Prevention Of Disease In Adults Research Articles

Behavioral Counseling to Promote a Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Known Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet

Background: A healthy diet is characterized by a balanced and varied selection of meals and drinks that aids a person in attaining and sustaining a healthy weight. Aim: To carefully assess the proof regarding the harm and benefits of behavior therapy for the 1ry avoidance of cardiovascular illness in adults lacking recognized cardiovascular risk factors to educate the United States Preventive Services Task Force. Materials and methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis encompassed nine research studies, submitting to the Cochrane Collaboration principles and conforming to the PRISMA declaration (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses). Main findings: Behavioral interventions enhanced levels of nutritional consumption and physical activity, with consistent benefits for healthful diets versus controls at 6+ months. Small, although significant variations have been detected in systolic blood pressure (−1.26 millimeters mercury [ninety-five percent confidence interval, −1.77 to −0.75]), total cholesterol (−2.85 milligrams per deciliter [ninety-five percent confidence interval, −4.95 to −0.75]), in addition to body mass index (−0.41 [ninety-five percent confidence interval, −0.62 to −0.19]) at the six- to twelve-month interval. Modest correlations with activity and dietary behaviors were observed, with no increased adverse events in intervention participants. Conclusion: Behavioral interventions significantly improve levels of dietary intake and physical activity, with healthy diets and programs showing significant benefits over 6+ months. Small improvements in blood pressure, cholesterol, and BMI were noted, with tailored approaches being particularly effective without increased adverse events

Achievement of recommended targets for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults with diabetes in 38 low- and middle-income countries

Achievement of recommended targets for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults with diabetes in 38 low- and middle-income countries

젊은 여성과 중년 여성의 차와 음료 소비 비교에 관한 연구

This study compared the differences in tea and beverage intakes of young and middle-aged women. This study investigated the preference and frequency of consumption of beverages and four teas (green tea, black tea, oolong tea, and Pu'er tea), the reasons for consumption and avoidance, and the recognition of the efficacy of green tea and black tea. The young women enjoyed coffee the most, followed by carbonated beverages. The middle-aged women enjoyed coffee the most, but milk and dairy ranked second, resulting in significant differences (p<0.001, p<0.01). In the frequency of beverage intake over the past year, the percentage of carbonated beverages (p<0.001) was significantly higher in young women, while coffee (p<0.001), milk and dairy products (p<0.05), and traditional tea (p<0.001) were significantly higher in the middle-aged women. The young women preferred black tea over green tea, and the middle-aged women preferred Pu’er tea over green tea. The middle-aged women's green tea intake rate was higher than that of the young women (p<0.05). In the young women, ‘taste’ and ‘scent’ were important in both the reasons for tea consumption and avoidance, and the proportion of health-related reasons, such as ‘health care,’ ‘diet,’ and ‘caffeine,’ was high in the middle-aged women (p<0.001). Recognition of the efficacy of green tea was significantly higher in young women than in middle-aged women in the areas of ‘health promotion,’ ‘adult disease prevention,’ ‘weight control,’ and ‘skin beauty.’ In conclusion, the tea intake rate was significantly lower than coffee in both groups. Although the young women group had a higher awareness of the efficacy of green tea than the middle-aged women group, the frequency of green tea consumption was lower, showing a difference due to age. In addition, differences appeared in the reasons for drinking tea and avoiding it between young women who value preference and middle-aged women who value health.

Effectiveness of social prescribing for chronic disease prevention in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

BackgroundSocial prescribing (SP) enables healthcare professionals to link patients with non-medical interventions available in the community to address underlying socioeconomic and behavioural determinants. We synthesised the evidence to understand the...

Improving Behavioral Counseling for Primary Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

This Editorial discusses recommendations from the US Preventive Services Task Force on behavioral counseling to promote a healthy diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults without cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Investigating the associations between childhood trauma and cardiovascular health in midlife.

