Preventing Child Trafficking Research Articles

Forensic examination of the biochip as a means of preventing child trafficking: a review

The practice of using chipping to preserve the life and health of children and protect them from committing crimes is spreading in different countries.
 This article examines the problems in child chipping from legal, forensic, social, and technological points of view to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the method in preventing child trafficking.
 Available regulatory documents on the topic were used in the present study. This article highlights the position of the legislation of Kazakhstan regarding chipping, concludes on the compliance of legislation with modern realities, and considers chipping in compliance with the Constitution of Kazakhstan.
 Ways to solve the problem of forensic examination of the biochip as a means of preventing child trafficking were proposed. A SWOT analysis of the use of a biochip was performed to resolve the issue of its application in the field under consideration, which revealed the advantages and disadvantages of the method.
 The expediency and legality of chipping in minors to prevent crimes and the impact of technology on children were comprehensively studied. This study is of practical importance as it introduces into legal science a new comprehensive view of chipping and its application in minors.

Utilising the communication for development approach to prevent online child trafficking in Thailand

In Thailand, predators use online and offline methods to exploit migrant children as forced labourers in various industries, including shrimp and seafood processing, construction and agriculture. This study examines the current status of online child trafficking and considers how the communication for development (C4D) approach can be utilised to prevent these crimes. This study reviews papers and reports published in Thailand and abroad on online child and human trafficking, prevention methods and C4D. Moreover, the study used purposive sampling and interviewed Thai government officials and representatives from non-government organisations (NGOs) with expertise in migration issues. The findings reveal that human traffickers deceive migrant children into online child labour and trafficking through unregulated online channels. However, the Thai government has collaborated with local and international NGOs to apply C4D to reach out to children seeking employment in safe online spaces to prevent child trafficking. This paper argues that C4D is helpful for raising public awareness of the threats posed by human trafficking. Simultaneously, specific labour groups employ C4D Plus, which may be applicable in the prevention of online child trafficking.

Chip technology as a preventive tool against child trafficking

Relevance The research relevance is predefined by the extensive practice of using the institute of chipping to preserve the life and health of children, protecting them from committing crimes, by implanting a microchip at the will and permission of parents, and children are still vulnerable to external influences.Purpose. The research aims to conduct a comprehensive and complex research of the institute of microchipping of children from legal, psychological, social and technological points of view, identify its advantages and disadvantages as a means of counteracting and preventing child trafficking, determine the feasibility of using microchipping as a tool of crime prevention concerning children.Methodology. The following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, statistical analysis, formal-legal method and interdisciplinary approach.Results. Results: a comprehensive study of the feasibility and legality of using the institute of chipping concerning children in the Republic of Kazakhstan was conducted, and the practice of foreign countries on this issue was studied and presented. The question of efficiency, necessity and effectiveness of chipping minors to prevent crime was studied. The statistics of crimes such as trafficking in children, as well as the influence of technology on children, parenting and relationships between parents and children, were studied.Conclusions. Possible directions of development of the institute of chipping have been suggested, and permissible variants of the use of technology for children have been given. The study is of practical value as it introduces a new and complex view of the chipping institute and its application concerning minors in legal science.

The Role of International Organizations and the Indonesian Government in Eradicating the Transnational Crime of Modern Child Slavery

Every year, a billion dollars is made in profit from human trafficking, carried out at the expense of thousands of innocent victims who are exploited by traffickers. International organizations and national governments must collaborate to solve this problem. This normative study aims to explore the role of international organizations and the Indonesian government in the fight against child trafficking, with the goal of eradicating the practice. After analyzing through prescriptive analysis, the results conclude that the International Organization has done everything possible to abolish child trafficking, including establishing comprehensive legislation through the UN Palermo Protocol and enacting Resolution 70/1, according to the research findings. This is true not only at the highest levels of the UN but also at the lowest levels of the ASEAN. The Indonesian government is still not seen as optimal in preventing child trafficking. According to the findings of this study, the government should take a more proactive approach to eradicate child trafficking by educating the public, harshly punishing perpetrators, and providing protection for victims. And these results are obtained from secondary data sources that have been collected, through the library search method, and analyzed.

