Prevalence Of Iron Deficiency Anemia Research Articles

A community study on awareness of iron deficiency and screening early adolescents who are likely to be iron deficient in government schools

Background: Iron deficiency is one of the major concerns of nutritional deficiencies in developing countries. Iron is an essential element for various biological processes. ID can result from inadequate intake or absorption of dietary iron, increased need during growth period of children and blood loss from infection. According to WHO, the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia is 20% or higher. IDA in children has been linked to increased childhood morbidity and impaired cognitive development and school performance.Methods: A descriptive study was carried out on 413 government school children in Bangalore of age group of 11-16 years. Questionnaires were provided to assess their knowledge. The demographic details of the study subjects like height, weight and physical examination, dietary intake of foods by the children were collected.Results: The paired two sample t-test was used to calculate the significance between the pre and post-educational test. The measure of the subjective data of the parameters as BMI, physical examination, dietary history; indicates that out of 413 students who had undergone assessment for iron deficiency, 70.70% students might be healthy, 14.29%, 10.73% and 4.28% students might be mild, moderate and severely prone to ID respectively.Conclusions: This study provided students with knowledge of ID and awareness of signs and symptoms for early detection of ID.

Barriers to Optimal Iron Supplementation by Pregnant Women Attending the Mutare City Clinic, Manicaland, Zimbabwe

The optimal use of iron supplements by pregnant women is important in ensuring healthy pregnancy outcomes. However, some barriers may prevent the optimal use of iron supplements by pregnant women in developing countries, subsequently resulting in iron deficiency anaemia, threatening the health of the pregnant woman and the fetus. This study aimed to identify possible barriers to optimal iron supplementation among pregnant women and possible strategies for alleviating these barriers. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Mutare City Clinic in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. A total of 64 Black African pregnant women aged between 17 and 39 years participated in 8 focus group discussions. The pregnant women identified several barriers to the optimal use of iron supplements. The major barriers were poor compliance mainly due to erratic supplies of iron supplements at the healthcare centre, inadequate nutrition education on the benefits of iron supplements, side effects, and religious and cultural beliefs. Poverty and the influence of family members were other barriers. Most pregnant women were accustomed to receiving iron supplements free of charge from the healthcare centres and could not afford to buy them from private pharmacies. Despite erratic supplies at healthcare centres, continuous reinforcement of positive iron supplementation could motivate pregnant women to take iron supplements. Intensive nutrition education programmes may help to improve perceptions of women towards iron supplements. This could possibly help to overcome barriers to optimal iron supplementation, and thus reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in Zimbabwe.

Multi-Nutrient Fortified Dairy-Based Drink Reduces Anaemia without Observed Adverse Effects on Gut Microbiota in Anaemic Malnourished Nigerian Toddlers: A Randomised Dose-Response Study.

Prevalence of anaemia among Nigerian toddlers is reported to be high, and may cause significant morbidity, affects brain development and function, and results in weakness and fatigue. Although, iron fortification can reduce anaemia, yet the effect on gut microbiota is unclear. This open-label randomised study in anaemic malnourished Nigerian toddlers aimed to decrease anaemia without affecting pathogenic gut bacteria using a multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink. The test product was provided daily in different amounts (200, 400 or 600 mL, supplying 2.24, 4.48 and 6.72 mg of elemental iron, respectively) for 6 months. Haemoglobin, ferritin, and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured to determine anaemia, iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) prevalence. Faecal samples were collected to analyse gut microbiota composition. All three dosages reduced anaemia prevalence, to 47%, 27% and 18%, respectively. ID and IDA prevalence was low and did not significantly decrease over time. Regarding gut microbiota, Enterobacteriaceae decreased over time without differences between groups, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae and pathogenic E. coli were not affected. In conclusion, the multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink reduced anaemia in a dose-dependent way, without stimulating intestinal potential pathogenic bacteria, and thus appears to be safe and effective in treating anaemia in Nigerian toddlers.

