properly reached by the healthcare system. Overcrowding makes it hard for prison authorities to keep rival factions separate. The identification of the presence of mental problems when the individuals are admitted to prisons is a necessary task that may guide the adoption of measures to reduce suffering beyond the penalty of deprivation of freedom. The burden of psychiatric disorders in the prisoner's population is not known. The prevalence of major psychiatric disorders is high. Regardless of whether mental disorders are the cause or consequence of prison, it is elucidated that the stressing factors inherent to the inmate condition do not contribute to the prevention of mental disorders.

Features of the dynamics of the incidence of organic nonpsychotic disorders in the rural population of Ukraine

Based on the reporting forms No. 10 "Report on diseases of persons with mental and behavioral disorders" for the period from 2000 to 2017, a clinical-statistical analysis of the dynamics of the prevalence of organic non-psychotic mental disorders in the rural population of Ukraine is presented, as well as changes in the structure of the incidence of non-psychotic mental disorders. The data presented indicate signifi cant fl uctuations in the incidence and prevalence rates. A significant proportion of organic nonpsychotic mental disorders in the structure of the incidence of nonpsychotic mental disorders in rural residents requires the adoption of appropriate organizational measures to optimize the system of assistance and prevention of mental health disorders in the rural population. Key words: mental and behavioral disorders, organic non-psychotic mental disorders, incidence, prevalence, villagers, psychiatric care

Implementation of the Swedish Guideline for Prevention of Mental ill-health at the Workplace: study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial, using multifaceted implementation strategies in schools

BackgroundGiven today’s high prevalence of common mental disorders and related sick leave among teachers, an urgent need exists for a more systematic approach to the management of social and organizational risk factors within schools. In 2015, we launched the first Swedish occupational health guideline to support a structured prevention of these risks at the workplace. The existence of guidelines does however not guarantee their usage, as studies show that guidelines are often underused. Knowledge is therefore needed on effective implementation strategies that can facilitate the translation of guidelines into practice. The primary aim of the randomized waiting list-controlled trial described in this study protocol is to compare the effectiveness of a multifaceted implementation strategy versus a single implementation strategy for implementing the Guideline for the prevention of mental ill-health at the workplace within schools. The effectiveness will be compared regarding the extent to which the recommendations are implemented (implementation effectiveness) and with regard to social and organisational risk factors for mental ill-health, absenteeism and presenteeism (intervention effectiveness).MethodsThe trial is conducted among primary schools of two municipalities in Sweden. The single implementation strategy is an educational strategy (an educational meeting). The multifaceted strategy consists of the educational meeting, an implementation team and a series of workshops. The outcome measure of implementation effectiveness is guideline adherence. The primary outcome of intervention effectiveness is exhaustion. Secondary outcomes include demands at work, work organization and job contents, interpersonal relations and leadership, presenteeism, work performance, recovery, work-life balance, work-engagement, self-reported stress, self-perceived health, sickness absence and psychosocial safety climate. Process outcomes as well as barriers and facilitators influencing the implementation process are assessed. Data will be collected at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months by mixed methods (i.e. survey, focus-group interviews, observation).DiscussionThe study described in this protocol will provide valuable knowledge on the effectiveness of implementation strategies for implementing a guideline for the prevention of common mental disorders within schools. We hypothesize that successful implementation will result in reductions in school personnel’s perceived social and organizational risk factors, mental ill-health and sick-leave.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03322839 (trial registration: 09/19/2017).

School-based interventions to prevent anxiety and depression in children and young people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

SummaryBackgroundRates of anxiety and depression are increasing among children and young people. Recent policies have focused on primary prevention of mental disorders in children and young people, with schools at the forefront of implementation. There is limited information for the comparative effectiveness of the multiple interventions available.MethodsWe did a systematic review and network meta-analysis, searching MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials for published and unpublished, passive and active-controlled randomised and quasi-randomised trials. We included educational setting-based, universal, or targeted interventions in which the primary aim was the prevention of anxiety and depression in children and young people aged 4–18 years. Primary outcomes were post-intervention self-report anxiety and depression, wellbeing, suicidal ideation, or self-harm. We assessed risk of bias following the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We estimated standardised mean differences (SMD) using random effects network meta-analysis in a Bayesian framework. The study is registered with PROPSERO, number CRD42016048184.Findings1512 full-text articles were independently screened for inclusion by two reviewers, from which 137 studies of 56 620 participants were included. 20 studies were assessed as being at low risk of bias for both random sequence generation and allocation concealment. There was weak evidence to suggest that cognitive behavioural interventions might reduce anxiety in primary and secondary settings. In universal secondary settings, mindfulness and relaxation-based interventions showed a reduction in anxiety symptoms relative to usual curriculum (SMD −0·65, 95% credible interval −1·14 to −0·19). There was a lack of evidence to support any one type of intervention being effective to prevent depression in universal or targeted primary or secondary settings. Comparison-adjusted funnel plots suggest the presence of small-study effects for the universal secondary anxiety analysis. Network meta-analysis was not feasible for wellbeing or suicidal ideation or self-harm outcomes, and results are reported narratively.InterpretationConsidering unclear risk of bias and probable small study effects for anxiety, we conclude there is little evidence that educational setting-based interventions focused solely on the prevention of depression or anxiety are effective. Future research could consider multilevel, systems-based interventions as an alternative to the downstream interventions considered here.FundingUK National Institute for Health Research.

