Prevent Iron Deficiency Research Articles

Systematic review on supplementation, fortification, and food-based interventions for preventing iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries.

Prioritizing key preventive and therapeutic interventions is one of the actions to accelerate the reduction of anemia. This study aimed to examine interventions designed to prevent anemia. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Analysis of publication bias was done using The Joanna-Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Data collected from articles included author, year of publication, setting and location of the study, study type, participant of the study, intervention and control given, main outcome, main findings, and risk of bias. Three nutrition-specific interventions aimed at preventing iron deficiency anemia in low- and middle-income countries used various types and dosages of iron. While most studies showed success, some indicated a worsening trend in anemia, even with standard dosages and the same form of iron. Determining effective interventions requires consideration of factors such as other micronutrient composition, compliance rate, availability of educational intervention, and dietary backgrounds in those countries. Supplementation, fortification, and food-based interventions generally lead to higher hemoglobin levels and a lower prevalence of anemia. However, it is important to consider several factors before deciding on an approach.

Iron deficiency in endure athletes

Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, is more prevalent in endurance athletes than in the general population. Especially in marathon and half-marathon runners - these groups of endurance athletes are at high risk for iron deficiency via several mechanisms, such as sweating, gastrointestinal bleeding, urinary-tract blood loss, hemolysis, and others. Methods: Our study followed the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [9]. A literature search was conducted using the online electronic databases such as PubMed and ScienceDirect. Keywords which were searched for in this study: “Hemoglobin”, “Iron”, “Iron Deficiencies”, “Hepcidin”, “Ferritin”, Transferrin”, “Hemoglobin”, “Athletes” and “Athletic performance”. This search included human and experimental studies. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included as well. We prioritized articles published within the last 10 years; however, to assert more relevant information, the earlier articles were also included in our study. We eliminated duplicate articles, articles not in English, and not relevant for our research articles (for example, the RCTs in non-athletes or RCTs which don't reflect the correlation between iron status and sport performance). Summary information from these articles was synthesized together to create a narrative review of the literature. Results: the correlation between physical performance in endurance athletes and their iron status turned out to be significant. Athlete's physical performance can be improved by improving their iron status. Our review revealed that iron supplementation has the most pronounced effect on physical performance in athletes, especially in those with lower ferritin levels. Conclusions: Iron is playing a key role in numerous metabolic functions of the human body. The disruption of the balance of iron leads to decreased athletic performance. Iron deficiency has been widely described in many studies regarding athletes, especially in endurance ones. Intense exercise leads to iron deficiency due to foot strike hemolysis, iron loss in sweat, gastrointestinal bleeding, urinary-tract blood loss and decreased iron absorption. To prevent iron deficiency it is extremely important to introduce iron-rich foods to your diet. Iron-rich foods (such as meat, poultry, and seafood) contain the heme form, which has superior bioavailability compared to non-heme form contained mostly in plant-based foods. Therefore, athletes from a high-risk group of iron deficiency as vegans, vegetarians, and those who resign from meat because of personal, health or religion, should pay more attention to their dietary iron intake and may require additional supplementation of iron (oral, intramuscular or intravenous). Also, special attention should be paid to female athletes, who are in high-risk of iron deficiency due to heavy menstrual bleeding. Moreover, to avoid the inhibition of iron absorption from the gastrointestinal tract it is recommended to reduce the consumption of such products as tea, coffee, and milk, at least one hour before and after iron supplementation.

The Role of Parents in Overcoming Feeding Refusal and Preventing Iron Deficiency Anemia in Toddlers

The Role of Parents in Overcoming Feeding Refusal and Preventing Iron Deficiency Anemia in Toddlers

Effectiveness of Dietary Intervention on Iron Deficiency Anemia among Nursing Students in Selected Nursing Colleges, Mangaluru

