Prevention Of Dental Diseases Research Articles

Formulation of Roselle Flower Extract Gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) as a Disclosing Solution

Background: Plaque is a soft deposit attached to the teeth consisting of various types of microorganisms from saliva and food waste. Plaque cannot be seen because it is transparent, like the color of translucent white glass. The way to see plaque is to use a contrast material such as a dye (red/purple) in the form of a liquid or gel called a disclosing solution. It is usually found in gel and liquid form. But in use in humans there are many shortcomings because they are expensive, quite expensive and often contain harmful chemicals. One of the herbal plants that can be used as an alternative material as a disclosing solution is Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) which can be used for its properties in the field of Prevention of Dental and Oral Diseases and has antibacterial and remineralizing effects. Methods: This research is an experimental study on the development of Rosella Flower Extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in the form of a gel in disclosing solution. The research was carried out from June to August 2021 at the Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Food Analysis, Health Polytechnic of Jakarta II and Dental Health Laboratory, Health Polytechnic of Jakarta I. Disclosing solution prepared from dried Rosella Flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) was obtained as much as 1000 grams. from the Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Plants, Bogor. Hedonic testing was carried out on 34 students of the Department of Dental Health, Health Polytechnic of Jakarta I. Results: The disclosing solution preparation in the form of a gel from rosella flower extract had good organoleptic test results. The expected red color corresponding to the color of the disclosing solution is at a concentration of 70%. The average pH of the disclosing solution in the form of a gel was 4.95. The average dispersion of the gel preparation is 5.7. 5. The average adhesion of gel preparations at all concentrations is 1.44 seconds. The hedonic test was obtained that most of the respondents had a neutral opinion on all disclosing gel preparations. Conclusion: The preparation of Roselle Flower Extract Gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) can be used as an alternative disclosing solution

RESULTS OF PREVENTIVE WORK IN CHILDREN WITH DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS FOLLOWING PREVENTIVE MEASURES IMMEDIATELY AND IN 5 YEAR LONG PERIOD

Relevance. Paediatric dentistry is a branch of medicine that provides oral health care for children from birth to 18 years. Prevention should be the primary task of paediatric dentists. Everyone knows that preventing a disease is much easier and more cost-saving compared with its diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the modern dental field is extensively engaged in the prevention of dental diseases.
 There are many etiological factors, which can cause the carious process, namely: endogenous or general (poor nutrition, low fluoride content in drinking water, the state of the child's overall health, adverse environmental living conditions, genetic predisposition, etc.) and exogenous, or local (poor oral hygiene, excessive use of refined carbohydrates, changes in the composition and properties of oral fluid (saliva), reduced resistance of dental tissues, insufficient functional load of the maxillofacial system, etc.).
 Therefore, special attention should be focused on oral hygiene in children who are especially prone to respiratory infections, since a combination of factors of various nature can often lead to lesions of the hard dental tissues.
 Purpose of this study is to investigate the Green-Vermilion hygiene index in children who are frequently infected with SARS in 5 years following their undergoing treatment and prevention measures.
 Materials and methods. 80 children aged 11-12 years who were under the medical observation 5 years ago are examined and divided into 4 groups. Group 1 includes healthy children (they had SARS 1-2 times a year) and groups 2, 3 and 4 are formed with children who have confirmed respiratory viral infections 3 – 4 times a year.
 Results. During the first examination, the Green-Vermilion hygiene index in children of groups 2, 3 and 4 was unsatisfactory, in contrast to the children of group 1, who demonstrated satisfactory values of the respective index.
 A year following the first examination (participants receive prophylactic complexes twice); we repeatedly determined Green-Vermilion hygiene index and found a deterioration of the studied indicator in all observation groups. The best findings were detected in the healthy children of group 1, who used recommended hygiene products, but they also showed a slight deterioration. Among the participants, who have frequent SARS cases, the best results were found in the children of 4th group and equalled was 1.83±0.16 points. The children of this group strictly followed the prevention complex we recommended. The hygiene index, 1.86±0.18 points, was somewhat worse in children of the 3rd group who used the already known medical and preventive complexes aimed at increasing the resistance of the hard tissues of the teeth. The index of 1.95±0.18 points was detected in the children of group 2nd, who were only prescribed to follow common oral hygiene, and this hygienic index value was the worst oral hygiene index among all the examined groups with frequent SARS cases.
 The situation was almost the same during the examination, which was carried out in 2 years after the first examination. The worst hygiene indicators were observed in children of group 2 (1.89±0.17 points), who often suffer from acute respiratory viral infections and who were prescribed only common oral hygiene, and the best (1.32±0.13) in the healthy children of the 1st group.
 The last examination carried out in 5 years, demonstrated stable results, despite the time that had passed since the use of treatment and preventive measures. The investigated indicator slightly differed from 1st examination. The best Green-Vermilion hygiene index values were found in the children of group 1 (practically healthy), who were recommended to take recommended common oral hygiene. Among the groups of children suffering from acute respiratory viral infections, the best results (satisfactory), 1.79±0.18 points, were revealed in the children of 4th groups who took the prevention complex we proposed. In children of the 2nd and 3rd groups, the hygiene indices were 1.84±0.18 points and 1.81±0.17, respectively that also corresponded to an unsatisfactory state of oral hygiene.
 Conclusion. The results obtained have shown the dynamics of hygiene indicators in children of the examined groups almost did not change; somatically healthy children demonstrate better hygiene indicators than children who are frequent SARS cases. Children of the 4th group, who were treated with the treatment and prophylactic complex we developed, have the best Green-Vermilion hygiene index values among frequently ill children. This can be explained by the fact that during these 5 years children periodically took our complex.

