Prevention Of Human Diseases Research Articles

A catalog of ethanol-producing microbes in humans.

Aim: Endogenous ethanol production emerges as a mechanism of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, diabetes and auto-brewery syndrome. Methods: To identify ethanol-producing microbes in humans, we used the NCBI taxonomy browser and the PubMed database with an automatic query and manual verification. Results: 85 ethanol-producing microbes in human were identified. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida and Pichia were the most represented fungi. Enterobacteriaceae was the most represented bacterial family with mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiellapneumoniae. Species of the Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae family, of the Lactobacillales order and of the Bifidobacterium genus were also identified. Conclusion: This catalog will help the study of ethanol-producing microbes in human in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and management of human diseases associated with endogenous ethanol production.

Understanding of Nanofiber Face Mask as Corona Virus Disease Prevention in Human

Background: Corona virus has become a global issue. It makes various countries have taken this outbreak very seriously. One of the necessary precautions is by using a face mask. The nanofiber technology on face masks greatly helps the public and government to increase the prevention of disease spread. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review on nanofiber face masks as human corona virus disease prevention. Methods: Stages of systematic literature review of 632 documents was carried out using text mining techniques, while hierarchical cluster analysis were carried out for the extraction of terms in documents. Results: The terms "mask" and "nanofiber" were the most words that appear (more than 40 times) in the WoS and PubMed nanofiber mask document form. On the other hand, the terms "disease" and "respiration" mostly appeared in human corona virus disease prevention. Both of these terms were used to obtain specific articles as a basis for the study of nanofiber mask as human corona disease prevention. Conclusion: This study is very important since prevention measures against corona disease (corvid-19) are a very high concern. The next study is expected to bring this review literature into an experimental study of nanofiber applied to face masks.

Nanodiamonds in biomedical research: Therapeutic applications and beyond

Abstract Nanodiamonds (NDs) comprise a family of carbon-based nanomaterials (i.e. diameter <100 nm) with the same sp3 lattice structure that gives natural diamonds their exceptional hardness and electrical insulating properties. Among all carbon nanomaterials—e.g. carbon nanotubes, nanodots, and fullerenes—NDs are of particular interest for biomedical applications because they offer high biocompatibility, stability in vivo, and a dynamic surface chemistry that can be manipulated to perform a seemingly limitless variety of ultra-specific tasks. NDs are already deepening our understanding of basic biological processes, while numerous laboratories continue studying these nanomaterials with an aim of making seismic improvements in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases. This review surveys approximately 2,000 the most recent articles published in the last 5 years and includes references to more than 150 of the most relevant publications on the biomedical applications of NDs. The findings are categorized by contemporary lines of investigation based on potential applications, namely: genetics and gene editing, drug delivery systems, neural interfacing, biomedical sensors, synthetic biology, and organ and tissue regeneration. This review also includes a brief background of NDs and the methods currently developed for their synthesis and preparation. Finally, recommendations for future investigations are offered.

Prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions in HIV/AIDS Patients on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Bushenyi Medical Centre, Ishaka Adventist Hospital, and Kampala International University Teaching Hospital in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda

The World Health Organization (WHO) delineates an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) as an unintended and harmful response to a drug when it is used for disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, or physiological function modification in humans. This definition specifically excludes therapeutic failures, overdose, drug abuse, noncompliance, and medication errors. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of ADRs among HIV/AIDS patients undergoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) at Bushenyi Medical Centre, Ishaka-Adventist Hospital, and KIU Teaching Hospital in the Bushenyi district, western Uganda. Patient interviews were conducted using structured questionnaires. A cohort of 333 patients participated in the study. The investigation revealed a prevalence of ADRs at 13.5% (95% CI: 10.2-17.6). Among the 333 patients interviewed, 44 reported experiencing ADRs, with a significant 97.8% of these cases occurring in female patients. Importantly, individuals with co-morbidities had a 55.6-fold higher likelihood of developing ADRs compared to those without any co-morbid conditions (95% CI: 2.4-1286.7). Furthermore, the study indicated an increased risk of ADR development among patients starting HAART within the first year of treatment. In summary, our findings highlight the notable prevalence of ADRs among females, emphasizing the need for gender-specific initiatives to raise awareness and prevent ADRs. Regular monitoring is particularly important for patients with co-morbidities due to the established association between co-medication and susceptibility to ADRs. Additionally, adherence to HAART therapy is essential, as the incidence of ADRs tends to decrease over time. Keywords: Adverse drug reaction (ADR), HIV/AIDS, Co-morbidities, Anti-Retroviral Therapy, Uganda

Use of mobile hospitals to improve access to health services and promote primary health care: lessons from Zambia (2011-2018).

