Prevention Of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Articles

Structural characterization of a polysaccharide from Alhagi honey and its protective effect against inflammatory bowel disease by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis

The Alhagi honey polysaccharide (AHP) exhibits notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, positioning it as a promising candidate in traditional Chinese medicine. In this investigation, we successfully isolated and purified a neutral AHP, designated AHPN50-1a, subsequently elucidating its structural attributes. AHPN50-1a was found to have a molecular weight of 1.756 × 106 Da, featuring a structural motif characterized by a recurring (1→6)-α-GlcP linker. To comprehensively evaluate its therapeutic potential, we explored the protective effects of AHPN50-1 in a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Administration of AHPN50-1 at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day resulted in improved food intake, increased body weight, and increased colon length in mice with acute colitis. Simultaneously, a reduction in the disease activity index and histological scores was observed. AHPN50-1 effectively mitigated colon tissue damage, down-regulated the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in colon tissue, restored intestinal microbiota diversity, and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of gut microbiota metabolites, thus alleviating intestinal inflammation in mice. In summary, our findings underscore the promise of AHPN50-1 as a valuable nutritional or dietary supplement for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory bowel disease.

Prevention of DSS-induced colitis in mice with water kefir microbiota via anti-inflammatory and microbiota-balancing activity.

Water kefir, a natural and stable functional microbiota system consisting of a symbiotic mixture of probiotics, shows multiple bioactivities but little is known about the effect of water kefir microbiota on the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is one of the most common intestinal problems and has become a worldwide public health concern. Here, the main objectives of the present study were to investigate the preventative effects of water kefir microbiota, a probiotic consortium mainly consisting of bacteria belonging to Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, and Komagataeibacter and fungi belonging to Saccharomyces and Talaromyces, in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model and unveil the underlying mechanism of the action. Water kefir microbiota effectively improved the disease severity of DSS-induced colitis, including decreased body weight and colon length, increased spleen index and DAI score, and colonic tissue damage. Moreover, water kefir microbiota restored the abnormal expression of tight junction proteins (such as occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1) and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, and IL-10) and inactivated TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway induced by DSS. Water kefir microbiota also improved the composition and metabolism of intestinal microbiota. These findings demonstrated that water kefir microbiota could exert protective roles in the DSS-induced colitis mouse model by reducing inflammation and regulating microbial dysbiosis, which will be helpful for the development of water kefir microbiota-based microbial products as an alternative preventative strategy for IBD.

Lifestyle factors for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease

ObjectiveTo estimate the proportion of cases of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) that could be prevented by modifiable lifestyle factors.DesignIn a prospective cohort study of US adults from...

Selected Aspects of Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease has become a global health problem at the turn of the 21st century. The pathogenesis of this disorder has not been fully explained. In addition to non-modifiable genetic factors, a number of modifiable factors such as diet or gut microbiota have been identified. In this paper, the authors focus on the role of nutrition in the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease as well as on the available options to induce disease remission by means of dietary interventions such as exclusive and partial enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease, the efficacy of which is reported to be comparable to that of steroid therapy. Diet is also important in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in the remission stage, during which some patients report irritable bowel disease-like symptoms. In these patients, the effectiveness of diets restricting the intake of oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols is reported.

An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: The Effect of a Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet on Quality of Life, Inflammation, and Dysbiosis in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: The Effect of a Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet on Quality of Life, Inflammation, and Dysbiosis in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

Development and evaluation of a novel nanofibersolosome for enhancing the stability, in vitro bioaccessibility, and colonic delivery of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside

The development of colon-specific carrier systems using polysaccharides for oral delivery of nutraceuticals is of great importance for the treatment and/or prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, self-assembly with the assistance of vortexing and pulsed-ultrasonication was employed to develop a Fibersol®-2 (a digestion-resistant polysaccharide) and lipoid S75 based novel nanocarrier (denoted as nanofibersolosome) for the colonic delivery of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G). A series of nanofibersolosome formulations (CFS-0.5–4, 0.5–4 represent the ratios of Fibersol®-2:lipoid S75) were developed and their performance was compared with Fibersol®-2-free reference lipid formulation (CFS-0). The nanofibersolosomes (<150 nm) were spherical and unilamellar with high negative surface charge (−38 to −51 mV) and good encapsulation efficiency (EE > 90%). They performed much better than CFS-0 in retaining their physical properties during freeze drying, preventing particle aggregation, and retaining C3G during storage (4 and 25 ℃) and thermal treatments (40, 60, and 80 ℃). They also exhibited significantly higher stability during simulated gastrointestinal digestion than CFS-0. These desirable features of the nanofibersolosomes (especially CFS-0.5 and CFS-1) led to the efficient delivery of higher concentrations of C3G to the colon than CFS-0. Moreover, gastrointestinal-digested and colonic-fermented nanofibersolosome samples exhibited significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and stronger promoting effect on short-chain fatty acid generation than CFS-0. These in vitro findings indicate that the novel nanofibersolosome possesses great potential for the colonic delivery of C3G and likely other hydrophilic labile phytochemicals that merits further evaluation in in vivo models.

Prebiotic fructans have greater impact on luminal microbiology and CD3+ T cells in healthy siblings than patients with Crohn's disease: A pilot study investigating the potential for primary prevention of inflammatory bowel disease

Siblings of people with Crohn's disease (CD) share aspects of the disease phenotype (raised faecal calprotectin, altered microbiota), which are markers of risk for their own development of CD. The aim was to determine whether supplementation with prebiotic oligofructose/inulin induces a prebiotic response and impacts the risk phenotype in CD patients and siblings. Patients with inactive CD (n=19, CD activity index <150) and 12 of their unaffected siblings (with calprotectin >50μg/g) ingested oligofructose/inulin (15g/day) for three weeks. Faecal microbiota (qPCR), intestinal permeability (lactulose-rhamnose test), blood T cells (flow-cytometry) and calprotectin (ELISA) were measured at baseline and follow-up. Following oligofructose/inulin, calprotectin did not significantly change in patients (baseline mean 537 SD 535μg/g; follow-up mean 974 SD 1318μg/g, p=0.08) or siblings (baseline mean 73 SD 90μg/g: follow up mean 58 SD 72μg/g, p=0.62). Faecal Bifidobacteria and Bifidobacterium longum increased in patients and siblings; Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Roseburia spp. increased only in siblings. Compared with patients, siblings had a greater magnitude change in Bifidobacteria (+14.6% vs+0.4%, p=0.028), B.adolescentis (+1.1% vs 0.0% p=0.006) and Roseburia spp. (+1.5% vs-0.1% p=0.004). Intestinal permeability decreased significantly in patients after oligofructose/inulin to a level that was similar to siblings. Blood T cell abundance reduced in siblings but not patients following oligofructose/inulin. Oligofructose/inulin supplementation did not significantly impact calprotectin, but the prebiotic effect was more marked in healthy siblings compared with patients with inactive CD and was associated with alterations in other CD risk markers. Future research should focus on dietary intervention, including with prebiotics, in the primary prevention of CD.

