Prevent Child Marriage Research Articles

Impact of Early Marriage on Women

Child marriage is a marriage performed by youth under the age of 19. There were 27 cases of child marriage in 2019 in Sigi Biromaru District and in 2020 there has been an increase of 46 cases. Purpose This study aims to examine the impact caused by child marriage in Kalukubula Village Method This type of research uses a qualitative phenomenological approach. The population in this study were all women who had child marriages in the village of Kalukubula. Informant collection techniques in this study using Snowball Sampling. Data were collected by in-depth interview techniques using interview guidelines. The informants in this study were 10 informants, 5 main informants, namely women who had child marriages, 4 parents as key informants, and the head of KUA as additional informants. Results obtained are that the impact of child marriage is Psychological Impact, stress due to unpreparedness in managing the household and in taking care of children, Biological Impact, is an impact that occurs on health, economic impact, due to difficulties in finding work due to low educational status, Impact Education is one of the impacts of child marriage due to dropping out of school so that when married it is difficult to find jobs. Conclusion Child marriage in Kalukubula Village has psychological, biological, economic and educational impacts. It is recommended that local government parents prevent child marriage from occurring.

Drivers of child marriage in specific settings of Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia – findings from the Yes I Do! baseline study

BackgroundChild marriage persists in many countries and has severe impacts on health, education, economic and social status of girls. Child marriage has many interlinked causes. This study aimed to explore the drivers of child marriage in specific contexts in Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia.MethodsThe study combined a household survey among youth (15-24 years) with focus group discussions and interviews conducted with youth (15-24 years) and parents. A variety of community stakeholders were interviewed as well. Logistic regression was done to explore associations between individual and family-level characteristics of young women and the occurrence of child marriage. Transcripts were analysed using an inductive approach. Narratives on the main drivers of child marriage across study contexts were written and inspired by the theory of normative spectrum.ResultsA lack of education was associated with the occurrence of child marriage in Ethiopia, Kenya and Zambia. In all countries, teenage pregnancy was associated with child marriage. In Ethiopia, Kenya and Mozambique, fathers’ education seemed a protective factor for child marriage. Narratives of study participants showed that in Ethiopia, Indonesia and (to a lesser extent) Kenya, child marriage was perceived as an ‘appropriate practice’ to avoid premarital sex or pregnancy, whether it involved sex with or without consent. In all countries, child marriage was driven by difficult economic circumstances, which were often intertwined with disapproved social circumstances, in particular teenage pregnancy, in case of Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia. These circumstances made child marriage an ‘acceptable practice’. Some youth, particularly in Indonesia, made their own choices to marry early, making child marriage a ‘possible practice’.ConclusionsMultiple intersecting drivers, which were present in different degrees in each country setting, influenced the occurrence of child marriage. We found that child marriage is a manifestation of social norms, particularly related to girls’ sexuality, which are intersecting with other factors at individual, social, material, and institutional level – most prominently poverty or economic constraints. Child marriage was, in some cases, a result of girls’ agentic choices. Efforts to prevent child marriage need to take these realities of girls and their families into account.

Edutainment and the prevention of under-age marriages: The evaluation of a television series designed to promote positive role models in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Edutainment intervention is a popular and inexpensive behavioural change communication toolkit to raise positive social norms through broadcast media. We evaluated a 26-episode nationally broadcasted television series targeted to improve attitudes towards preventing child marriage in Bangladesh. We applied a randomised encouragement design to motivate our subjects to watch the series, addressing their self-selection issues concerning viewership. We randomly assigned a sample of 1,162 households into three arms: (T1) received weekly SMS reminders, (T2) received weekly SMSs and telephone calls, and (C) pure control. We followed up with 1,096 households, collected information on viewership and self-reported attitudes, and conducted a dictator game experiment to understand their revealed attitudes towards child marriage. We found considerable variations in viewership across the arms, suggesting associations with reminder intensity. Compared to the average control group viewership of about 0.15 episodes (SD = 0.82), T2 generated a difference of about 1.50–1.93 episodes (P < 0.01), depending on the respondent types. Following an instrumental variable approach, we found that exposure was not associated with both stated and revealed attitudes towards preventing child marriage. However, we found behavioural experiment was less prone to social desirability bias in assessing sensitive topics such as child marriage.