DENTAL STATUS OF BRONZE AGE POPULATION FROM THE AREA OF MODERN POLTAVA REGION (ACCORDING TO THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL MATERIALS)

In modern medical science, and in particular in dentistry, regarding pathology, the following question is actual invariably: Have there always been manifestations of diseases as we see them today? At the same time, research on dental diseases in ancient people remains also a reliable source of knowledge about the causes of oral cavity pathology in the modern population.
 Therefore, it is important to study deviations from the norms of development and peculiarities of skeleton of populations in various periods.
 The purpose of the study. To investigate the condition of hard oral tissues in the Bronze Age population from the area of modern Poltava region by skeletal remains.
 Object and methods of research. For the analysis the bone remains of 47 representatives (4 children's, 20 women's and 23 men's skeletons) of population of the Bronze Age (middle of the 3rd millennium – the 2nd millennium BC), from the area of modern Poltava region (main group), from the mound located in the vicinity of the village Hittsi of the Lubenskyi district, discovered by the archeological expedition in 2021 were selected.
 Anthropological series of individuals living in the Bronze Age on the territory of modern Poltava region described earlier were taken as a control group for comparison.
 The materials were discovered during the archaeological excavations carried out in 1998-2012, where a total of 102 skeletons were examined (30 children's skeletons, women's skeletons among examined are 20, and male ones are 52.)
 The study of the material was carried out by the method of skeletal tissue analysis of ancient people, developed by the authors of this publication on the basis of the Laboratory of Medical and Historical Anthropology of the Municipal Establishment "Center of Protection and Research of Archaeological Monuments" of Poltava Regional Council and the Children's Department of Therapeutic Dentistry with prevention of dental diseases of Poltava State Medical University. The method provides maximum preservation of bone and teeth tissues.
 Research results. Differences in the dental status of the main group correspond to the results of the paleopathological analysis of the collective anthropological series of the Bronze Age control group from the area of Poltava region (where there were found 4 tooth cavities per 102 persons and in another 22 persons dental mineralized deposits were observed) which reflect a specific consequence of the negative impact of social factors and environment in places of residence. However, the difference was determined in the form of coverage of the chewing organs with teeth mineralized deposits. Discrepancy in the number of encounters of mineralized deposits in the teeth of the studied groups is probably explained by the difference in food consumption and possible differences in types of lifestyles, the possible tendency of the male population to long transitions.
 Conclusion. The general somatic status of the control group of the studied people corresponds to the state of health of the Bronze Age population of the main group from the area of Poltava.
 So, another 47 people of the Bronze Age showed the same dynamics of the development of dental pathology with previously studied skeletons of representatives of this time from the area of the modern Poltava region.