Психоосвіта у профілактиці психічних розладів у внутрішньо переміщених осіб

Представлены результаты исследования особенностей психического состояния внутренне перемещенных лиц, которое характеризуется широким спектром различных по выраженности нарушений. В структуре психопатологических нарушений внутренне перемещенных лиц отмечаются признаки посттравматического стрессового расстройства, тревожных, депрессивных и соматоформных расстройств. Предложена психообразовательная программа, представляющая групповой структурированный формат работы, благодаря которой значительно повышается уровень психологической адаптации внутренне перемещенных лиц за счет снижения психологического напряжения и тревоги.

Determination of mental status of the university students and related risk factors

Abstract University time is one of the most challenging periods of a person’s life. It’s also peak period of many mental illnesses. Mental disorders are the most important cause of disability in people aged 10-24 and contribute to 45% of the disease burden. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of mental illness of university students in the research population and to assess the possible risk factors. This study is a cross-sectional study. 345 students systematically selected by population weighting method were included in the study. Dependent variable of the study is depression, generalized anxiety, bipolar disorder and presence of psychotic symptoms. Mental disorders were evaluated using the CIDI and the DSM-5 Oriented Diagnostic Interview Form. 30.1% of the students had depression, 25.2% had generalized anxiety disorder, 9% had bipolar disorder and 2.9% had psychotic symptoms. The mean age of the participants is 20.4 ± 1.6. According to the binary logistic regression analysis, mother with mental problems, sexual abuse, person with special needs in family, pessimistic personality were found as risk factors for depression. Female gender, stay in a dormitory, poor economic condition of the family, mother with mental problems, alcohol/substance use of parent, pessimistic personality, lack of confidence were risk factors for generalized anxiety disorder. Alcohol use was risk factor for bipolar disorder. Poor academic achievement, having the family excluded by society were risk factors for psychotic symptoms. Average income level was a protective factor for bipolar disorder. Approximately one out of every 3 students use alcohol, and one out of every 20 students found to be at risk by using drugs. The incidence of mental disorders in university students is high. Many factors play a role in the emergence of mental problems. Early recognition of mental disorders, effective control and intervention studies are highly valuable in universities. Key messages The social negative attitude developed against psychiatric diseases and patients has a direct effect on the prevention, early recognition and treatment of mental disorders. University students should be seen as a risky group for substance use, policies should be developed to prevent substance use at universities immediately.

Cost-effectiveness of mental health promotion and prevention for young people: a systematic review

Abstract Background Effective mental health promotion and mental disorder prevention interventions may reduce the impact that mental health problems have on young people’s wellbeing. The objectives of this research were to summarize and assess health economic evaluations of mental health promotion and prevention for children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Methods Four electronic databases were searched for full health economic evaluations published between January 1, 2013 and October 31, 2018 that evaluated the cost-effectiveness of universal mental health promotion and primary mental disorder prevention interventions. Each study was subject to a systematic quality-appraisal. Results Nine studies were included. Eight were carried out in the European Union, and eight evaluated school-based interventions. All evaluated interventions led to incremental costs compared to their comparators and most were associated with small increases in quality-adjusted life years. Four studies evaluated the cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy-based interventions for the prevention of depression or anxiety, with mixed results. Cost-effectiveness estimates for mental health promotion and anti-bullying interventions were promising. Drivers of cost-effectiveness were implementation costs, intervention effectiveness, delivery mode and duration, baseline prevalence, and the perspective of the evaluation. The overall study quality was reasonable, though most studies only assessed short-term costs and effects. Conclusions Few studies were found. This limits the possibility of drawing strong conclusions about cost-effectiveness. There is some evidence based on decision-analytic modelling that anti-bullying interventions represent value for money. There is a lack of studies that take into account long-term costs and effects. Key messages Based on the evidence, schools should be supported in the implementation of long-term anti-bullying programmes to improve young people’s wellbeing. More research is needed on the long-term costs and effects of mental health promotion and prevention for children and adolescents.