Socio-anamnestic and clinical analysis of pregnant women with ulcerative colitis

Annotation. At the turn of the 21st century, chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD) has become a global disease with accelerating morbidity in industrialized countries with a prevalence exceeding 0.3%. These data underscore the need for research into the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease and innovations in health care systems to manage this complex and costly disease. The information from a personal anamnesis of 40 women patients with ulcerative colitis (clinical group (main). In the second group (control), 30 practically healthy pregnant women with a physiological course of gestation were included, which did not have in their history of inflammatory intestinal diseases. Statistical processing of research results was performed using the software package Statistica 6.0. The arithmetic mean (M) and the standard deviation error (± m) (p&lt;0.05) were determined, as well as the odds ratio (OR), confidence interval (CI) at p=95%. It was found that for women with ulcerative colitis is characterized by the presence of a history of obstetric pathology, such as: spontaneous miscarriage of OR 3.33, 95% CI [1.06-10.53], p=0.04 and blood secretions of OR 3.0, 95% CI [1.00-8.98], p=0.0496; among extragenital pathology in the anamnesis: children's infectious diseases of OR 4.85, 95% CI [1.25-18.85], p=0.02, chronic bronchitis of OR 7.54, 95% CI [1,56-36, 41], p=0.01, varicose veins OR 4.33, 95% CI [1.11-16.95], p=0.035, chronic gastritis OR 6.0, 95% CI [1,23-29, 31], p=0.03, anemia of OR 15.0, 95% CI [4.53-49.68], p&lt;0.0001, allergy history of OR 6.65, 95% CI [1.73-25.60], p=0.006; among gynecological complications – premenstrual syndrome OR 6.0, 95% CI [1.55-23.15], p=0.009, algomenorrhea OR 8.14, 95% CI [2.12-31.24], p=0.002 , salpingo-oophoritis, OR 7.54, 95% CI [1.56-36.41], p=0.01. Because CIBD during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects on the mother and fetus, information on socio-anamnestic and clinical analysis of pregnant women with ulcerative colitis will be useful to health care providers in making decisions about CIBD during pregnancy.

WS2 hierarchical nanoflowers on rGO with enhanced electrochemical performance for sensitive and selective detection of mesalazine in real sample analysis

Mesalazine (MZ) is a significant anti-inflammatory non-steroid drug prescribed for the prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, it is very essential for sensitive and selective detection of MZ. The transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have gained much interest due to their excellent electro-catalytic activity and highly conducting properties for these applications. The present research proposes the hydrothermally prepared WS2/rGO nanocomposite towards the selective detection of MZ. The physicochemical properties reveal the formation of a hexagonal phase of WS2 hierarchical flowers with stacked thin nanosheets of rGO. The developed WS2/rGO modified GC electrode exhibits a noteworthy lower limit of detection about 0.003 μΜ with good sensitivity ranging 20.71 μAμM−1cm2 which were all achieved within the linear range of 0–300 μM L−1. WS2/rGO/GC electrode exhibits subsequent negligible current responses ( ± 0.1μA) towards the anti-interference capability. The fabricated electrode shows remarkable repeatability, reproducibility, and stability towards MZ. Correspondingly, our electrode exhibits tremendous recovery of MZ in real analytical samples like hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, human urine, and water which reveals the outstanding potential towards real-time practical application of the developed sensor.

Results of the Seventh Scientific Workshop of ECCO: Precision Medicine in IBD-Prediction and Prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is a complex chronic disorder with no clear aetiology and no known cure. Despite recent advances in overall disease management and improved therapeutics, patients with IBD still experience a substantial burden. Furthermore, as the incidence continues to increase in developing areas of the world, it is expected that the burden of IBD to society will increase and exert tremendous pressure on health care systems worldwide. Therefore, new strategies to prevent the global increase of IBD are urgently required. Data are being progressively acquired on the period preceding disease diagnosis, which support the concept that IBD has a preclinical period that may reveal the triggers of disease and may be amenable to early intervention. Having a better knowledge of this preclinical period will increase the potential not only for improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and improved therapeutics, but also for disease prediction and prevention.

Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Dietary Fats.