Mobile hospitals play a critical role in serving difficult to access populations. In 2011, they were introduced by the Zambian government to improve access to health care. However, little is known about and/or documented about their use in Zambia, and other similar settings where people rely on them to access critical health care, or have to travel long distances to the nearest health centre. To understand the use of mobile hospitals in Zambia and share lessons on their implementation that may be useful for similar settings. It describes their design, implementation, and challenges. The qualitative research employed document review, key informant interviews with 15 respondents, and observation of the operations of the mobile hospitals in the field. The research finds that while they help to reduce inequities associated with accessing health services, there needs to be careful resource planning and addressing of the major issues in health care such as human resources, infrastructure, and disease prevention before long term use. The research not only highlights conditions that must be considered for the effective implementation of mobile hospitals, but also the need for engagement of various key stakeholders during agenda setting in order to build trust and buy in, which contribute to smoother implementation.

Biomedical significance of the therapeutic use of autophagy (literature review)

Autophagy, or is an intracellular degradation pathway for improperly functioning aggre-gation-prone proteins, damaged organelles, unwanted macromolecules, and invading patho-gens. The process is necessary for maintaining cell and tissue homeostasis, which contributes to the survival of the organism, and is actively studied. The purpose of this work was the search, selection and analysis of the literature on autophagy as one of the main mechanisms of maintaining cellular homeostasis under conditions of oxidative stress; cellular aging; calo-rie restriction; as well as about the targeted effect on autophagy in the conditions of various diseases. The following generalizations were made: 1) the ability to be directly activated in response to the intense formation of reactive oxygen species in cells allows us to consider autophagy as an important element of antioxidant protection, therefore, the study of ways and means of effective autophagy management is becoming relevant today; 2) dietary con-sumption of autophagy activators may promote health and extend lifespan through multiple mechanisms, including reduction of oxidative stress, induction of autophagy, and suppression of inflammation; 3) studies aimed at elucidating the role of sirtuins, which are key regulators of cellular metabolism and oxidative stress, are gaining relevance in the initiation of autoph-agy. Currently, sirtuin-dependent mechanisms of autophagy require research in experimental models using mammalian cells; 4) continuing the study of autophagy processes will allow a better understanding of physiological aspects and help ensure progress in the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of human diseases (including those related to age); 5) autophagy is crucial for cellular physiology, autophagy dysfunction is in-volved in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, and therefore the therapeutic use of autophagy has potential biomedical significance. Keywords: cell death, cellular homeostasis, oxidative stress, cellular aging, calorie restriction, targeted effect on autophagy.

Examination of Primary and Secondary Metabolites Associated with a Plant-Based Diet and Their Impact on Human Health.

The consumption of plant-based diets has become a burgeoning trend, and they are increasingly consumed globally owing to their substantial energy intensity and dietetic advantages. Plants possess numerous bioactive components that have been recognized to exhibit manifold health-promoting assets. Comprehension of the synthesis of these primary and secondary metabolites by plants and their method of action against several chronic illnesses is a significant requirement for understanding their benefits to human health and disease prevention. Furthermore, the association of biologically active complexes with plants, humans, disease, medicine, and the underlying mechanisms is unexplored. Therefore, this review portrays various bioactive components derived from plant sources associated with health-promoting traits and their action mechanisms. This review paper predominantly assembles proposed plant-derived bioactive compounds, postulating valuable evidence aimed at perceiving forthcoming approaches, including the selection of potent bioactive components for formulating functional diets that are effective against several human disorders. This meticulous evidence could perhaps provide the basis for the advanced preemptive and therapeutic potential promoting human health. Hence, delivery opens possibilities for purchasers to approach the lucrative practice of plants as a remedy, produce novel products, and access new marketplaces.

A Review of Recent Advancements in Sensor-Integrated Medical Tools.

A medical tool is a general instrument intended for use in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in humans or other animals. Nowadays, sensors are widely employed in medical tools to analyze or quantify disease-related parameters for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients' diseases. Recent explosive advancements in sensor technologies have extended the integration and application of sensors in medical tools by providing more versatile in vivo sensing capabilities. These unique sensing capabilities, especially for medical tools for surgery or medical treatment, are getting more attention owing to the rapid growth of minimally invasive surgery. In this review, recent advancements in sensor-integrated medical tools are presented, and their necessity, use, and examples are comprehensively introduced. Specifically, medical tools often utilized for medical surgery or treatment, for example, medical needles, catheters, robotic surgery, sutures, endoscopes, and tubes, are covered, and in-depth discussions about the working mechanism used for each sensor-integrated medical tool are provided.