Chemistry in dentistry

Annotation. The medical chemistry course for medical university students include separate sections of inorganic, analytical, physical and colloidal chemistry. Medical chemistry as an educational discipline lays the foundations for students to study medical and biological disciplines of general training which include biological chemistry, normal physiology, pathological physiology, pharmacology, as well as professional training disciplines – orthopedic, therapeutic and surgical dentistry. The purpose of the work was to reveal the possibilities of the subject “Medical Chemistry” for the development of the personality of a dental student’s, their acquisition of practical skills, the formation of the foundations of chemical competence in the future dentist. The following materials were used when writing the article: Educational and professional program “Dentistry” (Vinnytsia, 2021), a methodical manual created by the teachers of the Department of Biological and General Chemistry “Chemistry in Dentistry”, a workbook on medical chemistry for students of the Faculty of Dentistry, as well as developed test control before practical classes with presentation of laboratory works. The article describes the role of s-, p- and d- elements, organic substances in the processes occurring in the oral cavity, as well as in the treatment and prevention of dental diseases. The contribution of electrochemical processes in the development of dental pathology is considered. Along with this, the need to use various electrochemical methods (electrophoresis and iontophoresis) to prevent and to treat the diseases of the oral cavity is explained. Thus, knowledge of chemical processes and interactions is necessary to understand the principles of chemical action of drugs, chemical interactions between the oral environment and dental material. Which makes it possible to ensure an effective and safe treatment process.

Age and social identity as factors influencing adherence to oral care among dental patients

Relevance. Underestimation of the importance of dental disease prevention and the occurrence or complication of physical health problems are two causally related factors. Compliance with the rules of individual and professional oral care is an important constituent to prevention, often ignored by patients of all ages and different social groups.Materials and methods. A total of 706 persons, including 529 women and 172 men, participated in the study. According to the WHO age classification, the participants formed four age groups: 18-24, 25-44, 45-59, and 60-74 years old. In terms of social identity, these groups comprised dentists (216 persons), dental patients (274 persons) and non-dental healthcare professionals (216 persons). The study focused on the adherence to oral preventive measures performed by patients of different age, gender and social identity groups.Results. Despite the majority of the respondents were sufficiently aware of dental disease prevention and oral care, not all turned out to be compliant with medical advice. There were differences between age and social identity groups of patients in reasons of dental visits, use of oral hygiene products and professional oral care.Conclusion. The study confirmed the relationship between underestimation of dental disease prevention and physical pathology. Of all age groups, the lowest level of compliance with oral care practices and the highest percentage of internal diseases were in 60-74-year-old patients. Women are more adherent to oral care measures than men; healthcare professionals showed the lowest compliance with oral care measures.

Development of the Traditional Engklek Game Model to Improve Dental and Oral Disease Prevention Behavior in Elementary School Children

Background: Maintenance of dental and oral health as well as dental health development, especially in the group of school children, need special attention, at the age of the child is undergoing the process of growth and development and the condition of the previous teeth will affect the development of dental health in adulthood. Efforts that can be made to attract children's attention in learning are new learning methods so that they do not cause boredom, such as the use of traditional games as learning media. The traditional game used is the traditional engklek game which has been modified and is expected to attract children's attention and not cause boredom in learning. Research Objectives: To produce a modified game of the Fule's version of the Fule's Traditional Engklek Game as a learning medium to improve the behavior of preventing dental and oral diseases in elementary school children. Research Methods: The method used in this research is Research and Development (R&D). There are five stages, namely: information gathering, product/model design, expert validation and revision, product/model trial, and product/model results. The samples used were 27 children in the control group and 27 children in the intervention group. The results of the data obtained were tested using ANOVA, Shapiro Wilk, Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test. Result: "Fule's Version of the Traditional Engklek Game" is effective as a medium for behavioral change to prevent dental and oral diseases in elementary school children with a value of 0.000. Knowledge with a value of 0.000, attitudes with a value of 0.000, and actions with a value of 0.000. There is a difference in the effectiveness of the "Fule's Traditional Engklek Game" with flipcharts on behavioral changes in preventing dental and oral diseases in elementary school children.