Introduction: Anemia is a medical condition characterized by low red blood cell counts, which lead to hypoxia, or insufficient oxygenation of body tissue. Anemia is caused by an inadequate Iron supply in the body. Raising hemoglobin levels is essential in preventing anemia. Anemia is a major nutritional problem in India. The prevalence of anemia is higher among developing nations, because of low socioeconomic status and lack of access to the healthcare services. A study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary interventions on Iron deficiency anemia among selected 1st year B.Sc. Nursing and GNM students in Mangaluru. Method s: An evaluative approach with one- group pre test post test design was used for the study. Permission was obtained from the concerned authority for conducting the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to draw 30 female nursing students. On day 1, Students were assessed for signs and symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia using signs and symptoms checklist and classified as mild, moderate, and severe anemia. Level of anemia was assessed by checking the hemoglobin percentage using hemoglobinometer. The samples who were having Hb percentage below 12gmdl were administered dietary intervention which included rice flake balls (125 gms) and a gooseberry (10 gms) for 30 days and on day 31st, samples were checked for Hb percentage and signs and symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia. Result: In the pre test mean Hb percentage was 10.620 0.875 and in the post test mean Hb percentage was 12.003 1.046 Hb values were increased in the post test. In the pretest majority 70 of them had mild anemia and 30 had moderate anemia. Whereas in the post test all had mild anemia. The pre test mean signs and symptoms score was 4.1 0.9 and the post test mean signs and symptoms score was 1.86 0.68. This shows the post test mean signs and symptoms score was reduced from the pre test. Interpretation: The finding of the study proved that the dietary intervention was an effective measure to improve the hemoglobin level of nursing students. Conclusion: It was concluded that dietary intervention of rice flakes balls and gooseberry administered may be effective in improving iron status of nursing students to prevent Iron deficiency anemia.

Nutritional Deficiency Anemia Status among Adolescent Girls in North Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Introduction Anemia is a major health problem affecting adolescents worldwide. This problem should receive proper attention due to its significant adverse health, social, and economic impacts. This study aims to collect comprehensive data and factors associated with anemia status in adolescent girls. Methods This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional study method. The population was all girls aged 15-19 in the working area of Bayan and Gangga Health Centers, North Lombok, Indonesia. The sample size was 400. Anemia status was determined by hemoglobin examination, incidence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) status, and nutritional status by mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement and body mass index-for-age Z-score measurement. Results A total of 76% of adolescents were anemic. Tests showed a strong link between anemia and: hematocrit level, CED, and nutritional status in adolescent girls (p < 0.05). The tests showed a strong link between CED status and anemia in adolescent girls (p < 0.05). Conclusion Adolescent girls who experience iron deficiency anemia are more likely to be found in those who experience CED. Adolescent girls must pay more attention to adequate and varied food intake to improve nutritional status and prevent iron deficiency anemia.

THE IMPORTANCE OF IRON IN THE DIET OF BLOOD DONORS AND ITS COMPONENTS

Purpose: This review focuses on the importance of iron in the diet of blood donors, discussing the role of iron in the body, the impact of blood donation on iron levels, and recommendations for supplementation and diet to prevent deficiency. In the context of the increasing number of blood donors and their impact on health, this research is crucial to the development of effective nutritional strategies. Materials and methods. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched. Keyword combinations were used, including “iron supplementation”, “blood donors”, “iron deficiency”, “dietary iron”, “anaemia prevention” and “ferritin levels”. Literature published between 1970 and 2024 was searched. Studies published in peer-reviewed journals were included. All identified articles were initially assessed using titles and abstracts. Data from selected studies were extracted, including information on population characteristics, interventions, methods of assessing iron levels, outcomes and reported adverse effects. Key findings on the efficacy of iron supplementation, the effect of diet, and iron monitoring were discussed in the context of their relevance to blood donors. Scientific novelty. This article presents a comprehensive approach to the role of iron in the diet of blood donors, combining the latest research with practical recommendations for diet and supplementation. It covers both biological and practical aspects, which is a novel approach to the subject. The article combines knowledge from different fields such as haematology, dietetics, biochemistry and preventive medicine to provide a comprehensive analysis of the issue. The integration of these disciplines leads to a better understanding of the impact of iron on the health of blood donors. The review is based on the most recent clinical trials and meta-analyses, ensuring that the data presented is current and reliable. Analysis of the most recent trials allows for more accurate and up-to-date recommendations regarding iron supplementation. The article introduces the concept of personalising dietary recommendations for blood donors, taking into account individual needs and metabolic differences. A personalised approach to diet and iron supplementation may increase the effectiveness of iron deficiency prevention. The article suggests new prevention strategies, such as blood donor support programmes that include regular monitoring of iron levels, education about diet and supplementation, and tailored dietary interventions. The review emphasises the need for long-term monitoring of the effects of iron supplementation, which is often lacking in short-term studies. A long-term approach makes it possible to assess the durability of the effects of supplementation and its impact on the health of blood donors. Conclusions. Iron plays a fundamental role in maintaining the health of blood donors. It is essential for the production of haemoglobin, oxygen transport and many other metabolic functions. Regular blood donation causes significant iron loss, which can lead to iron deficiency and anaemia if not adequately replaced. To compensate for iron loss, blood donors should pay particular attention to their diet. Foods rich in haem iron, such as meat and fish, and non-haem iron, such as legumes and green leafy vegetables, should form the basis of their diet. In addition, taking vitamin C with meals can increase the absorption of non-haem iron. Regular iron supplementation is an effective way to prevent iron deficiency in blood donors. Clinical studies show that iron supplementation improves haemoglobin and ferritin levels and reduces the risk of anaemia. Supplementation should be individualised and donors should have their iron levels monitored regularly. Educating blood donors about the importance of iron and proper diet is essential. Support programmes that include regular monitoring of iron levels, provision of supplements and tailored dietary recommendations can significantly improve the health of donors and their ability to continue donating. Further research is needed to better determine optimal iron supplementation strategies and their long-term effects on donor health. Research should also focus on individual differences in iron metabolism and the development of personalised dietary recommendations.