PREVENTING CHILD TRAFFICKING BY CUSTOMARY INSTITUTIONS AND LOCAL WISDOM IN ACEH PROVINCE, INDONESIA

This paper aims to explain the causes of child trafficking in Indonesia and the efforts made by the Customary Institutions in preventing Child Trafficking in line with local wisdom values. This paper adopts normative juridical research by using the data collected through library research on regulations for child trafficking. The approach used is the historical approach and the conceptual approach. The role of Customary Institutions in Aceh and community involvement to prevent acts of violence and child exploitation is provided in the local law. The position and function of the Aceh Customary Institutions are dominant and can be used as a model of prevention of trafficking in children. Local wisdom is traceable in society despite some of these basic values are fading due to globalization and consumerism.

‘I prefer not to know’: Spain’s management of transnational adoption demand and signs of corruption

The safeguards and measures to prevent child trafficking mentioned in the 1993 Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption have proven insufficient in curbing the so-called irregular adoptions. An analysis of how Spanish central authorities and intermediary agencies managed the flow of adoption dossiers between 2003 and 2013 presents their inability to react swiftly to the imbalance between adoption demand and supply. The 2015 reforms in the Spanish law introduced measures to bring demand in line with real needs. However, imaginaries that portray adopters and children from the Global South as victims of meaningless bureaucracy continue to hold true even today.

Implications of irregular transnational adoptions within international standards: A review of intercountry adoption systems and Guatemalan birthmother perspectives

With growing global emergencies, child abduction became a concern in countries of origin and reception of transnationally adopted children. Improved regulations and standards to prevent child trafficking exhibit failures to ensure the best interest of children and the principle of subsidiarity. The article reviews relevant literature documents the Guatemalan birthmothers’ experiences and documented child theft, deception by trafficking networks, fraudulent adoptions, and familial coercion. Human rights and child welfare system implications drawn may be relevant to irregular transnational adoptions elsewhere.

COVID-19 and Preventing Child Trafficking – A Need for Collaborative Attitudes between Public Health and Educational Professionals in Supporting Vulnerable Children

The present study aims to describe the need for collaborative attitudes between public health and educational professionals in supporting vulnerable children during COVID-19 pandemic. Trafficking is more common in socioeconomically underprivileged communities. COVID-19 has exposed the vulnerability of children across the world – in terms of resource availability, educational access, and safety. Child trafficking victims are recruited, harboured, or transferred for the purpose of exploitation. This alarming problem exists in all nations. Current social systems are not equipped to adequately manage our increasingly globalized world and are failing the world’s vulnerable children. Child protective service providers, medical/mental health support, as well as teachers and educational organizations are becoming more inaccessible due to poor funding and understaffing. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has recently reported increased risk for children and current victims during this pandemic. This paper suggests the critical role teachers and doctors can play in recognizing and blocking child trafficking and supporting victims. For these reasons, greater funding and resources for healthcare professionals and educators is necessary for training and implementation.

Legal Protection for Child Victims of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking criminal act is, until now, a form of human slavery. Human trafficking is one of the worst treatments and a violation of human honor and dignity, and is automatically a violation of human rights. This paper aims at describing factors which cause child trafficking many occurring recently and the efforts to prevent child trafficking. This normative juridical research employs a statute approach and a case approach. The research finds that child victims of trafficking are trafficked for various forms of exploitation from sexual exploitation (organized prostitution), forced labor, slavery and other slavery practices. The efforts to prevent child trafficking are regulated through various laws and regulations, such as Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning the Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. The factors to cause child trafficking are lack of awareness, poverty, culture, lack of education and weak law enforcement.

Legal Protection of Children as a Preventive Effort on Children Trafficking

Trafficking in children is a violation of human rights. Rights of the child who treats the victim only as a commodity purchased, sold, shipped and resold. Earlier child trafficking was associated with prostitution, but in reality, included many other forms such as forced labor and enslavement under the guise of marriage. Because the agents and syndicates of child trafficking are now becoming more organized and have international scope as well. Each country needs to update its legal system in order to punish traffickers and to provide compensation and assistance to victims. Trafficking has included many less qualified migrants that can cause social problems in the community, and for victims often lose their rights and fall into inhuman lives. Regulations governing the legal protection of children as a means of preventing child trafficking whether or not the laws or regulations that have been made are not sufficient in providing legal protection for children because the contents of the law and the regulations have not all covered the issue of children only limited to the public.