Pelatihan Dokter Kecil Dalam Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Pada Murid SDN 47 Kota Banda Aceh

Peer Counselor Training in Dental Health Maintenance of Students at SD Negeri 47 Banda Aceh. The School Dental Health System (UKGS) is one of the most relevant health efforts in the implementation of the prevention of dental and oral diseases. This program is intended to improve the dental and oral health of all students in schools who need dental and oral health care. UKGS at SDN 47 Banda Aceh City is still less active due to the lack of facilities and infrastructure that support implementation. This Community Service aims to improve the skills of peer counselors in maintaining dental health at SDN 47 Banda Aceh so that they can provide an example to other SDN 47 students in maintaining oral and dental hygiene to achieve healthy living behaviors and improve the quality of human resources. Based on the results of community service at SDN 47 Banda Aceh City, it shows that the highest percentage of peer counselors' knowledge before training was in the unfavorable category, amounting to 14 people (70%), and after training on dental and improved good amounted to 20 people (100%). The conclusion from the results of this service is that there is an increase in the knowledge of peer counselors about maintaining dental and oral health, so it is hoped that peer counselors at SDN 47 Banda Aceh can apply this knowledge every day and teach back to friends at school. Keywords: Knowledge, peer counselor, maintenance of dental and oral hygiene.

Bibliometrics to improve our patients' care!

Bibliometrics is the statistical analysis of scientific publications and trends on a given topic. The use of bibliometric indicators is based on the fact that academic publishing is an essential outcome of research activity, as advancement of science and treatments increases with dissemination of knowledge. Therefore, investigation in our specific field is obligatory, as learning what the current lines of research are can help us to properly orient our research in the coming years. A soon-to-be-published paper analyses 3,027 articles that have appeared in the leading journals of Paediatric Dentistry included in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR): Pediatric Dentistry, the International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry, the European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry and the Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry considering all issues and all articles published from 2008 to 2020. The most frequently addressed topic is surgery (23.4%), which more generally includes pulp treatment, conservative treatments and the use of dental materials (operative dentistry), while the second most discussed topic is prevention (13.2%), followed by oral pathology (10.6%). Subject matters covered less frequently include early childhood caries (ECC) (2.5%) and occlusion (2.7%). In terms of study types, research articles are the most frequently published (74.2%). Among them, the most common study design is observational studies (61.1%), followed by cross-sectional studies (36.9%) and case-control studies (11.9%). With regard to experimental studies, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are the most common type (11.6%). The number of case series has fallen sharply over time, from 20% 10 years ago to 5% today. Another striking point is that two journals, the International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry and the European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, have published more than half of the world's output. By looking at the nationality of the authors, it is apparent that research frequently takes place within limited geographical areas, a sign that collaboration between different countries is struggling to take off. Despite the fact that prevention is the second most common topic among the articles analysed in the study-both in absolute terms and also taking into account dental journals focused on different specialties-it still does not play the prominent role it deserves. It is important to emphasise the need for further investigation into the prevention of dental diseases in young patients, as the desired oral health objectives have not yet been achieved. The early identification of risk indicators and the implementation of preventive oral health campaigns aimed at the paediatric population can reduce or prevent the progression of caries, and related expenditures for the replacement of missing teeth at a later age. A final consideration is how interesting it would be to analyse how many of the paediatric medical journals publish papers and articles on paediatric dentistry, as this is in fact another crucial step towards ensuring good oral health for all our young patients!

The role of parents on the prevention of dental disease in children: narrative review

Dental health in early childhood is one of the growth factors that need to be considered. The role of parents is very influential on the formation of children's behavior in maintaining dental and oral health because they interact most often with children, so it is hoped that their role is to educate children to behave properly in maintaining dental and oral health. This article is intended to analyze articles related to the role of parents in preventing dental disease in children, using a literature review design. Arti-cles were collected using Google Scholar, Pubmed and MEDLINE, with several keywords. The selected articles arepublished in 2012-2021, subject to children under 12 years old, available in full-text, and written in both Indonesian and English. It is con-cluded that parent are one of the most important elements in the development of health, especially children's dental and oral health in guiding, providing understanding andfacilities, and reminding to children in order to maintain dental and oral hygiene.

A METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF RESULTS OF SPECIALISED “DENTAL HEALTH LESSONS” IMPLEMENTATION AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR PREVENTION OF MOST COMMON DENTAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN WITH VISION PATHOLOGY

The “dental health lessons” are an effective tool for prevention of dental diseases in healthy children and children with health limitations. This technology was developed for children with vision pathology. Therewith, objective assessment of its implementation from the standpoint of digestion of theoretical material and practical skills remains relevant.
 Aim of study. To increase the efficacy of prevention of most common dental diseases in children with visual sensory deprivation based on development and practical implementation of objective control of qualitative characteristics related to the effectiveness of specialised “dental health lessons”.
 Materials and methods. A method for objective control of practical implementation of remedial “dental health lessons” for children with vision pathology based on sociological research methods and on universal mathematical technologies for interpretation of the results obtained has been developed. The efficacy of practical implementation of the aforementioned method in specialised type III and IV pre-school educational institutions and schools in Krasnoyarsk has been evaluated.
 Results and discussion. The results of practical implementation of the developed method revealed the sufficient quality of the assessment tools: questionnaires and check-lists for assessment of the knowledge and practical skills obtained accounting for the specifics of the general somatic and psychophysiological condition of the blind and vision-impaired children based on the pedagogy for blind and vision-impaired students adjusted for different age-related developmental stages. The method is highly informative, objective and reliable for diagnostics of the presence of relevant knowledge and skills in vision-impaired children and makes it possible to determine the necessity and the tactics of further remedial classes.
 Conclusion. The method developed makes it possible to perform objective and reliable assessment of theoretical knowledge and practical skills related to dental disease prevention based on numerical evaluation. The method is non-invasive and harmless for the subjects, highly informative, simple in application, does not require expensive equipment and special training of the personnel, which provides the possibility of its application in pre-school educational institutions and schools without additional time expenditure by the dental practitioner.

New approaches of rehabilitation organization improving in orthopedic dental care for the elderly people

Scientific research on the development of issues of optimization of gerontological care is traditionally conducted in the field of somatic pathology and, to a lesser extent, in the field of dental care. Purpose of the study is to determine the socio-hygienic dental status, the need for the elderly population in the "Center for the provision of special and social services", the Great Patriotic War polyclinic and in the dental clinic of JSC NMU im. Asfendiyarov, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Research objectives: 1. To analyze the influence of the state of dental health on the quality of life of elderly and senile people. 2. To assess some of the physicochemical properties of the oral fluid (salivation rate, viscosity and acid-base state) in the examined group of persons. 3. To study the features of some biochemical parameters of the oral fluid in elderly and senile people (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, protein, TBA-active products). 4. To evaluate the effectiveness in the complex treatment and prevention of dental diseases in elderly and senile patients for: the clinical course of the disease, some physicochemical and biochemical parameters of the oral fluid, the state of the dental health of these persons and the level of their quality of life.

РОЛЬ НАРУШЕНИЙ МИКРОБИОЦЕНОЗА ПОЛОСТИ РТА В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ СОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ И СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПАТОЛОГИИ

A review of the literature devoted to an urgent topic in dentistry – the role of violations of the microbiocenosis of the oral cavity in the formation of somatic and dental pathology. Interactions with the microbiota lay the most important aspects of normal physiology, metabolism and human immunity.
 The aim of the study is to review the modern scientific literature (for the period from 2016 to the present), highlighting the role of violations of the microbiocenosis of the oral cavity in the formation of oral-systemic communication, somatic and dental pathology.
 Methodology. The data of special literature were studied using scientific search library databases: PubMed Central, Elibrary. The search for original scientific publications was carried out by keywords. This review includes an analysis of 59 scientific sources. 
 Results and conclusions. This literature review systematizes modern scientific data on the relationship between the violation of the microbiota of the oral cavity and the formation of a diverse somatic and dental pathology, parallels are drawn between individual microbial agents and associations and specific diseases. The review also presents up-to-date data on the study of the features of the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including in the aspect of the importance of the oral microbiota during coinfection. The review allowed us to identify a number of common mechanisms in the development of microbiota-induced pathological processes, to substantiate the practical significance of the problem, which is associated with the need to take into account the nature of the oral microbiota, its possible violations in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention of dental and systemic diseases. The prospects for further research are formulated, which can be the basis for predicting the risk of individual dental and systemic diseases.