Prevalence of iron deficiency was stable and anemia increased during 12 years (2006-2018) in Mexican women 20-49 years of age

To compare the prevalence of women 20-49 years of age with iron deficiency anemia (IDA), iron deficiency with no anemia (IDNA), and non-ID anemia (NIDA) in com-parison during 2006, 2012 and 2018, and their association with sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status. Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2018- 19 are comparable for measurements of anemia (hemoglobin) and Iron deficiency (ID, by ferritin). Both measurements combined were compared with year of surveys and other dependent variables using a multinomial regression. In 2006, the total prevalence of anemia was 14.9% and ID 29.0%, the prevalence of IDA was 8.35%, of IDNA 20.5%, and NIDA 6.6%; in 2012, the total prevalence of anemia was 13.3%, ID was 9.6%, IDA 8.6%, IDNA 21.0% y NIDA 4.7%; in 2018 total prevalence of anemia was 21.4%, of ID 25.7%, IDA 10.5%, IDNA 15.2% and NIDA 10.9%. The total prevalence of anemia increased 6.5 pp between 2006 and 2018, IDNA reduced, IDA had no significant changes, the mayor increase (4.3 pp) occurred in NIDA.

Benefit-Cost Analysis of Introducing Double Fortified Salt for Control of Iron Deficiency Anemia in India

Background: The alleviation of iron deficiency through iron supplementation has not effectively reduced anemia in India, mainly due to low compliance. Food fortification with iron is now considered a viable alternative, and the provision of double fortified salt (DFS, with iron and iodine) has been mandated in public health programs. Still, there is limited evidence on its benefit-cost ratio. Methods: The economic benefit, in terms of wages earned, of introducing DFS in India was derived using a series of mathematical, statistical and econometric models using data from national surveys capturing earnings and dietary iron intake of the population. Anemia status was predicted from data on dietary intake, sanitation and for women, menstrual losses. The association of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and wages was estimated using a Heckman Selection model, followed by estimation of the benefit of DFS through increased wages attributed to anemia reduction compared to its cost. Findings: Men and women with IDA had lower wages (by 25·9%, 95%CI: [11·3,38·1] and by 3·9%, 95%CI: [0·0,7·7] respectively) compared to those without IDA. Additional iron intake through DFS was predicted to reduce the prevalence of IDA (from 10·6% to 0·7% in men; 23·8% to 20·9% in women). The economic benefit-to-cost ratio of introducing DFS at a national level was estimated at 4·2:1.InterpretationIron fortification delivered through DFS under a universal program, can improve wages and be sufficiently cost-effective for its implementation at scale in India. Funding: International Development Research Centre [grant number-108123]. Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: For the primary study from Jharkhand, institutional ethics approval was obtained from both St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India and Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants.

Sustainability of integrated anaemia prevention activities implemented through non-government organizations and schools, and its effect on haemoglobin status of adolescent girls in urban slums of Pune, in Maharashtra, India.

Programmes for the prevention of iron deficiency anaemia among adolescent girls need sustainable inputs for maximum benefits. To assess the interventions sustained for anaemia prevention implemented through NGOs and schools. An intervention study followed longitudinally in three phases. Phase I comprised (a) needs assessment of the community and (b) capacity assessment of service providers through a cross-sectional survey in nine slums, through six NGOs and three schools. Based on needs assessment, an integrated intervention for anaemia prevention was provided for adolescent girls (n = 384) in the community. To ensure sustainability the capacity of stakeholders (n = 67) was built by providing training in the components of the integrated intervention and establishing linkages with the public health system. Refresher training was conducted during phase II (n = 69) for reinforcing and strengthening of activities introduced in phase I. In phase II and III continuations of activities by the NGOs and schools that were initiated in phase I were monitored. Sustainability of activities was measured using an index that comprised technical, programmatic, social, and financial indicators. The impact of sustained interventions was assessed by comparing the mean rank haemoglobin concentrations of centres with varying levels of coverage. Scores of sustainability indicators decreased from phase II to phase III. Organizations that showed > 50% coverage showed significantly higher mean rank haemoglobin (p = < 0.05) during phases II and III. There is a need to identify and address barriers that prevent sustainable interventions for anaemia control.