An overview of systematic reviews on mental health promotion, prevention, and treatment of common mental disorders for refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons

An overview of systematic reviews on mental health promotion, prevention, and treatment of common mental disorders for refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons

Counseling Psychologists and Behavioral Health: Promoting Mental and Physical Health Outcomes

On the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of The Counseling Psychologist, we reflect on the many contributions that counseling psychologists have made and are poised to make in the areas of behavioral health and behavioral health care. We note that psychologists’ engagement in health promotion and prevention of behavioral, mental, and emotional disorders is consistent with counseling psychology values. We provide a concise review of theories that are widely applied in behavioral health contexts and discuss ways in which counseling psychologists may apply these theories to help ameliorate health disparities, empower communities to take control of their own health, and promote social justice. In addition, we highlight the need to create interdisciplinary partnerships to conduct culturally sensitive research on the bi-directional relationship between mental health and physical health. The article ends with wide-ranging implications and recommendations for theory development, research, training, practice, and advocacy.

The Early Childhood Irritability-Related Impairment Interview (E-CRI): A Novel Method for Assessing Young Children’s Developmentally Impairing Irritability

Irritability is a substrate of more than one dozen clinical syndromes. Thus, identifying when it is atypical and interfering with functioning is crucial to the prevention of mental disorder in the earliest phase of the clinical sequence. Advances in developmentally based measurement of irritability have enabled differentiation of normative irritable mood and tantrums from indicators of concern, beginning in infancy. However, developmentally sensitive assessments of irritability-related impairment are lacking. We introduce the Early Childhood Irritability-Related Impairment Interview (E-CRI), which assesses impairment associated with irritable mood and tantrums across contexts. Reliability and validity are established across two independent samples varied by developmental period: the Emotional Growth preschool sample (EmoGrow; N = 151, M = 4.82 years) and the When to Worry infant/toddler sample (W2W; N = 330, M = 14 months). We generated a well-fitting two-factor E-CRI model, with tantrum- and irritable mood-related impairment factors. The E-CRI exhibited good interrater, test–retest, and longitudinal reliability. Construct and clinical validity were also demonstrated. In both samples, E-CRI factors showed association to internalizing and externalizing problems, and to caregiver-reported concern in W2W. Tantrum-related impairment demonstrated stronger and more consistent explanatory value across outcomes, while mood-related impairment added explanatory utility for internalizing problems. The E-CRI also showed incremental utility beyond variance explained by the Family Life Impairment Scale (FLIS) survey indicator of developmental impairment. The E-CRI holds promise as an indicator of impairment to inform identification of typical versus atypical patterns reflecting early emerging irritability-related syndromes in the initial phase of the clinical sequence.

Adherence Reporting in Randomized Controlled Trials Examining Manualized Multisession Online Interventions: Systematic Review of Practices and Proposal for Reporting Standards.

BackgroundAdherence reflects the extent to which individuals experience or engage with the content of online interventions and poses a major challenge. Neglecting to examine and report adherence and its relation to outcomes can compromise the interpretation of research findings.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review is to analyze how adherence is accounted for in publications and to propose standards for measuring and reporting adherence to online interventions.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials on online interventions for the prevention and treatment of common mental disorders (depression, anxiety disorders, substance related disorders, and eating disorders) published between January 2006 and May 2018 and indexed in Medline and Web of Science. We included primary publications on manualized online treatments (more than 1 session and successive access to content) and examined how adherence was reported in these publications.ResultsWe identified 216 publications that met our inclusion criteria. Adherence was addressed in 85% of full-text manuscripts, but only in 31% of abstracts. A median of three usage metrics were reported; the most frequently reported usage metric (61%) was intervention completion. Manuscripts published in specialized electronic health journals more frequently included information on the relation of adherence and outcomes.ConclusionsWe found substantial variety in the reporting of adherence and the usage metrics used to operationalize adherence. This limits the comparability of results and impedes the integration of findings from different studies. Based on our findings, we propose reporting standards for future publications on online interventions.