Formulation of chewing gum containing Lactobacillus brevis NB10

Lactobacillus brevis NB10 isolated from human saliva, showed in vitro effect on inhibiting the growth and the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans - a major pathogen that initiates dental plaque and caries. Formulation of chewing gum containing L. brevis NB10 is the next step in using this probiotic for the prevention of dental diseases related to S. mutans. Cryoprotectants such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactose, maltodextrin, skim milk and potassium ascorbate were selected to formulate the freeze-dried powder containing L. brevis NB10. Next, the freeze-dried powder of L. brevis NB10 was used to make chewing gum by direct compression method using HIG-04 gum base (Heath in Gum ®). Other ingredients such as xylitol, strawberry flavor powder, glycerin, aerosil, talc, and magnesium stearate were selected to formulate chewing gum with suitable chewing feel, taste, and flavor. The freeze-dried powder showing the highest bacterial survival rate (75.5 ± 7.6%) consists of 6% maltodextrin, 6% skim milk, and 0.25% potassium ascorbate. The optimal formula of chewing gum tablet consists of 10% L. brevis NB10 freeze-dried powder, 10% xylitol, 2% strawberry powder, 1.5% glycerol, 1.5% magnesium stearate, 1.5% talc and 2.5% aerosil. The bacterial survival rate after tablet compression is 34.34 ± 0.55 %. The product is stable for at least 3 months at 5 °C ± 3 °C. This study was successful in formulating chewing gum containing at least 107 CFU/tablet of L. brevis NB10.

The effect of tooth brushing counseling on increasing knowledge of dental and oral health of physical education teachers

Background: Dental and oral health requires comprehensive handling. Prevention of dental and oral diseases can be done by providing dental health education from an early age, counseling is very effective in improving the level of dental and oral health. Purpose: To determine the effect of brushing counseling on dental and oral health knowledge of elementary physical education teachers in Padang Panjang. Methods: This type of research is a quasi-experimental research with a total sampling technique with a total population of 42 physical education teachers, 21 people are included in the experimental group, namely the group that is given counseling and 21 others are included in the control group, namely the group that is given counseling using leaflet media. This study uses the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test hypothesis test. Results: The level of knowledge of dental and oral health before counseling was 33.3% in good criteria, 47.6% enough and 19.0% less and after counseling it became a good category that is, 90.5%, enough 9.5% and less as much as 0 %. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test results showed significant value of 0.000 and 0.000 <0.05. Conclusion: Counseling teeth brushing an effects on increasing knowledge of oral and dental health on physical education teachers
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Phytodentistry: A nature’s gift to dentist!!!!

Oral cavity harbours more than 700 species of micro-organisms. Imbalance in acidogenic and aciduric bacterial causes initiation of Dental caries whereas anaerobic bacteria lead to periodontal disease. Treatment of these diseases use of various chemicals which may have unpleasant taste, allergic reaction or toxicity even can cause financial burden. To overcome this, alternative therapeutical agents which are safer to oral tissues as well as economical. Plants can be better alternative and they are used as Medicine since ages. Ayurveda and Chinese traditional medicine has mentioned the various medicinal properties of these plants. The use of plants / their products can be dated through old eras like use of neem bark or miswak for cleaning the teeth, use of clove oil for dental pain relief. In Ayurveda, methods like Dant Dhavani, Jivha Lekhana, Gandusha and Tissue regeneration therapies are recommended for oral health and involves use of plant or plant extract. Each Plant is the power house of the various chemicals known as phytochemicals which have numerous medicinal actions. Application of these phytochemicals in the dental science is the Phytodentistry. Phytodentistry can be expounded as the use of plants and their extract for the treatment or prevention of various dental diseases.