Comparative analysis of nutritional and mineral compositions of Farfantepenaeus notialis and Macrobrachium vollenhovenii for dietary planning and food industry applications

This study compares the nutritional composition of two commercially important crustaceans, Farfantepenaeus notialis and Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, to assess their dietary suitability. Proximate and mineral analyses were performed on dried samples of each species, evaluating fat, protein, ash, moisture, and mineral concentrations. Results reveal significant differences. F. notialis showed higher fat (1.79% ± 0.001%) and protein (6.69% ± 0.2%) compared to M.vollenhovenii (fat: 1.54% ± 0.001%; protein: 5.34% ± 0.4%), making it a more energy-dense protein source. Conversely, M. vollenhovenii had higher ash (5.38% ± 0.002%) and moisture (22.12% ± 0.004%), with higher calcium (256.24 mg/g ± 0.74) and potassium (71.02 mg/g ± 0.76) content, key for bone health and cardiovascular function. F. notialis was richer in iron (5.18 mg/g ± 0.03), useful for preventing iron deficiency. Both species had substantial zinc levels (~ 0.8 mg/g), essential for immune health. T-tests confirmed significant differences in nutritional parameters and minerals. The findings highlight the benefits of including both species in diets for improved nutritional diversity, especially in regions with limited food options.Graphical

Iron Supply of Multivitamins-Multiminerals Commercialized Online by Amazon in Western and Southern Europe: A Labeling Analysis.

Background. In high-income countries, shopping for non-prescription multivitamin-multimineral supplements has tremendously increased. Objective and Methods. The purpose of this labeling analysis is to inform on the daily elemental iron (with or without vitamin C) supply provided by multivitamin-multimineral supplements sold online by Amazon in Western and Southern Europe (amazon.es®, amazon.de®, amazon.it®, and amazon.fr®). Results. We identified 298 iron-containing multivitamin-multimineral preparations sold by Amazon marketplaces: 153 preparations sourced from amazon.de®, 68 from amazon.fr®, 54 from amazon.it®, and 23 from amazon.es®. The daily iron dose provided by these preparations was 14 [5-14] mg (median and interquartile range), with no differences among the marketplaces. Approximately 90% (n = 265) of the preparations contained ferrous iron. Moreover, 85% (n = 253) of the preparations were fortified with vitamin C in a dose of 80 [40-100] mg daily. Conclusions. The median supply of iron (about 14 mg) and vitamin C (80 mg) in iron-containing multivitamin-multimineral preparations offered on Amazon platforms in Western and Southern Europe falls below that currently recommended for iron deficiency in review articles, namely 100 mg of iron and 500 mg of vitamin C per day. The iron supply of iron-containing multivitamin-multimineral preparations falls also below the dose of 30-60 mg advocated to prevent iron deficiency in menstruating women.