Hemoglobin content, hematocrit and morphological parameters of blood of piglets under the influence of iron preparations

Hypoplastic anemia is a disease that is associated with a decrease in the number of red blood cells and / or hemoglobin per unit volume of blood due to hematopoietic disorders and is manifested by changes in metabolism and growth retardation. Particular attention was paid to changes in the body of piglets of the experimental group compared with the control in the probable period of manifestation of iron deficiency anemia. The uniqueness of the chemical structure of iron (IV) clatrochelate allowed us to assume that intramuscular administration of a solution of this substance to sows will provide the necessary need for iron during the first months of life of piglets. The influence of the proposed scheme of prevention of this pathology on the further development of young pigs was analyzed. The results of the study of erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content and hematocrit were scientifically significant, because the gradual decrease in these indicators after the birth of piglets is a physiologically determined phenomenon for animals of this species. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of Iron (IV) clatrochelate in pregnant sows in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets and to determine its effect on hemoglobin content, hematocrit and morphological parameters of piglets' blood. To achieve this goal, 2 groups of newborn piglets-analogues were formed during their retention with suckling sows – control and experimental, 15 animals in each. The experiment lasted 60 days. Piglets from the experimental group were selected from sows who were injected 10 ml 10 % Iron (IV) clatrochelate solution twice intramuscularly during pregnancy. The results of the studies show that the content of hemoglobin in the blood of piglets of the experimental group was the same as in animals of the control group at 1 and 60 days of life, and 1.1–1.3 times lower in other periods of the study; hematocrit - was the same on the first day of life and 1.3–1.9 times lower in other study periods. Quantitative indicators of blood cells of piglets of the control and experimental groups did not exceed the normative values, but the number of erythrocytes in the blood of piglets of the experimental group was probably lower than the control indicator at 5, 9 and 30 days of life. Therefore, a double injection of 10 % Iron (IV) clatrochelate solution into pregnant sows 14 and 7 days before the expected farrowing provides a preventive effect on iron deficiency anemia in piglets born to them.

FREQUENCY OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY

Objective: independent of gestational age, to ascertain the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnant women.Study design: a descriptive studyDuration and place of study: From January to Dec 2013, descriptive research was carried out at the MardanMedical Complex’s Gynae-B Unit in Mardan.Material and methods: In 2013, descriptive research was carried out at the Mardan Medical Complex’s Gynae-B Unit in Mardan. All Gynae B Unit pregnant patients, both indoor and outdoor, met the inclusion criteria.Of these expectant patients, 100 with a haemoglobin percentage of less than 10 gm/dl underwent further testing,including a detailed history assessment and questionnaire completion. All pertinent tests for iron deficiency anaemiawere performed, including serum ferritin, Hb electrophoresis, and a complete blood picture. The whole blood picturealso determines anaemias other than iron deficiency. The patient’s iron status is determined by serum ferritin, but thevarious forms of haemoglobin in the blood are identified by haemoglobin electrophoresis. Results: Out of 100 patients,73% had iron deficiency anaemia, 6% had thalassemia, and there were warning signs of hemolytic anaemia andblood loss anaemia from eclampsia, APH, and PET. In one instance, severe iron deficiency anaemia was discoveredto be caused by a malarial parasite.Conclusion: The most common type of anaemia during pregnancy is iron deficiency due to the increased demandfor iron stores from repeated pregnancies.Key Words: Haemoglobin, pre-eclamptic toxaemia, antepartum haemorrhage, total iron binding capacity

ASSESSMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN PREGNANT WOMEN OF DISTRICT MARDAN BY DETERMINING SERUM FERRITIN

Objective: The study sought to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnant women and the levelsof haemoglobin and serum ferritin.Materials &amp; Methods: Three hundred blood samples were drawn randomly from expectant mothers. There isa six-month study period. Patients seeking prenatal care in the Gynae obs OPD at the Mardan Medical CollegeTeaching Hospital provided blood samples taken in EDTA tubes. Questionnaires were completed at the time of theblood collection. The Mindrey model BC 3000plus automated haematological analyzer was used to measure haemoglobin levels.To determine whether an iron deficit was the source of the anaemia, those with haemoglobin levels lessthan 11g/dl had their blood ferritin levels further evaluated. SPSS 20 was used to analyze the data after MicrosoftExcel had tabulated it.Results: According to the research, anaemia affected 76.6% of the expectant mothers. 42.6% of the frail subjectshad very low serum ferritin levels. Serum ferritin, which measures iron reserves, was found in the 12–30 ng/ml rangein another 43% of the population.Conclusions: The recent research found that even with regular prescriptions for iron supplements, anaemia is commonamong District Mardan’s pregnant women.Key Words: Pregnancy, anaemia, prevalence, iron deficiency, haemoglobin, serum ferritin.

The prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome in patients with iron deficiency anemia in Korea.

While the prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome (RLS) are known to vary according to ethnicity, a detailed evaluation of this condition among patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has not yet been reported in an Asian population. We investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of RLS in patients with IDA in Korea compared with age- and sex-matched patients diagnosed with idiopathic RLS. This prospective single-center study was performed at a regional university hospital. Consecutive patients with IDA were enrolled over a 4-year period. Clinical interviews and laboratory tests were conducted at the first visit. RLS diagnosis was confirmed through face-to-face interviews. We randomly selected patients with idiopathic RLS without comorbid medical disorders from our sleep center dataset as control patients. The clinical characteristics of both groups were compared. We enrolled 124 patients with IDA. Fifty (40.3%) patients were diagnosed with RLS, with 82% exhibiting severe to very severe symptoms. Patients with IDA and RLS were older and reported more sleep deterioration than patients with IDA without RLS. Patients with IDA and RLS also had a more depressed mood and higher periodic limb movement index scores than patients with idiopathic RLS. The prevalence of RLS among patients with IDA in Korea was high, with the majority having severe to very severe symptoms. Patients with IDA and RLS had poorer sleep quality and more emotional problems than patients with IDA without RLS. Therefore, patients with IDA should be screened for RLS to prevent adverse effects on the quality of sleep and life.

A22 PREVALENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY AND SUPPLEMENTATION PRACTICES FOR PATIENTS ON HOME PARENTERAL NUTRITION

Abstract Background Iron deficiency (ID) is common in patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN), likely due to a lack of iron in the PN formula. There is no clear consensus on how often serum iron should be tested or iron supplementation should be given, at which dose or route, in patients on long-term PN. Within the Hamilton Health Sciences (HHS) home PN (HPN) program, the prevalence of ID or iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is unknown. This knowledge will contribute to better iron prescribing practices with ultimate benefit on patient’s health. Aims To assess the prevalence of ID and IDA in patients enrolled in the HHS HPN Program. The secondary aim was to assess supplementation practices for patients enrolled in the HPN program according to gastrointestinal(GI) diagnosis and duration on PN. Methods We conducted a retrospective study including consecutive adult patients enrolled in the HHS-HPN program from January 2015 to November 2020. We collected data on demographics (age, sex, and GI diagnosis), iron supplementation (dose, duration, and route), and information related to iron-deficiency (hemoglobin, serum iron, ferritin, TIBC, and folate) at pre-set intervals (enrollment, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60 months) and last measured. ID was defined as ferritin ≤45μg/L or serum iron ≤9μmol/L. IDA was defined as hemoglobin &amp;lt;130g/L in men or &amp;lt;120g/L in women in the context of ID. Data were expressed as median (IQR) for continuous variables and n/N(%) for categorical variables. Chi2 was performed to assess differences between groups and logistic regression to assess predictors of ID and IDA. The analysis was conducted using SPSS software(v26). Results The analysis included 125 HPN patients (50 males, median age of 55 (40–65) years). Patients received PN for a median of 195 (83–521) days. The most common diagnoses were malignancy (36.8%) and inflammatory bowel disease (23.2%); the most common indications for HPN was short bowel (29.6%) and bowel obstruction (27.2%). Iron profiles were measured in 77% of patients. At enrollment, 42.2% of patients had ID and 38.9% had IDA. Only 13% of patients with ID and 22.8% with IDA had iron supplementation (Figure 1). A total of 38 patients received iron either oral or IV (oral=44.7% vs IV=55.3%; p=0.66). There was no correlation between low levels of serum iron or ferritin with iron supplementation (p=0.23, 0.45 respectively). Age, sex, diagnosis, or reason for PN did not correlate with ID or IDA at any time point. Conclusions Iron-deficiency and IDA are common in patients enrolled in the HHS HPN program independently of age, sex, diagnosis and reason for PN. Prospective studies are needed to implement the most effective way to ensure proper monitoring and treatment of iron deficiency in this population. Funding Agencies None