With the epidemic of human obesity, dietary fats have increasingly become a focal point of biomedical research. Epidemiological studies indicate that high-fat diets (HFDs), especially those rich in long-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., Western Diet, National Health Examination survey; NHANES ‘What We Eat in America’ report) have multi-organ pro-inflammatory effects. Experimental studies have confirmed some of these disease associations, and have begun to elaborate mechanisms of disease induction. However, many of the observed effects from epidemiological studies appear to be an over-simplification of the mechanistic complexity that depends on dynamic interactions between the host, the particular fatty acid, and the rather personalized genetics and variability of the gut microbiota. Of interest, experimental studies have shown that certain saturated fats (e.g., lauric and myristic fatty acid-rich coconut oil) could exert the opposite effect; that is, desirable anti-inflammatory and protective mechanisms promoting gut health by unanticipated pathways. Owing to the experimental advantages of laboratory animals for the study of mechanisms under well-controlled dietary settings, we focus this review on the current understanding of how dietary fatty acids impact intestinal biology. We center this discussion on studies from mice and rats, with validation in cell culture systems or human studies. We provide a scoping overview of the most studied diseases mechanisms associated with the induction or prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in rodent models relevant to Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis after feeding either high-fat diet (HFD) or feed containing specific fatty acid or other target dietary molecule. Finally, we provide a general outlook on areas that have been largely or scarcely studied, and assess the effects of HFDs on acute and chronic forms of intestinal inflammation.

Plant Polyphenols-Biofortified Foods as a Novel Tool for the Prevention of Human Gut Diseases.

Plant food biofortification is recently receiving remarkable attention, as it aims to increase the intake of minerals, vitamins, or antioxidants, crucial for their contribution to the general human health status and disease prevention. In this context, the study of the plant’s secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, plays a pivotal role for the development of a new generation of plant crops, compensating, at least in part, the low nutritional quality of Western diets with a higher quality of dietary sources. Due to the prevalent immunomodulatory activity at the intestinal level, polyphenols represent a nutritionally relevant class of plant secondary metabolites. In this review, we focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of different classes of polyphenols with a specific attention to their potential in the prevention of intestinal pathological processes. We also discuss the latest biotechnology strategies and new advances of genomic techniques as a helpful tool for polyphenols biofortification and the development of novel, healthy dietary alternatives that can contribute to the prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Structural characteristics of a mannoglucan isolated from Chinese yam and its treatment effects against gut microbiota dysbiosis and DSS-induced colitis in mice

A water-soluble polysaccharide named CYP-1 was isolated from Chinese yam. CYP-1 was characterized as a mannoglucan having a backbone consisting predominately of 1,4-α-linked Glcp branched at O-2, O-3, and O-6 position by t-α-linked Manp with a molecular weight of 2.86 kDa. CYP-1 could inhibit the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α and IL-1β) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and DSS-induced colitis mice. Oral administration of CYP-1 dramatically alleviated colonic pathological damage, suppressed the activation of colonic inflammatory signaling pathways (such as NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome), recovered the mRNA expression of junctional proteins (such as ZO-1, claudin-1, occludin, and connexin-43), and modulated the gut microbiota by decreasing the abundances of Alistipes, Helicobacter, and an unidentified Enterobacteriaceae, in DSS-induced colitis mice. Overall, the present study elucidated that a new polysaccharide structure CYP-1 from Chinese yam and its therapeutic potential as a prebiotic for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease.

Colon targeting of celecoxib nanomixed micelles using pulsatile drug delivery systems for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a debilitating condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the colon which can increase the risk of colon cancer. Celecoxib (CXB), a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, showed potential for the prophylaxis against IBD. However, it suffers from poor aqueous solubility and cardiovascular toxicity on prolonged use. Here, CXB solubility was enhanced using nanomixed micelles (NMMs) and then colon targeted in a pulsatile system to minimize systemic side effects. Pluronic P123 NMMs with bile salts or hydrophilic Pluronics were prepared using the thin film hydration technique. NMMs were characterized for particle size, size distribution and zeta potential before and after freeze drying and for solubility enhancement. The freeze dried NMMs were then loaded in pulsatile systems with varying tablet plugs containing time-dependent polymers at different concentrations. The optimum NMM consisted of Pluronic P123 and sodium taurocholate (1:1) and CXB:surfactant mixture ratio of 1:30. The pulsatile capsules, containing a tablet plug made of 75% Carbopol®, achieved the target release profile with 88.35% of the dose released after an 8 hrs lag period. Finally, the optimum NMM/pulsatile system showed protective effect against experimentally-induced colitis compared to conventional capsules and pulsatile capsules filled with pure CXB.