The impact of different doses of oral iron supplementation during pregnancy: a pilot randomized trial

Oral iron is first-line medication for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. We conducted a pilot randomized trial to investigate the impact of different doses of oral iron supplementation started early in pregnancy on women without anemia for 4 main outcomes: recruitment and protocol compliance, adherence, maintenance of maternal hemoglobin, and side effects. At antenatal clinic visits, participants were allocated to 1 of 3 trial arms in a 1:1:1 ratio: 200 mg ferrous sulfate daily, alternate days, or 3 times per week. The participants were followed to delivery. Baseline characteristics of 300 recruited participants were well matched between trial arms. The mean proportion of tablets taken as expected per participant was 82.5% overall (72.3%, 89.6%, and 84.5% for the daily, alternate days, and 3 times a week arm, respectively). There was a lower overall adherence rate in the daily arm (47%) than in the alternate days (62%) and the 3 times per week (61%) arms. A reduction in hemoglobin between randomization and 28 weeks' gestation seemed smaller for the daily arm. A range of side effects were commonly reported at baseline before starting interventions and at later antenatal visits. Many side effects of iron overlapped with normal pregnancy symptoms. A daily iron dosing schedule might give the best opportunity for delivering an adequate iron load during pregnancy in women without anemia. Further randomized trials powered on clinical outcomes are needed to establish the clinical effectiveness of oral iron supplementation to prevent iron deficiency anemia. This study was registered (#ISRCTN12911644).

Physicochemical and sensory properties of cookies with cricket powder as an alternative snack to prevents iron deficiency anemia and chronic energy deficiency

Physicochemical and sensory properties of cookies with cricket powder as an alternative snack to prevents iron deficiency anemia and chronic energy deficiency

Approaches to Prevent Iron Deficiency in Athletes

Approaches to Prevent Iron Deficiency in Athletes

Adherence to iron supplementation during the first year of life infants in Izmir, Turkey.

To determine the prevalence of adherence to iron supplementation and the risk factors for incomplete adherence during the first year of life of infants in Izmir, Turkey. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 511 infants aged 2 to 12 months who presented to the Pediatrics outpatient clinics of Ege University Children's Hospital were included. Mothers (n = 511) who agreed to participate in the study were interviewed face-to-face and a comprehensive questionnaire including questions about the sociodemographic characteristics of the children and the family, and their adherence to iron supplementation was administered. The data obtained from 471 (92.2%) mothers who used iron supplements for their babies were subjected to further statistical analysis. Analyses were performed with SPSS 25.0. Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent factors associated with incomplete adherence to iron supplementation. A total of 511 mothers were surveyed. Among the infants of mothers who participated in the study, 471 (92.2%) were taking iron supplementation. Of the infants who received iron supplementation, 58.3% were given iron supplementation with complete adherence. The percentage of complete adherence with iron supplementation was 35.1% between 2 and 4 months, 66.3% between 5 and 8 months, and 52.4% between 9 to 12 months. In univariate analysis, statistically significant differences were found between complete and incomplete adherence to iron supplementation in terms of infant age, time of birth, family income, maternal education, and maternal employment status (P < .001). When the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis, only maternal education level and infant age group were found to be statistically significant independent variables for complete and incomplete adherence to iron supplementation (P < .001). In populations with a high prevalence of ID, incomplete adherence to iron supplementation is a serious risk factor for ID/IDA. Although iron supplements are routinely given to infants by the Ministry of Health in Turkey, the prevalence of complete adherence to iron supplementation is low. Therefore, in order to increase the rate of complete adherence to iron supplementation, the iron supplementation status of infants should be reviewed in detail at each health child visit and families should be informed about the importance of supplementation to prevent iron deficiency.

Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia.