A Survey on Child Safety Wearable Device to Prevent Child Trafficking Using Arduino

Currently a child’s security is a crucial space of concern. This paper is developed to rectify the troubles parents relating to their child security. In keeping with a story from 2014, about 135,000 kids are calculable to be trafficked in India annually. Trafficked children are sold-out into slavery, domestic slavery, beggary, and therefore the sex trade. This paper provides the conception of sensible wearable devices for our little ones. And to stop kid trafficking. One amongst the most precedence over this device is that it provides us the tracing details of our little ones. And it doesn’t require a smart phone or a technician person to know and use it. The motive of this device is to assist find their kids with none difficulties. At the moment there are several tracking device that helps us to note our children’s activity with ease and additionally notice the kid using Wi-FI and Bluetooth. However Wi-Fi and Bluetooth seem to be unpredictable medium of communication between the parent and kid. So the main focus of the paper is to possess an SMS text enabled communication between the child’s wearable and also the parent because the GSM mobile communication is nearly present everyplace. The parents will send a text with specific keywords like “LOCATION” “TEMPERATURE” “UV” “SOS” “BUZZ” ETC. The tracking device can reply back providing the correct location of the kid and it will navigate through google maps. So this paper provides parents with a way of security for his or her kid in today’s world.

Global Human Trafficking and Child Victimization.

Trafficking of children for labor and sexual exploitation violates basic human rights and constitutes a major global public health problem. Pediatricians and other health care professionals may encounter victims who present with infections, injuries, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidality, or a variety of other physical or behavioral health conditions. Preventing child trafficking, recognizing victimization, and intervening appropriately require a public health approach that incorporates rigorous research on the risk factors, health impact, and effective treatment options for child exploitation as well as implementation and evaluation of primary prevention programs. Health care professionals need training to recognize possible signs of exploitation and to intervene appropriately. They need to adopt a multidisciplinary, outward-focused approach to service provision, working with nonmedical professionals in the community to assist victims. Pediatricians also need to advocate for legislation and policies that promote child rights and victim services as well as those that address the social determinants of health, which influence the vulnerability to human trafficking. This policy statement outlines major issues regarding public policy, medical education, research, and collaboration in the area of child labor and sex trafficking and provides recommendations for future work.

Factors leading to trafficking of children and women in India

Trafficking in human beings, especially in women, and children has become a matter of serious national and international concern. Women and children - boys and girls - have been exposed to unprecedented vulnerabilities commercial exploitation of these vulnerabilities has become a massive organized crime and a multimillion dollar business. Nations are attempting to combat this trade in human misery through legislative, executive, judicial and social action. Trafficking of children is a worldwide phenomenon affecting large numbers of boys and girls every day. Children and their families are often lured by the promise of better employment and a more prosperous life far from their homes. Others are kidnapped and sold. Trafficking violates a child's right to grow up in a family environment and exposes him or her to a range of dangers, including violence and sexual abuse. In India too, over the last decade, the volume of human trafficking has increased though the exact numbers are not known, it is one of the most lucrative criminal trades, next to arms and drug smuggling undertaken by highly organized criminals. Unless a public opinion is built laws are effectively designed and implemented, the situation is constantly monitored and the nexus of traffickers is exposed, children will continue to be trafficked. Co-ordinated efforts are required to stop and prevent child trafficking.

Measuring the immeasurable: Understanding the effectiveness of anti-child trafficking transnational advocacy networks

Transnational advocacy networks’ anti-child trafficking efforts have led to significant progress in the Mekong Subregion by bringing the child trafficking issue onto the global social policy agenda, resulting in new child protection legislation and improved inter-agency collaboration in the region. However, a significant gap in both the literature on TANs and TAN practice is the lack of monitoring and evaluation of TAN ‘effectiveness’. This article discusses the recent literature on TAN effectiveness and discusses the ‘key elements’ of TAN effectiveness, as highlighted by child trafficking experts operating in TANs in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Research into the area of TAN effectiveness is important for improving our knowledge of what TANs are achieving in terms of preventing child trafficking and protecting victims, as well as improving our knowledge of the different meanings and interpretations of TAN ‘effectiveness’. Furthermore, research into this area is important for improving our understanding of how TANs are well positioned to provide an effective response to the child sex trafficking problem.

Child trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation: A review of promising prevention policies and programs.