Dead sea salt solution: composition, lack of cytotoxicity and in vitro efficacy against oral leukotoxins, endotoxins and glucan sucrose

Introduction: Dead Sea Salt, rich in minerals and ionic compositions and low in Sodium Chloride (NaCl) has many reported unique properties that set it apart from other salts. Objectives: To evaluate the composition of Dead Sea Salt and assess its in vitro cytotoxicity, and efficacy against oral bacterial leukotoxins, oral endotoxins and oral glucan sucrase. Methods: The cytotoxicity was evaluated in an established cell line (solution at 5000 µg/mL of culture medium) using positive and negative control groups. The effect on oral bacterial leukotoxin (LtxA) and different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide and glucan sucrase was established at 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 hours using the HPLC method (high-performance liquid chromatography). Results: The most predominant elements detected were the water of crystallization (H2O, water that is found in the crystalline framework of salt and which is not directly bonded ), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), bromide (Br -) and sulfates (SO4). In vitro, Dead Sea Salt presented no cytotoxicity and was highly effective against leukotoxin, endotoxin, and glucan sucrase enzyme. Conclusion and clinical significance: We believe that rinsing with Dead Sea Salt has the potential to contribute to the prevention of periodontal, peri-implant and dental disease and merits clinical research.

Optimization of prevention of dental diseases in pregnant women

Effective prevention of dental diseases during pregnancy, as well as the correct tactics of a dentist and obstetrician-gynecologist is important factors in improving the level of dental health in pregnant women. The aim of research was to increase the effectiveness of the prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases by introducing a complex of prophylactic and therapeutic measures in pregnant women. The implementation of the prophylaxis scheme is performed in 136 women aged 18-35 years. In the main group (70 women) prophylaxis was carried out using the complex of prophylactic and therapeutic measures developed by us, which includes: professional oral hygiene, oral health treatment, nutrition correction, prescribing the medicines of systemic and local action, training in proper teeth brushing, active sanitary and educational work. In the control group (66 women), the generally accepted prophylaxis scheme was used. Evaluation of the effectiveness of prophylactic and therapeutic measures was determined by indicators of caries incidence during pregnancy, reduction of caries, the dynamics of Papillary-Marginal-Attached Index and Papillary Bleeding Index. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm of dental diseases prevention for pregnant women was confirmed by 3.45 times lower incidence of dental caries in women of the main group compared to the control group (0.44±0.06 versus 1.52±0.13 tooth, respectively); significant decrease (p<0.001) of Papillary-Marginal-Attached Index values (14.01±1.17 versus 49.25±1.86%), as well as bleeding indices (0.32±0.08 versus 1.82±0.13) and Green-Vermilion (0.89±0.08 versus 1.71±0.12 scores). Regular prophylactic and therapeutic examinations of pregnant women by a dentist, hygienic education and training of expectant mothers, active motivation of women to carry out individual oral hygiene with a constant monitoring of its implementation, correction of nutrition and mineral metabolism, influence on cariogenic and periodontal microbiota of the oral cavity, improvement of physiological enamel mineralization and increasing of hard tooth tissues resistance contributed to the reduction of caries incidence by 71.05±5.42% and the effectiveness of periodontal diseases treatment by 88.46±3.81% in the main group versus 36.84±5.94% in the control group (p<0.001).