Iron is an essential nutrient and a constituent of ferroproteins and enzymes crucial for human life. Generally, nonmenstruating individuals preserve iron very efficiently, losing less than 0.1% of their body iron content each day, an amount that is replaced through dietary iron absorption. Most of the iron is in the hemoglobin (Hb) of red blood cells (RBCs); thus, blood loss is the most common cause of acute iron depletion and anemia worldwide, and reduced hemoglobin synthesis and anemia are the most common consequences of low plasma iron concentrations. The term iron deficiency (ID) refers to the reduction of total body iron stores due to impaired nutrition, reduced absorption secondary to gastrointestinal conditions, increased blood loss, and increased needs as in pregnancy. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is defined as low Hb or hematocrit associated with microcytic and hypochromic erythrocytes and low RBC count due to iron deficiency. IDA most commonly affects women of reproductive age, the developing fetus, children, patients with chronic and inflammatory diseases, and the elderly. IDA is the most frequent hematological disorder in children, with an incidence in industrialized countries of 20.1% between 0 and 4 years of age and 5.9% between 5 and 14 years (39% and 48.1% in developing countries). The diagnosis, management, and treatment of patients with ID and IDA change depending on age and gender and during pregnancy. We herein summarize what is known about the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ID and IDA and formulate a specific set of recommendations on this topic.

Harnessing the Power of a Novel Triple Chelate Complex in Fermented Probiotic Dairy Products: A Promising Solution for Combating Iron Deficiency Anemia.

This study discovered and examined novel triple chelate complexes involving iron, ascorbic acid, and essential amino acids (AsA-Fe-AmA triple chelate complexes) for the first time. The mechanism of complex formation was studied using FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemical modeling. The produced complexes were shown to be suitable for fortifying food items with a pH of 3-7 that have not been exposed to heat treatment at temperatures over 75 °C for more than 15 min. Thus, it can be said that the concentration for milk fortification should be 0.005 mol/L or less. In vivo experiments in rats models revealed that the synthesized complexes increased serum iron levels after a single application to reference values within 24 h of oral administration. The iron level increased by 14.0 mmol/L at 2 mL dose of the complex. This fact makes it possible to consider the use of developed complexes and developed fermented dairy products for the prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Research on the effect of discovered compounds on the physicochemical and organoleptic qualities of milk was conducted. Furthermore, iron ascorbate threoninate, iron ascorbate methioninate, iron ascorbate lysinate, and iron ascorbate tryptophanate all had a beneficial effect on Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus at concentrations as low as 0.0005 mol/L, which is significant for milk fermentation. A study of fermented milk products revealed that the most effective AsA-Fe-AmA triple chelate complex is iron ascorbate lysinate, which might be further investigated as a viable molecule for dietary fortification in iron deficiency anemia. It was found that fortified fermented milk products had a titratable acidity of 67 ± 1°T, pH of 4.38 ± 0.05, and a viscosity of 2018 ± 142 Pa·s.

Iron deficiency among Japanese whole-blood donors measured by serum ferritin.

A more restrictive blood donation criterion has been applied in Japan, with a maximum volume of whole blood (WB) donation of 400 mL, allowing twice a year for female donors and thrice a year for male donors. However, iron deficiency was as high as 20.5% among female donors prior to donation, increasing to 37.7% after blood donation. More than 20 years have passed since then, so we set out to investigate the present situation. A total of 2659 (male/female: 1496/1163) donors of 400 mL WB who gave informed consent to join the study were enrolled. Serum ferritin (sFer) of first-time/reactivated (FT/RA) donors were compared with those of repeat donors, according to gender and age; those who returned for subsequent donations during the study period were also followed up. About one-third of FT/RA female donors had iron deficiency, possibly reflecting its high incidence among the general population. Interestingly, although sFer levels were low among pre-menopausal FT/RA female donors, these values were not much different in repeat donors, whereas significant differences were observed between FT/RA and repeat donors among post-menopausal females and in most age groups among males. As expected, donors with a normal initial sFer (≥26 ng/mL) recovered faster than those with a low initial sFer. Female donors, especially, have iron deficiency even before donation, and the rate increased compared to what was found previously. Measures to prevent iron deficiency of blood donors is required, and studies are going on in Japan.