Mental Disorder Prevention on Social Network with Supervised Learning Based Amoeba Optimization

Mental Disorder Prevention on Social Network with Supervised Learning Based Amoeba Optimization

Understanding the relapse process: exploring Iranian women\u2019s substance use experiences

BackgroundRelapse is one of the main challenges that must be tackled in the drug addiction treatment. Different factors contribute to the relapse process but it remains unclear how relapse occursin women. Describing the relapse phenomenon in women might be of interest to practitioners and academics. The aim of this study was to explore the relapse experiences of Iranian women with a substance use disorder.MethodsQualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with women with a substance use disorder. The interviews contained open-ended questions regarding relapse experiences during previous treatment. Interviews were digitally recorded. Data were analyzed using the content analysis method.ResultsIn total, 20 women who use drugs took part in the study. The mean age of the women was 34.57 (age range = 9.6 years), and the minimum age of participants was 23 years. The following five main themes were explored: socioeconomic backgrounds, physical complications of drug withdrawal, psychological burden of drug withdrawal, family atmosphere, and cultural factors. The findings highlighted the different treatment needs in women with a substance use disorder.ConclusionsBased on the interviews, it seems necessary to develop female-specific comprehensive treatment programs by putting more emphasis on pain treatment intervention, relapse prevention, the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, couples counseling, and financial support. Furthermore, policymakers should be committed to providing a nonjudgmental social environment to remove or reduce stigma of women with drug use problems.

The effectiveness of workplace health promotion interventions on physical and mental health outcomes - a systematic review of reviews.

Objective This systematic review aimed to provide an overview of the effectiveness of health promotion interventions at the workplace on physical and mental health outcomes related to chronic diseases. Methods A search for reviews published between 2009 and 2018 was performed in electronic databases. References of the included reviews were checked for additional reviews. Workplace health promotion interventions were included if they studied metabolic risk factors as important predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or if they studied mental or musculoskeletal health outcomes. Review quality was assessed using the AMSTAR checklist. Results Of the 23 reviews included, 9 were of high quality. For weight-related outcomes, there was strong evidence for favorable effects of workplace interventions, especially for interventions targeting physical activity and/or diet. For the remaining metabolic risk factors, there was no evidence for a positive effect of workplace health promotion interventions due to the absence of high quality reviews and mixed conclusions between the reviews. There was also strong evidence for a positive, small effect on the prevention of mental health disorders of workplace psychological interventions, especially those that use e- health and cognitive behavioral therapy techniques. Furthermore, strong evidence was found for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders through workplace interventions, especially resistance exercise training. Conclusions This review found evidence for the effectiveness of workplace interventions on the prevention of weight-related outcomes as well as mental health and musculoskeletal disorders. Future research is however needed on the factors that contribute to the successful implementation of an intervention.

Opportunities for the prevention of mental disorders by reducing general psychopathology in early childhood

This paper explores the concept that reducing general psychopathology early in the life course provides unprecedented opportunities to prevent the development of all forms of psychopathology later in life. We review empirical evidence for the existence of the general factor of psychopathology and theories regarding the psychological nature of the factor. We then highlight specific examples of environmental risk factors for general psychopathology and discuss translational implications for the transdiagnostic prevention of psychopathology beginning in early childhood. Ultimately, we propose a developmentally informed and transdiagnostic stepped care approach to intervention in which reduction of general psychopathology in early childhood represents the foundational step for prevention and intervention of subsequent psychopathology. This model heralds three key benefits over the current treatment zeitgeist: (1) Reducing the burden and confusion in healthcare and education systems by providing a coherent and systematic structure for early intervention across a child's development, (2) maximising the breadth of the impact of intervention by focusing on common shared risks across psychopathology, and (3) increasing the efficiency of intervention by corresponding with the development of psychopathology and leveraging the emergence of general psychopathology in early childhood.

Lessons from Iceland: Developing scalable and sustainable community approaches for the prevention of mental disorders in young Australians

Summary Adolescence is the primary age of onset for common psychiatric disorders and thus presents a singular opportunity for prevention, particularly in school settings. Research efforts have advanced the understanding of diverse and interacting risk and protective factors for anxiety and depression. Such factors span individual, family, school, economic, cultural, biological, and other domains. Despite this, Australian prevention programs have largely limited their focus to individual-level protective skills through psychoeducation, such as resilience and relationship building, usually with modest and short-term positive effects. We propose that multi-disciplinary, systems and community-based prevention efforts are needed to account for the complexity in underlying factors that contribute to common mental disorder onset. The Icelandic Model of Prevention, which has been shown to reduce substance use among adolescents, holds valuable insights for the prevention of other common mental disorders among Australian youth as it involves strengthening coordination within communities to reduce multiple risk factors and promote multiple protective factors. Effective prevention of depression and anxiety disorders, which arise as a result of multiple complex risk factors, is also likely to require structurally embedded, systems and community-based approaches to develop and implement local action that incorporates, and is adaptive to, context.