Child trafficking, including commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), is one of the fastest growing and most lucrative criminal activities in the world. The global enslavement of children affects countless numbers of victims who are trafficked within their home countries or transported away from their homes and treated as commodities to be bought, sold, and resold for labor or sexual exploitation. All over the world, girls are particularly likely to be trafficked into the sex trade: Girls and women constitute 98% of those who are trafficked for CSE. Health and safety standards in exploitative settings are generally extremely low, and the degree of experienced violence has been linked with adverse physical, psychological, and social-emotional development. The human-rights-based approach to child trafficking provides a comprehensive conceptual framework whereby victim-focused and law enforcement responses can be developed, implemented, and evaluated. This article highlights promising policies and programs designed to prevent child trafficking and CSE by combating demand for sex with children, reducing supply, and strengthening communities. The literature reviewed includes academic publications as well as international and governmental and nongovernmental reports. Implications for social policy and future research are presented.

Du bien-enfant à l’enfant sujet : les statuts des adoptés à l’international

Anne Cadoret. From the child-property to the child-subject : international statutes for adopted children Full adoption is carried out according to a procedure dictated by the Hague Convention, the aim of which is to prevent child trafficking. To reach this aim, children who are offered up for adoption are stripped of all original parentage and become available for an adoptive relationship. Each child is a “child-property”. This article examines the ontological status of the child at this precise moment, looking into the conditions and organisation of the transfer. It describes how the child, starting as a child/property offered up for adoption, gradually becomes a child/subject from the moment the child is “related” to specific adopting parents, before being able in time to become a fully fledged person, a subject, taking on board the history of his/her transfer and the specificity of his/her filiation. A large part of this reflection is based on a survey undertaken with organisations authorised and accredited to conduct adoption.

On Challenges, Dilemmas, and Opportunities in Studying Trafficked Children

On Challenges, Dilemmas, and Opportunities in Studying Trafficked Children Elżbieta M. Goździak The following commentary stems from a recently completed research project, supported by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), to examine the experiences of children, mostly girls, trafficked to the United States for sexual and labor exploitation and analyze their prospects for reintegration into the wider society. The cohort of possible study participants was relatively small—approximately 100 children—the project's goals lofty—to expand the knowledge base of the special service needs of trafficked children and set forth policy and programmatic recommendation aimed at preventing child trafficking, protecting trafficked children, and prosecuting their traffickers—the challenges and dilemmas numerous, and the opportunities rare. It is the challenges and dilemmas as well as the opportunities in studying child trafficking and formulating recommendations based on empirical research that I wish to address in this essay. [End Page 903] On Definitions According to the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (2000), child trafficking is defined as "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of any person under the age of eighteen for the purposes of sexual or labor exploitation, forced labor, or slavery." The US law mirrors this definition and concurs with the general agreement in the international community that, in the case of minors, the trafficking term applies whether a child was taken forcibly or voluntarily (Miko 2004), simply because children do not have volition and cannot consent to being smuggled. I will return to the issue of agency and vulnerability later in this essay. The UN Protocol and the US law on child trafficking use the definition of a child promulgated by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRS), which states that "every human being below the age of 18, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier" is considered a child. The Convention uses chronological age as the universal measure of biological and psychological maturity and rejects cultural and social meanings attached to local systems of age ranking (La Fointaine 1978). There is no distinction in this definition between a four and a 17 year old. Both are defined as children who need special safeguards and care. In addition, this definition assumes a natural progression from childhood to adulthood, from incompetence to competence and from immaturity to maturity (Bluebond-Langer and Korbin 2007). In reality the concepts of "child" and "childhood" vary according to social, cultural, historical, religious and rational norms as well as according to one's personal circumstances. There are tremendous differences between a four and a 17 year old. There are also often considerable differences between two different 17 year olds, particularly individuals coming from different cultural, social, and economic backgrounds. Gender differences need to be accounted for as well. The cohort of trafficked children in our study ranged in age from two to 17 years, with the vast majority (83.3%) of the children falling between 14 and 17 years of age when they were trafficked. Approximately two-thirds of all the children concentrated in the 16 to 17 year age range when trafficked. Not surprisingly, the unaccompanied children were older than those who were trafficked with other family members. The majority of the children were girls. There was a substantial difference in the male to female ratio between the unaccompanied and accompanied cohorts. Among the accompanied children, 15 [End Page 904] of the 46 survivors, or 33%, were males, while only two, or 4%, of the 56 unaccompanied children were males. We were hard pressed to find two children that were very similar and could be used as examples of the proverbial poster victim of trafficking. Even girls who were part of the same trafficking case appeared to be very different. Interestingly, the traffickers treated them differently as well. In one case we examined, four adolescent girls were trafficked together and forced to work in the same bar. The girls with kinship ties to their 'employers' were treated very differently than those who could not claim such a relationship; they could keep money they earned and send some of their income to their families, and...