Edukasi Peran Gizi Dalam Pencegahan Anemia Gizi Besi Pada Remaja Putri Markaz Tahfiz Alquran Al-Fityan School Aceh

Anemia is one of the nutritional problems in adolescents that can be prevented from an early age. Education on the role of nutrition in preventing iron deficiency anemia in young women is one of the efforts that can be made to provide accurate information regarding this problem. So that teenagers are more concerned about their health, especially what they consume and other habits that can increase the risk of anemia. This community service activity was carried out at Markaz Tahfiz Alquran Alfityan School Banda Aceh. This community service activity aims to provide education to female students about anemia and the role of nutrition in preventing iron deficiency anemia. Based on community service activities at Markaz Tahfiz Alquran Alfityan School Aceh, it was concluded that as many as 31 female students took part in activities providing education on the role of nutrition in preventing iron deficiency anemia in young women. Based on verbal and written observations and evaluations, female students were able to receive and understand the material well, there was an increase in knowledge of 2.4 points. Based on the results obtained from this activity, it is recommended that adolescent health promotion be carried out more intensively in education centers.

#653 Changes in iron markers and D-dimer levels during enarodustat treatment depends on different iron prescription patterns in hemodialysis patients

Abstract Background and Aims Iron preparations are commonly administered with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PH inhibitors) in hemodialysis patients to promote hematopoiesis and prevent iron deficiency. A recent study highlighted the causal relationship between thrombosis and upregulated serum transferrin levels due to iron deficiency. Additionally, rapid increase of hemoglobin (Hb) during HIF-PH inhibitor use is also considered a risk factor for the development of thromboembolism. Therefore, monitoring iron parameters and Hb is essential for managing anemia and thrombosis risk. We investigated the impact of practice patterns of iron supplementation on iron metabolism in patients receiving a HIF-PH inhibitor enarodustat. Changes in D-dimer levels, a thrombosis-related factor, were also assessed. Method We performed a post-hoc analysis using pooled data from two phase 3 clinical studies of enarodustat in Japanese maintenance hemodialysis patients, SYMPHONY HD and SYMPHONY HD-Long studies. We divided the subjects into three groups according to practice patterns of iron administration: subjects who did not receive iron at all during the enarodustat administration period (Non-Iron Group), subjects who received intravenous iron at least once (IV Iron Group), and subjects who continuously received oral iron-containing preparations including ferric citrate (Oral Iron Group). The time courses of transferrin saturation (TSAT), serum ferritin, and D-dimer levels were compared across these three groups using mixed effects models for repeated measures (MMRM) (with an unstructured covariance structure for the dependent variables). Results The Non-Iron Group, IV Iron Group, and Oral Iron Group consisted of 60, 69, and 73 cases, respectively. Figures show the time courses of TSAT, serum ferritin levels, and changes in D-dimer levels for each practice pattern. MMRM analysis revealed that TSAT levels in the Non-Iron Group and IV Iron Group during the enarodustat administration period were significantly lower than those in the Oral Iron Group (p &amp;lt; 0.01 and p &amp;lt; 0.01, respectively). Similar results were observed for serum ferritin levels (p &amp;lt; 0.01 and p &amp;lt; 0.01, respectively). Moreover, the rate of D-dimer increase in the Non-Iron Group was significantly higher than in the Oral Iron Group (p = 0.029). There was a trend toward a higher rate of D-dimer increase in IV Iron Groups compared to the Oral Iron Group (p = 0.11). Conclusion These findings suggest the superiority of continuous oral iron supplementation over intermittent IV iron supplementation or no iron supplementation during HIF-PH inhibitor administration in terms of preventing thrombosis through maintaining TSAT levels. The association between iron-related parameters and the occurrence of thrombosis needs to be analyzed.

Use of Different Iron Preparations for Prophylaxis and Effects on Iron Status in Infancy.