Growing evidence suggests that childhood trauma is associated with poorer cardiovascular health in adulthood, but few studies have examined potential mediators of these associations. We examined the links between different forms of childhood trauma (i.e., abuse, neglect, cumulative trauma) and cardiovascular health and explored potential mediators. Cross-sectional data from 1,251 participants in the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States' II Biomarker Project were analyzed. Path analyses were conducted to examine the associations between childhood trauma and cardiovascular health (i.e., American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 [LS7] score). Depressive symptoms and sleep quality were explored as potential mediators, and exploratory analyses examined whether these associations were moderated by sex. Women reported more severe childhood emotional and sexual abuse and emotional neglect, p<.001 to p=.018, and higher LS7 scores, p=.027, than men. Path analyses demonstrated the total effects of increasing severity of all forms of childhood trauma with LS7 scores were significant, and cumulative childhood trauma was inversely associated with LS7 score Bs=-0.306- -0.076, p<.001-p=.048. The range of total effects of different forms of childhood trauma on LS7 scores mediated by depressive symptoms and sleep quality was 26.8%-57.5%. Sex moderated the associations between all forms of childhood trauma and cardiovascular health. Longitudinal studies are needed that examine mediators of the associations between childhood trauma and cardiovascular health. Findings suggest sex-specific, trauma-informed approaches for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults exposed to childhood trauma may be needed.

How does intermittent fasting compare with ad libitum and continuous energy restriction dietary styles for prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults?

How does intermittent fasting compare with ad libitum and continuous energy restriction dietary styles for prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults?

Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of a sequential pneumococcal vaccination compared to single-dose vaccination strategy for adults in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT Two vaccines, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), are widely available for the prevention of pneumococcal disease in adults. However, it is unclear how cost-effective these pneumococcal vaccine choices are in the Hong Kong healthcare environment. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of a sequential administration of PCV13 followed by PPSV23 compared to a single dose of PPSV23 vaccination for pneumococcal disease control in Hong Kong adults aged ≥65 years and individuals aged 20–64 years with immunocompromising and chronic conditions. A previously developed deterministic cohort sequential model was applied to compare the outcomes of two vaccination strategies from a societal perspective. Population-specific model input, including incidence, mortality, case-fatality, risk group distribution, vaccination costs, disease management, and productivity loss, was estimated from a Hong Kong-wide electronic medical database. Costs were valued in US$ in 2017. Vaccination strategies with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER, defined as incremental cost per QALY saved) less than one local GDP per capita ($46,193 in 2017) were defined as highly cost-effective. Deterministic sensitivity analyses (SA) were conducted. Compared with single-dose PPSV23, sequential vaccination of PCV13 followed by PPSV23 was cost-saving for adults aged ≥20 years. In the deterministic SA, the base-case results were robust for tested parameter uncertainties. Future vaccination policies should consider the cost-effectiveness of a sequential vaccination strategy as a measure to reduce the vaccine-preventable pneumococcal disease burden in Hong Kong.

Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of diseases in adults and children: a view of the clinical pharmacologist

Adequate and balanced intake of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) is important throughout life, and directly affects health status: from preconception and pregnancy to the prevention of various diseases. Russia geographically belongs to regions with a low level of consumption of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. In addition, gender characteristics and genetic polymorphisms underlie the variability of the synthesis of ω-3 LCPUFA in the human organism from alpha-linolenic acid. ω-3 LCPUFA play one of the key roles in the human organism: they regulate lipid metabolism, have a positive effect on cognitive functions, have anti-inflammatory activity, and contribute to the prolongation of pregnancy. ω-3 LCPUFA should be ingested in sufficient quantities, since they are essential nutrients, be in the form of release, provide high compliance for admission and be balanced in content of EPA and DHA.

Vaccinal prevention of infectious diseases in adults

The results of foreign and Russian author`s researches about immunization of adult population are presented in article. The analysis of the vaccinal prevention state of infectious diseases in adults in different countries of the world (national guidance on adults immunization, coverage of preventive vaccinations, financing mechanisms) is given. The tasks of improving immunization in adult population of Russia are defined.

Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Known Risk Factors

Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Known Risk Factors

Cardiovascular disease prevention in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to the recent statement from the American Heart Association/American Diabetes Association

There is a clear epidemiologic association between glycemic control and cardiovascular disease. There is strong evidence of a microvascular benefit by lowering glycated hemoglobin <7% while acknowledging lack of proven macrovascular benefits. It is therefore relevant, in all diabetic patients, to control all major cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. These risk factors, easily measurable, account for 90% of acute myocardial infarction. In this review, the update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association is discussed and commented.