Surface-layer protein from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM attenuates tumor necrosis factor-α-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation

Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, a probiotic generally regarded as safe, carries a proteinaceous surface (S) layer, composed of numerous identical subunits (surface layer protein, Slp). S-layer proteins have been confirmed to possess multiple biological properties, but their role in maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier is not fully known. We investigated the effects of Slp on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-elicited intestinal barrier dysfunction and explored the underlying molecular mechanism. TNF-α administration markedly induced intestinal epithelial injury and inflammation in Caco-2 cells. Preincubation of Caco-2 cells with Slp at concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 μg/mL for 6 h improved intestinal epithelial cell integrity and permeability, restored ZO-1 and Occludin protein expressions (P < 0.05) and reduced the secretion of interleukin 8 by a maximum of 47.8%. Furthermore, the addition of Slp to Caco-2 cell monolayers attenuated cell apoptosis and inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 nucleus translocation by suppressing the activation of NF-κB. Collectively, the ability of Slp to attenuate dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier stimulated by TNF-α and to exert anti-inflammatory effects supports its potential use in the development of functional foods and in the prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Physical and functional interaction between A20 and ATG16L1-WD40 domain in the control of intestinal homeostasis

Prevention of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) relies on tight control of inflammatory, cell death and autophagic mechanisms, but how these pathways are integrated at the molecular level is still unclear. Here we show that the anti-inflammatory protein A20 and the critical autophagic mediator Atg16l1 physically interact and synergize to regulate the stability of the intestinal epithelial barrier. A proteomic screen using the WD40 domain of ATG16L1 (WDD) identified A20 as a WDD-interacting protein. Loss of A20 and Atg16l1 in mouse intestinal epithelium induces spontaneous IBD-like pathology, as characterized by severe inflammation and increased intestinal epithelial cell death in both small and large intestine. Mechanistically, absence of A20 promotes Atg16l1 accumulation, while elimination of Atg16l1 or expression of WDD-deficient Atg16l1 stabilizes A20. Collectively our data show that A20 and Atg16l1 cooperatively control intestinal homeostasis by acting at the intersection of inflammatory, autophagy and cell death pathways.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Polyphenol Extracts from Ulva linza (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta)

Ulvoid macroalgal blooms are frequently observed in coastal oceans worldwide. Because of the very high potential for outbreaks of these blooms, many researches have recently become focused on the utilization of natural products extracted from these otherwise commercially worthless seaweeds. The green-tide forming alga, Ulva linza, in particular, is known for its high antioxidative effects, however, the anti-inflammatory effects of its main constituents have not been thoroughly studied. To address this knowledge gap, TNBS-induced colitis mice were administered with an ethanol extract from U. linza, which reduced their colitis and allowed us to observe the anti-inflammatory effects. After reducing colitis, differences between two groups of mice, one which was administered with the U. linza extract and the other without the extract, were observed in comparison to budesonide. These anti-inflammatory effects of the U. linza extract were further confirmed in LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells. Together, our results demonstrate that polyphenol extracted from U. linza is the component that exhibits the anti-inflammatory effects in TNBS-induced colitis mice, and suggests that it could be used as a potential natural therapeutic agent for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum in prevention of inflammatory bowel disease.