WITHDRAWN: Menstrual status and obstetrical history influencing prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among reproductive age women in rural area

Abstract Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. It is a global public health problem affecting both developing and developed countries with major consequences for human health (WHO, 2008) as well as social and economic development. This cross-sectional study comprised 200 women of reproductive age as the study subjects and executed in the OPD of Obstetrics and Gynecology department, Community Health Center, Shivgarh, Raebareli district. A pre-tested questionnaire cum interview schedule was applied to gather the data regarding the menstrual status and obstetrical characteristics. The chi-square test was used to show association between variables. The aim was to find out the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and its association with the menstrual status and the obstetrical history of the respondents. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of hemoglobin and serum ferritin was found to be 10.05 ± 2.06 and 18.9 ± 5.2 respectively. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was found to be 66.5%, out of which 14.5%, 43%, and 9% of women had mild, moderate, and severe anemia, respectively. The outcome of statistical analyses have shown that predisposing factors like excessive menstrual bleeding, gravida, parity, and abortions were found to be significantly associated with iron deficiency anemia. Addressing determinants, there is a scope to improve anemia in this area.

Review of Experience of the Production of Salt Fortified with Iron and Iodine

The double fortification of salt with iodine and iron has been proposed as a method for the mass prevention of iron deficiency anemia. This article reports on the technical and financial aspects of the production of such double fortified salt (DFS) based on the experiences of current and past producers. It draws contrasts with the established process of fortifying salt solely with iodine particularly examining the cost and complexity of the processes involved. Based on these factors it questions the commercial viability of existing DFS formulations and thus their sustainability as vehicles for the widespread distribution of iron outside a subsidized environment. It makes suggestions for the future development of DFS particularly relating to the development of less expensive iron formulations suitable for use with lower quality salts and identifies key technical and economic areas to be taken into account when considering the production of DFS.

The Double-Fortified Salt (Iodized Salt with Iron) Consultation: A Process for Developing Evidence-Based Considerations for Countries

The addition of iodine to edible salt has been one of the most important public health successes of the past half century, enabling most countries to achieve optimal iodine intake and protect the brains of unborn children from the adverse consequences of iodine deficiency. Salt has been an ideal vehicle for this effort because of its near universal and narrow range of consumption, relative ease of technology for salt iodization, and capacity for virtually all salt producers to add iodine. As a result of the success of salt iodization, there has been growing interest in using salt as a vehicle for other important micronutrients, particularly the addition of iron to iodized salt to produce double-fortified salt (DFS), to combat the persistent problem of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Because of this growing interest in DFS and the need for a comprehensive review of evidence to support the viability of this intervention, the Iodine Global Network (IGN) initiated a global consultation to gather all available data on different aspects of DFS. IGN identified 4 key areas considered essential to understand for a successful fortification intervention: 1) efficacy and effectiveness, or how well DFS produces a health impact in controlled and real-life settings; 2) technical considerations for production, or what are the minimum requirements to manufacture DFS; 3) program implementation to describe experiences thus far with the delivery of DFS across multiple platforms; and 4) comparison of DFS with other iron fortification efforts to determine the comparative advantage of DFS to improve iron intake and prevent iron deficiency anemia. This preface provides an overview of the DFS Consultation objectives, process, and objectives.

Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Follow up at Dodola General Hospital West Arsi Zone Oromia Region South East Ethiopia