Return on Investment for Digital Behavioral Counseling in Patients With Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease.

IntroductionWe calculated the health and economic impacts of participation in a digital behavioral counseling service that is designed to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults with prediabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors (Prevent, Omada Health, San Francisco, California). This program enhances the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program. Participants completed a 16-week core program followed by an ongoing maintenance program.MethodsAnalysis was conducted for 2 populations meeting criteria for lifestyle intervention: 1) prediabetes (n = 1,663), and 2) high cardiovascular disease risk (n = 2,152). The Markov-based model simulated clinical and economic outcomes related to obesity and diabetes annually over 10 years for the 2 defined populations. Comparisons were made between participants and propensity-matched controls from the community.ResultsThe return-on-investment break-even point was 3 years in both populations. Simulated return on investment for the population with prediabetes was $9 and $1,565 at years 3 and 5, respectively. Simulated return on investment for the population with cardiovascular disease risk was $96 and $1,512 at years 3 and 5, respectively. Results suggest that program participation reduces diabetes incidence by 30% to 33% and stroke by 11% to 16% over 5 years.ConclusionDigital Behavioral Counseling provides significant health benefits to patients with prediabetes and cardiovascular disease and a positive return on investment.

Behavioral counseling to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.

Update and refinement of the 2003 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on dietary counseling for adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on whether primary care-relevant counseling interventions for a healthful diet and physical activity modify self-reported behaviors, intermediate physiologic outcomes, diabetes incidence, and cardiovascular morbidity or mortality in adults with CVD risk factors, as well as the adverse effects of counseling interventions. This recommendation applies to adults aged 18 years or older in primary care settings who are overweight or obese and have known CVD risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose, or the metabolic syndrome). The USPSTF recommends offering or referring adults who are overweight or obese and have additional CVD risk factors to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for CVD prevention. (B recommendation).

Effect of Cheonggukjang Made from Sword Bean on Serum Lipid Profile and Tissue Change in Rats

This study was to investigate serum triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), and cholesterol concentrations after feeding the combined diets of prepared traditional Cheonggukjang (TC) or Cheonggukjang made from sword bean powder (CS), the feed, and high-fat cholesterols at certain ratio for 8 weeks in rats, and then confirmed the effects of the diets based on the changes in the tissues of livers, kidneys, and spleens. The serum TG concentrations were lower in CS group compared to that of in TC group. The increase of PL concentrations was greater in CS group than that of TC group. FChCS6 group (92% feed+2% cholesterol+6% CS) showed the lowest total-cholesterol (T-C), 60.1±8.5mg/dL, indicating that CS was effective to lower the T-C. Both TG/PL and T-C/PL ratio tended to be decreased. As CS intake was effective in the reduction of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol level as well as the increase of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, it would be effective in the prevention of adult diseases and circulatory diseases. It was confirmed that there were no changes in organ appearance and tissues in the rats with CS intake. Therefore, CS intake showed superior functionalities than that of TC intake.

Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Promote a Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Update of the 2003 and 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statements on behavioral counseling to promote a healthful diet and physical activity in adults without preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD) or its risk factors. The USPSTF reviewed new evidence on whether counseling interventions relevant to primary care for physical activity or a healthful diet modify self-reported behaviors; intermediate physiologic outcomes (for example, reduced lipid levels, blood pressure, weight, and body mass index and increased glucose tolerance); and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults without known CVD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes. General adult population without a known diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or CVD. Although the correlation among healthful diet, physical activity, and the incidence of CVD is strong, existing evidence indicates that the health benefit of initiating behavioral counseling in the primary care setting to promote a healthful diet and physical activity is small. Clinicians may choose to selectively counsel patients rather than incorporate counseling into the care of all adults in the general population. Issues to consider include other risk factors for CVD, a patient's readiness for change, social support and community resources that support behavioral change, and other health care and preventive service priorities. Harms may include the lost opportunity to provide other services that have a greater health effect. This is a grade C recommendation.