Current progress towards prevention of Nipah and Hendra disease in humans: A scoping review of vaccine and monoclonal antibody candidates being evaluated in clinical trials.

Nipah and Hendra are deadly zoonotic diseases with pandemic potential. To date, no human vaccine or monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been licensed to prevent disease caused by these pathogens. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and describe all Phase I, II, and III clinical trials of vaccine candidates or mAbs candidates designed to prevent Nipah and Hendra in humans and to compare the characteristics of the vaccine candidates to characteristics outlined in the Target Product Profiledrafted by the World Health Organisation as part of the WHO Research & Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics. We searched 23 clinical trial registries, the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, and grey literature up to June 2023 to identify vaccine and mAb candidates being evaluated in registered clinical trials. Vaccine candidate and trial characteristics were double-extracted for evaluation and the vaccine candidate characteristics were compared with the preferred and critical criteria of the World Health Organisation's Target Product Profile for Nipah virus vaccine. Three vaccine candidates (Hendra Virus Soluble Glycoprotein Vaccine [HeV-sG-V], PHV02, and mRNA-1215) and one mAb (m102.4) had a registered human clinical trial by June 2023. All trials were phase 1, dose-ranging trials taking place in the United States of America or Australia and enrolling healthy adults. Although all vaccine candidates meet the dose regimen and route of administration criteria of the Target Product Profile, other criteria such as measures of efficacy and reactogenicity will need to be evaluated in the future as evidence becomes available. Multiple vaccine candidates and one mAb candidate have reached the stage of human clinical trials and are reviewed here. Monitoring progress during evaluation of these candidates and candidates entering clinical trials in the future can help highlight many of the challenges that remain.

A Wearable Electrochemical Biosensor Utilizing Functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene for the Real-Time Monitoring of Uric Acid Metabolite.

Wearable, noninvasive sensors enable the continuous monitoring of metabolites in sweat and provide clinical information related to an individual's health and disease states. Uric acid (UA) is a key indicator highly associated with gout, hyperuricaemia, hypertension, kidney disease, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. However, the detection of UA levels typically relies on invasive blood tests. Therefore, developing a wearable device for noninvasive monitoring of UA concentrations in sweat could facilitate real-time personalized disease prevention. Here, we introduce 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetrasulfonic acid sodium salt (PyTS) as a bifunctional molecule functionalized with Ti3C2Tx via π-π conjugation to design nonenzymatic wearable sensors for sensitive and selective detection of UA concentration in human sweat. PyTS@Ti3C2Tx provides many oxidation-reduction active groups to enhance the electrocatalytic ability of the UA oxidation reaction. The PyTS@Ti3C2Tx-based electrochemical sensor demonstrates highly sensitive detection of UA in the concentration range of 5 μM-100 μM, exhibiting a lower detection limit of 0.48 μM compared to the uricase-based sensor (0.84 μM). In volunteers, the PyTS@Ti3C2Tx-based wearable sensor is integrated with flexible microfluidic sweat sampling and wireless electronics to enable real-time monitoring of UA levels during aerobic exercise. Simultaneously, it allows for comparison of blood UA levels via a commercial UA analyzer. Herein, this study provides a promising electrocatalyst strategy for nonenzymatic electrochemical UA sensor, enabling noninvasive real-time monitoring of UA levels in human sweat and personalized disease prevention.

Organic Farming in Vegetable Crops: Challenges and Opportunities

In recent times, organic farming has assumed greater significance and become a buzzword, gaining momentum and instant acceptance by producers and consumers simultaneously. Rising health complications due to the overuse of different agricultural chemicals and their consequent presence as residues above maximum permitted residue levels in food (MRLs) has bolstered the demand for a renewed emphasis on organic farming, particularly in vegetables due to the very short possible withholding period before their consumption after harvest. Vegetables are highly perishable in nature and indispensable in regular consumption. Even as the practice of organic farming is indeed very attractive in terms of nutritional and edible quality of vegetables, prevention of diseases in humans, maintenance of soil biology in diversity, population, activity levels, and preservation of soil health, it still raises queries as to whether the crops can be managed in the field without using any inorganic fertilizers or pesticides in a sustainable way over a longer period of time without affecting yields. As the challenge remains to feed the burgeoning population, it is important to ponder upon the current status, challenges, modalities, certification and prospects presented by organic cultivation of vegetable crops.