Background: Anemia is defined as reduction in red cell mass which, will decreases oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells to tissues that can be determined in the laboratory by reduction in haemoglobin concentration (haemoglobin level of less than 11 gm/dl) or haematocrit value is less than 33%. Anemia in pregnant women is often caused by iron deficiency, which is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world, affecting more than two billion people globally. Inadequate intake or absorption of iron conjunction with blood loss during pregnancy may contribute to anemia. Iron deficiency and consequent anemia during pregnancy could be associated with severe complication like increase risks of maternal mortality and morbidity, premature delivery and low birth weight. In pregnant women, an adequate iron status is important to ensure a complication related to pregnancy as well as a normal development of the embryo, foetus and maturity of the new born child. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and associated factors among pregnant women attending Antenatal care (ANC) follow up at Dodola General Hospital, West Arsi zone, Oromia Region, south East Ethiopia 2018 G.C. Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 5 to March 30, 2018 G.C. Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select each participant. Data was checked, coded and analyzed by using SPSS version 20 Software, Odds ratio with corresponding 95% confidence interval was used to determine the association between independent and dependent variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in these pregnant women and finally presented by tables and chart. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 19.3%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that pregnant women who had monthly income less than or equal to one thousand birr, Antenatal care visit one times, History of vaginal bleeding, Women who ate only injera with shiro and women who drunks caffeine containing drinks with food during their pregnancy were factors significantly associated with iron deficiency anemia. Conclusion and Recommendations: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women in this study was relatively low. The hospitals should give special attention for pregnant women to attend Ante natal care and health professionals should advice the pregnant women on nutrition as well as effects of taking caffeine containing drinks during their pregnancy.

Association between anemia and gastrointestinal malignancy among male patients in a university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction:Iron deficiency was reported as the most common nutritional deficiency in developing and developed countries. Many studies reported that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is related to the development of gastrointestinal (GI) malignanciesAim:The current study aimed at investigating the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among Saudi patients subjected to endoscopy procedure, and to assess the association between iron deficiency anemia and GI malignancy.Method:A retrospective study was performed over 244 Saudi patients attending King Saud University Hospital (KSUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between 2015 and 2018. Data were collected from the hospital database (esihi). Patients aged 30 years or more were recruited in this study. They had to be subjected to endoscopy before the recruitment period. Complete blood count analysis was performed for the blood samples collected from the patients.Results:The findings of the study showed that the prevalence of IDA among Saudi patients was 63.5%. Gastritis (15.16%), colon carcinoma (13.11%), and polyps (12.7%) were the most reported endoscopy results among patients with IDA. In addition, it was found that there is no significant association between IDA and GI malignancy.Conclusion:The study concluded that despite the reported significant association between IDA and GI malignancy, the current study revealed that there is no significant association between IDA and GI malignancy. This might be attributed to sample-related issues, which require more extended studies investigating larger sample sizes, in addition to including ferritin level measurements for the investigated patients.

Socio-economic status, iron deficiency anemia and COVID-19 disease burden – an appraisal

Introduction. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2, possesses varying degrees of susceptibility and lethality worldwide and WHO declared this as a pandemic of this century. Aim. In this background, the aim of this present narrative is to provide a complementary overview of how low iron stores and mild anemia offers protection from infectious diseases like COVID-19 by restricting the viral replication and also to suggest some potential adjuvant therapeutic interventions. Material and methods. Therefore, we performed a literature search reviewing pertinent articles and documents. PubMed, Google Scholar, Chemrxiv, MedRxiv, BioRxiv, Preprints and ResearchGate were investigated. Analysis of the literature. Recent studies reported drastic systemic events taking place that contribute to the severe clinical outcomes such as decreased hemoglobin indicating anemia, hypoxia, altered iron metabolism, hypercoagulability, oxidative stress, cytokine storm, hyper-ferritinemia and thus Multi Organ Failure, reportedly hailed as the hallmark of the COVID-19 hyper- inflammatory state. Interestingly it is globally observed that, countries with higher Socio-economic status (SES) have considerably lower prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) but higher Case Fatality Rate (CFR) rate due to COVID-19 while, low SES countries characterized by the higher prevalence of IDA, are less affected to COVID-19 infection and found to have less CFR, which is almost half to that of the higher SES counterpart. Conclusion. Present review presumed that,low iron stores and mild anemia may play a beneficial role in some cases by offering protection from infectious diseases as low iron restricts the viral replication.Thus, suggested iron chelation or iron sequestration as an alternative beneficial adjuvant in treating COVID-19 infection.

The Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia and its Associated Risk Factors among a Samples of Primary Schools Students in Burao City,Somaliland

Background: Anemia is a global public health problem affecting the majority of the population of the world in both developed and developing countries with major consequences on human health as well as social and economic development. It is the world's second leading cause of disability of the whole global disease burden. It affects 1.62 billion (24.8%) of the population among them it is affecting 305 million (25.4%) school age children (SAC). Objectives: The main objective of this study was assess prevalence and factors associated with anemia among schoolage children in primary schools in Burao city, Somaliland, 2020. Materials & Methods: A school based cross sectional study design was done in four primary schools in Burao, Somaliland. About 285 school age children with in the age group between 6-14 years were selected with respondent rate of 93.4%. Random sampling was used to select schools and systemic random sampling used to identify children from the selected schools. Sociaodemographic data was collected by using questionnaire & interview of respondents in addition to anthropometric measurement, hemoglobin measurement and stool examination. Complete Blood Counting (CBC) was used to determine the mean corpuscular (kor-PUS-kyu-lar) volume (MCV) and hematocrit (HMC) levels to detect of hemoglobin status of the children. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS statistical software for Windows version 21. Anthropometric data was analyzed using WHO Anthro Plus. Bivariate logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify independent predictors of anemia in-school adolescent girls. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 285 school age children were included in this study. The overall prevalence of anemia was ( 23.1%) (CI: 18.1%, 28.1%) with the mean and standard deviation of (12.7±1.59). Out of the anemic children, 20.4% were mild and 2.3% and 0.4% of them were moderate and severe respectively. Children's from illiterate mothers was (AOR = 2.37; 95%CI: 1.14, 4.94), consuming organ meat less than once a week (AOR = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.05, 4.43) and having parasites on stool were identified as statistically independent associated factors of anemia in school age children's from Burao, Somaliland. Conclusion: Prevalence of anemia in Burao city, Somaliland primary schools was moderate public health problem in the current study area. Nutrition education, iron folic acid supplementation program, deworming, good hygiene and sanitation are play important role in the prevalence of anemia and we recommend to give them more attention from ministry education and ministry of health in Somaliland.

Clinical Predictors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Emirati Population with T2DM

Aim: To establish the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and its clinical predictors in Emirati patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients & Methods: 237 patients were included in the study. A full blood count was obtained in addition to routine blood and urine tests for all patients. Hemoglobin level and iron studies were done for diagnosis of anemia. Statistical analysis was done to find out the prevalence and independent predictors of anemia in the study population of Emirati type 2 diabetic patients. Results: Of the studied 237 patients; 36.3% had iron deficiency anemia as per the WHO criteria. Independent predictors of iron deficiency anemia were age ≥ 60 years, female gender and wide pulse pressure ≥ 60 mmHg. Hemoglobin level was directly proportionate to e GFR (p < 0.001). Participants with age ≥ 60 years had 4.2 times higher odds to exhibit anemia. Female participants had 1.95 times higher odds to exhibit anemia. Participants with wide pulse pressure ≥ 60 mmHg have 2.4 higher odds to exhibit anemia. Conclusion: Iron deficiency anemia is common in type 2 diabetic patients. Testing the patient for iron deficiency anemia should be considered in type 2 diabetes patients especially with age ≥ 60 years, female patients and those with wide pulse pressure ≥ 60 mmHg.

Impact assessment of dietary and nutrition education intervention on hemoglobin level moderately anemic adolescent girls

High prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among adolescent girls is a matter of great concern because of double demand of growth and activity. Therefore, the present study was conducted among moderately anemic (Hb=8–10.9 mg/dl) adolescent girls (10–18 yrs) with an objective to improve hemoglobin level of selected moderately anemic subjects through diet and nutrition education intervention. Intervention imparted to total 90 moderately anemic adolescent girls for the periods of 4 months which divided into three groups. Each group constituted 30 girls. Group-I was imparted diet as well as nutrition counseling and group-II received only nutrition counseling. Group-III formed the control group i.e. no intervention of any type was provided to them. The effectiveness of diet and nutrition intervention was evaluated for hemoglobin (Hb) level at pre and post stage of intervention. Consequently, the average Hb level of the experimental group-I and II subjects increased significantly (p<0.05) from 9.31±0.12 and 9.51±0.11 g/dl to 11.44±0.12 and 10.97±0.16 g/dl respectively, whereas non-significantly results were found in control group. Dietary intervention with nutrition education is an effective tool in increasing the level of hemoglobin and to combat iron deficiency anemia among moderately anemic girls.