Aim: To evaluate using different iron preparations for iron deficiency and/or iron deficiency anemia prophylaxis in infants and their iron status. Methods: In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the electronic patient records of 651 healthy children aged 9 to 13 months who met the inclusion criteria and who were followed up in pediatric follow-up outpatient clinics between January 2023 and June 2023. Results: A total of 651 children with a mean age of 11.2 ± 1.4 months, 54.7% of whom were boys, who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study; 56.5% of the children were using Fe + 3 salt and the others were using Fe + 2 salt, microencapsulated iron, or sucrosomial iron drops. After the fifth month of prophylaxis, when the effects of the iron preparations used on the mean laboratory values were evaluated, it was found that hemoglobin, serum iron, and ferritin levels were lower in sucrosomial iron and microencapsulated iron users compared to other preparations (p = 0.001). When statistically pairwise comparisons were made between the groups, hemoglobin and serum iron values were found to be lower in the group using sucrosomial iron compared to the groups using Fe + 2 and Fe + 3 salts (p < 0.0001). Hemoglobin and ferritin levels were higher in the group using Fe + 2 salt compared to both sucrosomial iron and microencapsulated iron groups (p < 0.0001). When the infants were evaluated according to iron status, it was found that 208 (31.9%) had iron deficiency. Iron deficiency was found to be less in infants of families who defined their economic status as rich and in infants who used iron regularly (p-values 0.044 and 0.001, respectively). Iron deficiency/iron deficiency anemia was observed at a higher rate in the group using sucrosomial iron and microencapsulated iron prophylaxis (p = 0.001). Conclusions: To prevent iron deficiency, it is very important to use appropriate iron preparations for prophylaxis and to feed foods with high iron content. Although we found that families were willing to use different iron preparations other than iron salts for their infants, the results presented herein indicate that the rate of iron deficiency was lower in patients using iron salts. However, randomized controlled studies are needed to determine whether these preparations are effective in iron prophylaxis in infants.

Comparative evaluation of different oral iron salts in the management of iron deficiency anemia.

Anemia affects one-fourth of the world's population and is caused mostly by iron deficiency. Iron supplementation is the most essential strategy for preventing iron deficiency anemia. Conventional oral iron salts have many drawbacks such as poor absorption & bioavailability, and poor tolerability resulting in poor clinical outcomes. To compare the effectiveness and safety of ferrous ascorbate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous bis-glycinate, and Sucrosomial iron in the management of iron deficiency anemia. The study is a retrospective observational clinical study comprising 260 subjects with hemoglobin between 7-10g/dl. The patients were divided into four groups I, II, III, and IV, and received ferrous fumarate, ferrous ascorbate, ferrous bis-glycinate, and Sucrosomial iron respectively. Hematological profile and iron store indices were measured at baseline and month 3. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison test was used to assess statistical significance (P < 0.05) using GraphPad Prism V.9.3.1 software. The observational study showed that hemoglobin levels were significantly increased in the ferrous ascorbate group (11.86 ± 0.09; P < 0.0001), ferrous fumarate group (11.72 ± 0.08; P < 0.0001), ferrous bis-glycinate group (11.69 ± 0.11; P = 0.0003) and Sucrosomial iron group (12.20 ± 0.1; P < 0.0001) compared to the baseline. The Sucrosomial iron-supplemented group showed significantly higher improvement in hemoglobin levels and serum ferritin levels compared to conventional oral iron salts (P < 0.05) with a better safety profile. The Sucrosomial iron showed significantly higher improvement in hemoglobin levels and higher improvement in iron store indices parameters along with a good tolerability profile compared to other conventional oral iron salts.

The Effects of Iron Administration on Anemia Development during the 7th and 21st Day of Life in Premature Newborns: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background and Objectives: The administration of iron to premature newborns is a common intervention aimed at preventing iron deficiency (ID). However, there is no consensus on the optimal timing and dosage for iron supplementation in this population. This study evaluates the effects and potential adverse outcomes of administering iron on the 7th and 21st days of life in premature infants. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted on 108 premature neonates at the "Louis Turcanu" Children's Emergency Clinical Hospital in Timisoara, Romania. The study population was divided into a control group of 48 newborns who did not receive iron supplementation and an intervention group of 60 newborns who did. The analysis utilized univariate and multivariate regression to examine binary outcomes. Results: The findings indicate that iron supplementation significantly increased the risk of anemia during the premature period at 21 days of life, as demonstrated by both univariate and multivariate regression analyses, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.40 (95% CI, 1.01-5.68) and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.75 (95% CI, 1.06-7.11), respectively. Contrary to expectations, iron supplementation did not significantly alter the risk of abnormal serum ferritin or iron levels at 21 days of life, according to the univariate analysis (p = 0.380 and p = 0.526, respectively). Conclusions: The observed increase in the risk of anemia without a corresponding improvement in the serum ferritin or iron levels suggests the need for further investigation into alternative strategies for iron supplementation in premature newborns.