Sirtuin 1 as a potential molecular target of resveratrol in selected diseases

Cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological diseases are disorders commonly classified as diseases that have a significant impact on the length and quality of human life. Sirtuins play an important role in their pathogenesis and complications. Numerous studies indicate that modulation of the expression of these proteins can slow down the processes of aging and cell death, prevent inflammation, and regulate metabolic processes, and consequently modify the progression of the disease. One of the best-known sirtuins is sirtuin 1, whose strongest natural activator is resveratrol. The development of alternative therapies involving natural compounds such as resveratrol is highly desirable due to the significantly lower number of side effects compared to conventional therapies. Therefore, this review summarizes the possible benefits of resveratrol as a sirtuin 1 activator in the prevention and treatment of human diseases based on the results of the studies conducted so far.

An inoculation site-retained mRNA vaccine induces robust immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants

mRNA-based vaccines and therapeutic agents hold great promise in prevention and treatment of human diseases, yet high percentage of systemic adverse effect in clinic remains a big safety concern. One major potential cause is a high level of leakage of the locally inoculated mRNA vaccine nanoparticles into circulation. We have screened and optimized a core-shell structured lipopolyplex (LPP) formulation for mRNA with a tissue-retention property. Upon intramuscular inoculation, the mRNA-encapsulated LPP nanoparticles were preferentially taken up by the phagocytic antigen-presentation cells, and potently promoted dendritic cell maturation. We applied the new formulation to prepare a prophylactic vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, and observed potent humoral and cellular immune responses from the vaccine in both murine models and non-human primates. More importantly, the vaccine demonstrated a benign safety profile in non-human primates, with limited side effects after repeated treatment with high dosages of LPP/mRNA. Taken together, the inoculation site-retained vaccine formulation serves as a promising vehicle for mRNA vaccines and therapeutic agents.

Lab-on-chip technologies for exploring the gut-immune axis in metabolic disease.

The continued rise in metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus poses a global health burden, necessitating further research into factors implicated in the onset and progression of these diseases. Recently, the gut-immune axis, with diet as a main regulator, has been identified as a possible role player in their development. Translation of conventional 2D in vitro and animal models is however limited, while human studies are expensive and preclude individual mechanisms from being investigated. Lab-on-chip technology therefore offers an attractive new avenue to study gut-immune interactions. This review provides an overview of the influence of diet on gut-immune interactions in metabolic diseases and a critical analysis of the current state of lab-on-chip technology to study this axis. While there has been progress in the development of "immuno-competent" intestinal lab-on-chip models, with studies showing the ability of the technology to provide mechanical cues, support longer-term co-culture of microbiota and maintain in vivo-like oxygen gradients, platforms which combine all three and include intestinal and immune cells are still lacking. Further, immune cell types and inclusion of microenvironment conditions which enable in vivo-like immune cell dynamics as well as host-microbiome interactions are limited. Future model development should focus on combining these conditions to create an environment capable of hosting more complex microbiota and immune cells to allow further study into the effects of diet and related metabolites on the gut-immune ecosystem and their role in the prevention and development of metabolic diseases in humans.

A Potent Mixture Of Antioxidants In Spirulina Have Numerous Advantages For Human Health

Spirulina is a free-floating filamentous microalga that grows in alkaline water. Spirulina was consumed as food by the Mayas, Toltecs, and Kanembu in Mexico during the Aztec civilization approximately 400 years ago. Spirulina is a well-known source of essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, fatty acids, and so on. It's popular in human and animal nutrition, as well as the cosmetics business. In vivo and in vitro experiments have yielded promising results in the treatment of certain malignancies and allergies, anaemia, hepatotoxicity, viral infection, vascular disorders, radiation protection, and obesity. Spirulina's antioxidant effects have been proven in numerous preclinical research. Antioxidants aid in the prevention of many human diseases.

Recent Advances in Carrier-Free Natural Small Molecule Self-Assembly for Drug Delivery

Natural small-molecule drugs have been used for thousands of years for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Most of the natural products available on the market have been modified...