METHOD OF MOLAR SURFACE RESTORATION FOR TREATMENT OF PIT-AND-FISSURE CARIES IN CHILDREN

Lesions of permanent teeth are diagnosed shortly after their eruption and the largest percentage of lesions is found in the first permanent molars, and in 100% of cases it is a pit-and-fissure caries. Considering this progress, the features in children caries may be unnoticed for definite period and be revelaed only during preventive checkups, when the defect is identified in the fissure or pit while the occlusal surface remains intact.
 Occlusal surface restoration after preparation of the carious cavity requires the knowledge of anatomical features of molars, certain skills, experience in modeling cusps, slopes, fissures and pits and, of course, doctor’ attention. Lately, the restorative dentistry has used a method of the occlusal stamp restoration for restoration of occlusal surfaces.
 The purpose of our study is to use the occlusal stamp restorative technique for restoration of occlusal surfaces of molars in children.
 This technique was used in 10 children aged 8 from 12 years old, who visited the department of pediatric dentistry with the aim of prevention of dental diseases.
 Examination of children revealed carious cavities in the first permanent maxilary (3) and mandibular (7) molars. In all cases the carious cavities were diagnosed in the pits or fissures of the occlusal surface. The carious cavities had narrow inlets and the enamel of the occlusal surface was preserved but discolorated. The mentioned restorative method was performed in all cases according to the following algorithm.
 Appropriate topical and infiltrative anesthesia was provided for patients, teeth were isolated with the rubber-dam, the tooth surface was cleaned and the occlusal stamp was made with “Latelux Flow” flowable composite in the following way: a portion of liquid composite was applied on the dry occlusal surface of the tooth and spread with dental applicator (Latus, Ultrafine). Then, a small portion of flowable composite was added to the area of the the microapplicator`s head and the composite was photopolymerized.
 The occlusal stamp was removed with a dental probe after polymerization, its quality was assessed and the carious cavity was prepared according to biological feasibility principles, which included standard steps. After preparation the total etching of enamel (30 sec) and dentin (15 sec) with orthophosphoric acid ("Conditioner 36", "Dentsply") was performed. After washing and drying, Prime & Bond Universal adhesive was inseted additionally to the carious cavity, dried, and polymerized. Liquid SDR composite (Dentsply) was added to the cavity as an adaptation layer, polymerized, and the rest of carious cavity was restored with nanohybrid composite CeramX SphereTEC one. (Dentsply).
 The last layer of material which was placed in the cavity was formed with the occlusal stamp. Firstly, the material was adjusted with a modelling spatula then Teflon tape was applied on surface and the stamp was placed on it. After the using of light pressure, the stamp and Teflon tape were removed, exceeds of material were extracted with a modelling spatula, the composite was adjusted to the tooth tissues along the restoration margins with a microapplicator, and then all the composite was polymerized. Furtherly, the stage of checking of the occlusal contacts was performed. Usually, the restoration were made with the occlucal stamp technique demanded minial occlusal corrections. The final stage was the finishing and polishing of the restoration.
 The stamp technique for restoration of occlusal surface allows minimize the time needed for modelling and adjustment of interocclusal contacts, which is very actual during the work with children and therefore can be recommended for general usage in clinical practice of pediatric dentistry.

Efektifitas Daya Hambat Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga Merah Konsentrasi 25% dan 50% Terhadap Pembentukan Plak

One of the ways to control the formation of plaque is by acting chemically. Flavonoids are antibacterial compounds that can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutants. The flavonoid content in dragon fruit peel has been shown to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gargling 25% and 50% red dragon fruit peel extract on plaque formation. The research design used was True Experimental Design with the design of The Randomized Posttest Only Control Group, with the number of research samples consisting of 3 groups, namely 2 treatment groups and 1 control group. Data were collected by examining the Plaque Index. The analysis used paired t-test (paired test) α <0.05. The results showed that the mean difference in plaque index before and after rinsing with red dragon fruit peel extract, the concentration of 25% was 0.50 + 0.42, while for the red dragon fruit peel extract solution the concentration of 50% was 0.83 + 0.74 and chlorhexidine. 0.83 + 0, 57. This shows that the red dragon fruit peel extract with a concentration of 25% is more effective in suppressing plaque growth than the 50% concentration of dragon fruit peel extract. Red dragon fruit peel extract with a concentration of 25% can be recommended as a basic ingredient of herbal mouthwash for the prevention of dental and oral diseases.

A changing climate and the dental profession

Climate change is the defining crisis of our time and experts fear it is happening faster than first predicted. In November 2021, the UK hosted COP26 where world leaders met to coordinate actions and renew commitments to tackle the problem head on. Whether COP26 galvanised the international community enough to turn a corner remains to be seen; however, as dental professionals, we face significant considerations regarding our opportunities to effect positive change. The aim of this paper is to provide a short account of the impact of dentistry on the environment, as well as to highlight some challenges and the potential for change available to the dental profession to become more sustainability-conscious. In dentistry, the main sources of carbon emissions are travel, procurement and energy use. Prevention of oral and dental disease is the single most important factor in reducing the environmental impact of dentistry long-term. It is essential that clinicians, manufacturers and relevant stakeholders are united in dealing with the environmental crisis to bring about effective change. Clinicians and patients should be encouraged to consciously think about their impact on the environment and to consider what adjustments they can make to their clinical practice and oral health habits.