Abstract 144B: Racial Differences in Physiological and Behavioral Response to School Based Wellness Program

Background: Racial differences in cardiovascular (CV) risk factors have been shown to exist in children. However, much of this data was obtained decades ago in a rural cohort of children in Bogalusa, LA. Given the growing epidemic of childhood obesity, we sought to examine CV risk factors in black and non-black 6 th grade students prior to and seven months after implementation of a school-based wellness program targeting both inner city and suburban children in Southeast Michigan. Methods: Data from 1,979 middle-school students enrolled in Project Healthy Schools (PHS) were used to compare health behaviors and physiologic markers including lipids, blood pressure (BP), and BMI. PHS is designed to promote physical activity, consumption of fruits and vegetables, decrease consumption of fast/fatty foods and leisure screen time and encourage healthier beverage choices. Pre/post assessments included surveys of diet and physical activity. A Mann-Whitney, non-parametric test was used to compare the differences. Results: Among the 1,979, 504 (25.5%) were black. At baseline, % overweight/obese was significantly different between blacks and non-blacks (39.9% vs. 33.0%, p=0.003. Blacks had poorer diets and were less active than non-blacks (p&lt; 0.001). BP and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were similar, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was higher in blacks (55 mg/dL vs. 52 in non-blacks) (p=0.004), and triglycerides were higher in non-blacks (92 vs.122 mg/dL) (p&lt;0.001). Seven months after PHS was initiated, blacks improved their diets and physical activity more (p&lt; 0.02). Blacks had a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol (10 mg/dL vs. 1) (p&lt;0.001) whereas non-blacks had significant reduction in triglycerides (3 vs. 16 mg/dL) (p=0.041). Conclusion: Black 6 th grade students show higher rates of obesity, poor dietary habits, and less physical activity at baseline. This data suggests that school-based wellness programs such as PHS can improve dietary, physical behavior and cholesterol profile. Early intervention for risk factor modification is not only possible but may be of great importance to the prevention of CV disease in adults, particularly in high risk groups like blacks.

Report on dental health behaviors for periodontal disease prevention in adults including the self-management skills

Report on dental health behaviors for periodontal disease prevention in adults including the self-management skills

Body composition analysis by DXA in a pre‐school population of Argentina

Obesity and osteoporosis are worldwide problems causing high mortality and Public Health costs; pediatricians should play an important role in the early recognition by the evaluation of body fat and mineral content. DXA has considered one of the most precise and applicable method for body composition. Good reference data, which is ethnic, age, gender and manufacture specific, are required.ObjectiveTo obtain bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), and fat mass (FM) reference values in healthy children aged 2 to 5.Hundred twenty one children (males=62, females=59) from La Matanza, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, attending a day care center, were included. There were healthy according to anthropometric (WHO, 2007) and clinical evaluation. BMC (g) and BMD (g/cm2) less head and %BF were measured by Lunar DPX‐L, pediatric software.ResultsBMD and BMC were significantly increased with age (p &lt; 0.000001); independently of gender. Conversely, girls but not boys showed a significant decreased in FM% depending on age. FM% was significantly high in girls (p &lt; 0.000001).ConclusionBecause the prevention of adult disease is a central goal of pediatrics, it is necessary to establish body composition reference values, in healthy children by DXA.Awarded by UBACyT O 015.

666 Valganciclovir Pharmacokinetics and Determination of Optimal Dosing after Solid Organ Transplantation in Infants and Young Children

Purpose: Valganciclovir dosing recommendations for the prevention and treatment of CMV infections in children are based on patient renal function and either body surface area or weight. Infants and young children have a different pharmacokinetic profile than their adult counterparts and high-risk patients may benefit from individualized dosing guided by serum drug levels to achieve Area Under the Curve (AUC) goals that have been established as effective in the treatment and prevention of CMV disease in adults. Methods and Materials: A pharmacokinetic study was performed in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients between the ages of 6 months and 3 years in whom AUCs had been measured. Results: There was a strong corrlation between a single 2-hour plasma level and AUC (R 0.6) suggesting that this one measurement might suffice in clinical practice. No patients became neutropenic or experienced significant renal dysfunction secondary to valganciclovir therapy. AUC modeling suggests that the current package insert recommendations may not result in reliably appropriate valganciclovir blood levels for young patients.