К ВОПРОСУ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПИЩЕВЫХ ВОЛОКОН В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ МЯСНЫХ РУБЛЕНЫХ ПОЛУФАБРИКАТОВ

Quality of life, working capacity and longevity depend on what a person eats. Meat is one of essential nutritional factors, but it lacks carbohydrates. Dietary fiber is known to be important for prevention of human diseases (diabetes, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular diseases), therefore, recipes for meat products with food fiber are currently being developed. The article presents developed recipes for semi-finished minced meat products from poultry with the introduction of natural dietary wheat fibers «Unitsel VF 200» in place of the chicken fillet part. The study of functional, technological and organoleptic properties of experimental minced meat samples with additive «Unitsel VF 200» made it possible to obtain product containing complex of all nutritional elements, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, while meeting the necessary sensory characteristics. The optimal amount of added wheat fibers «Unitsel VF 200» to the composition of minced poultry meat was 24 % in dry form, 510 % in hydrated form.

Antibacterial and Anti Diabetic Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Lactobacillus Isolated from Cow and Goat Milk

ABSTRACT: Antibiotics are one of our most important weapons in fighting with bacterial infections and diabetics. Drugs were derived from natural sources that play an important role in the treatment and prevention of human diseases. Traditional fermented foods containing lactic acid bacteria such as milk, yogurt, curd, etc., have historically been consumed by human. Lactobacilli are well known friendly bacteria for their probiotic activities against pathogens. In this investigation cow and goat milk samples were selected and collected for the study. The gram stain was used for morphological identification of Lactobacillus sp. in the two samples. The two isolated Lactobacillus sp. from goat and cow milk samples were subjected to the extraction of secondary metabolites using the solvent ethyl acetate. The two extracts of Lactobacillus spp. those were isolated from cow and goat milk samples, showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The zone of inhibition was assessed by mm. The good results of zones were observed at 1000 and 2000 µg in cow milk and 2000 µg in goat milk extraction. These metabolites were also showed good results in antidiabetic activity using the alpha amylase inhibition activity. The IC50 value has showed moderate activity in the two crude extractions when compared to acarbose standard drug. Therefore, in this investigation the Lactobacillus sp. producing secondary metabolites was good source for the activity of antibacterial and antidiabetic activity.

Proximate Nutritional Analysis, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Properties of Aqueous Extract of Neptunia oleracea Leaves

Neptunia oleracea also known as water mimosa is widely consumed by people worldwide including Malaysia. This plant was claimed able to treat several diseases such as epileptic convulsion, syphilis, jaundice, and bloody diarrhea. Moreover, it has been reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-ulcer properties that benefit human health. Hence, this study investigates the content of macronutrients, micronutrients, phytochemical constituents, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant properties in the aqueous leaf extract of this plant. The study found that N. oleracea leaves were possessed with high fiber (52%), moisture (23.33%), fat (5.33%), protein (5.25%), carbohydrate (6.42%), ash (7.67%), and mineral content with a sequence of Potassium > Calcium > Sodium > Phosphorus. A positive result of tannins, steroids, phenols, and flavonoids were detected. High values of TPC and TFC which were 136.19 ± 0.62 mg GAE/g and 829.17 ± 19.09 mg GAE/g of dry weight respectively were obtained. Meanwhile, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the plant extract produced an IC50 of 70.09 µg/mL. The presence of a high content of polyphenolic compounds may reflect the antioxidant properties of this plant. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of N. oleracea leaves showed the presence of various phytochemical constituents and has a high content of TPC and TFC which may be derived from its nutritional content. Hence, consumption of N. oleracea leaves is useful for human health and disease prevention.

CRISPR/Cas System in Human Genetic Diseases

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated CRISPER/Cas system, as the current most popular gene-editing technology, shows great advantages of simple composition, good specificity and high cutting efficiency compared with other gene editing technology. With the rapid development of CRISPR-Cas systems, such as Cas9, Cas12a and Cas12f, can be used to edit the DNA of eukaryotic cells, and then successively found that Cas13a, Cas13b and Cas13d are targeted to the RNA merons. Through various modifications, scientists also developed a new type of the CRISPR-Cas system. With higher DNA-cutting activity, greater specificity, and smaller size than the natural CRISPR system, these engineered gene-editing systems form a powerful tool set for DNA sequence knockout, replacement, epigenetic editing, and even the activation and suppression of gene expression. Despite the potential problems in the practical application of CRISPR technology to be solved, it is believed that with further improvement, the CRISPR treatment technology will play a more important role in the prevention and treatment of human diseases, more perfectly and precisely. This review introduces the structure, functional mechanism and application of CRISPR/Cas system in human genetic diseases, and the current status and development of CRISPR/Cas system are summarized and prospected.