Stress and Coping: Considering the Influence of Psychological Strengths on the Mental Health of At-Risk South African Adolescents

ABSTRACT In South Africa, many adolescents are affected by socio-economic adversity, which increases their susceptibility to experiencing stress that negatively affects their mental health. The synthesis of international literature has identified the psychological strengths (that include perceived social support, self-esteem and resilience) as having a protective effect on the mental health of at-risk adolescents who experience stress. Against this background, we argue that psychological strengths may assist South African adolescents in coping with stressors and may mediate the impact of stress on the mental health of adolescents living in conditions of socio-economic adversity. Given that this remains an under-researched area in the South African context, we also highlight the need for South African research that prioritizes the exploration of factors mitigating the experience of stress for adolescents. We also posit that such research should have significant implications for mental-health policy, practice, mental-health promotion and the prevention of mental disorders. We believe that such scholarly inquiries would be central to the intervention strategies aimed at preventing or “containing” the scourge of poverty-induced psychological distress in South African youth.

The Utility of Event-Related Potentials in Clinical Psychology.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are direct measures of brain activity that can be leveraged for clinically meaningful research. They can relate robustly both to continuous measures of individual difference and to categorical diagnoses in ways that clarify similarities and distinctions between apparently related disorders and traits. ERPs can be linked to genetic risk, can act as moderators of developmental trajectories and responses to stress, and can be leveraged to identify those at greater risk for psychopathology, especially when used in combination with other neural and self-report measures. ERPs can inform models of the development of, and risk for, psychopathology. Finally, ERPs can be used as targets for existing and novel interventions and prevention efforts. We provide concrete examples for each of these possibilities by focusing on programmatic research on the error-related negativity and anxiety, and thus show that ERPs are poised to make greater contributions toward the identification, prediction, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.

Future Directions for Early Childhood Prevention of Mental Disorders: A Road Map to Mental Health, Earlier

Mental disorders are the predominant chronic diseases of youth, with substantial life span morbidity and mortality. A wealth of evidence demonstrates that the neurodevelopmental roots of common mental health problems are present in early childhood. Unfortunately, this has not been translated to systematic strategies for improving population-level mental health at this most malleable neurodevelopmental period. We lay out a translational Mental Health, Earlier road map as a key future direction for prevention of mental disorder. This paradigm shift aims to reduce population attributable risk of mental disorder emanating from early life, by preventing, attenuating, or delaying onset/course of chronic psychopathology via the promotion of self-regulation in early childhood within large-scale health care delivery systems. The Earlier Pillar rests on a “science of when to worry” that (a) optimizes clinical assessment methods for characterizing probabilistic clinical risk beginning in infancy via deliberate incorporation of neurodevelopmental heterogeneity, and (b) universal primary-care-based screening targeting patterns of dysregulated irritability as a robust transdiagnostic marker of vulnerability to life span mental health problems. The core of the Healthier Pillar is provision of low-intensity selective intervention promoting self-regulation for young children with developmentally atypical patterns of irritability within an implementation science framework in pediatric primary care to ensure highest population impact and sustainability. These Mental Health, Earlier strategies hold much promise for transforming clinical outlooks and ensuring young children’s mental health and well-being in a manner that reverberates throughout the life span.

OVERVIEW OF THE THEORIES OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

Protecting mother and child health is a matter of great medical and social importance and calls for special attention to the quality of perinatal care. The necessity of studies of pregnant women psychosomatic state is defined by contemporary obstetrics goals: preventing complications during pregnancy and childbirth and reducing the frequency of behavioral problems after birth.Since ancient times postnatal period is associated with changes in female mental and emotional state. Childbirth is considered a stress factor and could affect significantly the mental balance of woman in child-birth.In the postnatal period mothers endure physiological and mental changes and many of them are vulnerable to different emotional symptoms \12 including anxiety, depression and psychosis. The most common mental and emotional problem is postnatal depression. While postpartal emotional disbalance is usually benign and controllable, postnatal depression and postnatal psychosis cause considerable amount of stress and dysfunction. Postpartal depression is an issue of social and health significance and often can seriously deteriorate the quality of life not only of the mother, but as well as the family. With untreated depressive disorders there is a risk of recurrent illness and they are associated with long term cognitive, emotional and behavioral disorders in children. In the prevention of postpartal mental disorders is important to raise awareness of health professionals so that these conditions can be recognized early and treated in due course.Until now this complex disorder has not been studied well enough and there have been different theories about what is causing it. According to some authors before deciding on treatment options an evaluation has to be made of the theoretical reasons for the occurrence of PPD.Introducing health professionals working with women during the prenatal and postnatal period with the theoretical formulations of the problem can help them in developing strategies for prevention and treatment to prevent the disorder and to reduce the consequences.