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing globally. Altered gut bacteria and bacterial metabolic pathways are two important factors in the initiation and progression of IBD. Lactobacillus plantarum is distributed in a variety of ecological niches, has a proven ability to survive gastric transit, and can colonize the intestinal tract of human and other mammals. Several studies have described the effects of L. plantarum consumption on human physiology. This review summarizes the safety and the effects of L. plantarum in vitro and in animal models for the prevention and management of IBD. L. plantarum modulates the ratio of Th1 and Th2 cells by stimulating the production of different inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and interferon-gamma. The blocking of cyclooxygenase-2 in Th1 also is an apoptotic inhibition mechanism. This overview of the molecular studies addresses the activity of L. plantarum in the human gut environment and its' potential for remission of IBD.

The role of diet in the prevention and treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) – Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) – are chronic conditions characterised by relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. They represent an increasing public health concern and an aetiological enigma due to unknown causal factors. The current knowledge on the pathogenesis of IBD is that genetically susceptible individuals develop intolerance to a dysregulated gut microflora (dysbiosis) and chronic inflammation develops as a result of environmental triggers. Among the environmental factors associated with IBD, diet plays an important role in modulating the gut microbiome, and, consequently, it could have a therapeutic impact on the disease course. An overabundance of calories and some macronutrients typical of the Western dietetic pattern increase gut inflammation, whereas several micronutrients characteristic of the Mediterranean Diet have the potential to modulate gut inflammation, according to recent evidence. Immunonutrition has emerged as a new concept putting forward the role of vitamins such as vitamins A, C, E, and D, folic acid, beta carotene and trace elements such as zinc, selenium, manganese and iron. However, when assessed in clinical trials, specific micronutrients showed a limited benefit. Further research is required to evaluate the role of individual food compounds and complex nutritional interventions with the potential to decrease inflammation as a means of prevention and management of IBD. The current dietary recommendations for disease prevention and management are scarce and non evidence-based. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the complex interaction between diet, microbiome and immune-modulation in IBD, with particular focus to the role of the Mediterranean Diet as a tool for prevention and treatment of the disease. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies

Inflammatory bowel disease is a global disease in the 21st century. We aimed to assess the changing incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease around the world. We searched MEDLINE and Embase up to and including Dec 31, 2016, to identify observational, population-based studies reporting the incidence or prevalence of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis from 1990 or later. A study was regarded as population-based if it involved all residents within a specific area and the patients were representative of that area. To be included in the systematic review, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease needed to be reported separately. Studies that did not report original data and studies that reported only the incidence or prevalence of paediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (diagnosis at age <16 years) were excluded. We created choropleth maps for the incidence (119 studies) and prevalence (69 studies) of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. We used temporal trend analyses to report changes as an annual percentage change (APC) with 95% CI. We identified 147 studies that were eligible for final inclusion in the systematic review, including 119 studies of incidence and 69 studies of prevalence. The highest reported prevalence values were in Europe (ulcerative colitis 505 per 100 000 in Norway; Crohn's disease 322 per 100 000 in Germany) and North America (ulcerative colitis 286 per 100 000 in the USA; Crohn's disease 319 per 100 000 in Canada). The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease exceeded 0·3% in North America, Oceania, and many countries in Europe. Overall, 16 (72·7%) of 22 studies on Crohn's disease and 15 (83·3%) of 18 studies on ulcerative colitis reported stable or decreasing incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in North America and Europe. Since 1990, incidence has been rising in newly industrialised countries in Africa, Asia, and South America, including Brazil (APC for Crohn's disease +11·1% [95% CI 4·8-17·8] and APC for ulcerative colitis +14·9% [10·4-19·6]) and Taiwan (APC for Crohn's disease +4·0% [1·0-7·1] and APC for ulcerative colitis +4·8% [1·8-8·0]). At the turn of the 21st century, inflammatory bowel disease has become a global disease with accelerating incidence in newly industrialised countries whose societies have become more westernised. Although incidence is stabilising in western countries, burden remains high as prevalence surpasses 0·3%. These data highlight the need for research into prevention of inflammatory bowel disease and innovations in health-care systems to manage this complex and costly disease. None.