The Enforcement of Marriage Law (No 16 of 2019) Through The Ambassadors of Child Marriage Prevention in Tembarak District, Temanggung Regency

The enforcement efforts of Law Number 16 of 2019 on marriage performed in Temanggung are designed to minimize the divorce rate in Temanggung through the empowerment of Sakinah family ambassadors through pre-marriage education to actualize family resilience. The practical benefit of this study is that it can give insight to the ambassadors about the age limit of marriage and the consequences of early marriage. The ambassadors are meant to use the insight to take action against early marriage so that the number of cases of early marriage in the Tembarak district continuously decreases or even reaches zero. This study employs a descriptive qualitative research approach to explain the enforcement efforts of Law Number 16 of 2019 on marriage in Temanggung. The implementation of Marriage Law Number 16 of 2019 is carried out through a number of Focus Group Discussions (FGD): youth guidance, and ambassadors coaching to prevent early marriage; mentoring; monitoring and evaluation; and outcome exposure. This research intends to lower the number of early marriages among Tembarak District school-age students (Junior and High school students: SMP/MTs and SMS/MA/SMK). The implementation of Law Number 16 of 2019 on marriage is carried out through intense socialization in school assemblies in Temanggung

‘Now, She’s a Child and She Has a Child’—Experiences of Syrian Child Brides in Lebanon after Early Marriage

This study examined the lived experiences of Syrian refugee child brides to understand their needs as they navigate new social roles after marriage. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lebanon using SenseMaker® to collect narratives from married Syrian girls age 13 and older and from their parents. Thematic analysis using inductive coding was performed. Identified themes were organized according to an adaptation of Bronfenbrenner’s socioecological theory of human development to present experiences across all levels of the girls’ interactions and potential influences. Themes at the microsystem level included overwhelming domestic expectations and worry about their own children in the girls’ roles as young mothers. Experiences of intimate partner violence and family conflict were common. At the exosystem level, participants described safety concerns and financial and legal system challenges. The macrosystem level highlighted social expectations around married girls discontinuing education and around separation or divorce. As efforts continue to prevent child marriage within the Syrian crisis and globally, understanding experiences of already married girls is critical to providing support for mitigating harm to child brides. Programs might consider safety planning, parenting supports, access to skills training and education, peer-to-peer social networking, and engaging husbands or families of child brides.

Secondary Schooling Education as a Strategy to Combat Child Marriage

The evidence base on child marriage has grown substantially over the past decade, especially regarding its levels, trends, causes and consequences. The importance of such evidence is that it has been particularly useful in making an urgent case for investing in child marriage prevention initiatives and for doing so with cross-sectoral efforts. However, the rates of child marriage in the West and Central African region remain unacceptably high. An extremely effective but not yet fully explored strategy is to use girls’ education as a mechanism towards ending child marriages. By analysing the correlation between early marriage and school drop-out rates and looking at the advantages of this correlation to the regions Sustainable Development Goals, this article advocates for ending child marriages in a more targeted way. The paper will analyse some country-specific strategies to highlight how investing in girls’ education at more than primary schooling level will lead to the achievement of many of the development goals of the region. This paper aims to fill a knowledge gap by arguing that there currently exists an opportunity to address child marriages and development goals through policies and strategies that are specifically aimed at keeping girls in school for longer.

Cross-National Associations between Age at Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence among Young Women: An Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys from 48 Countries.

We estimated the associations between age at first marriage and recent intimate partner violence (IPV) among women young women aged 20-24 years using data from demographic and health surveys (DHS) conducted at 48 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We fitted a multilevel logistic regression model controlling for sociodemographic covariates. Our pooled analyses revealed that age at marriage is strongly associated with past year IPV in a non-linear way, with steep reductions in violence when young women marry after age 15 and a continued decline in IPV for every year marriage is delayed up to age 24. The risk of physical IPV was 3.3 times higher among women married at age 15 (24.4%, 95% CI 19.7; 29.2%) compared to young women married at age 24 (7.5%, 95% CI 5.8; 9.2%). For sexual IPV, girls married at 15 had 2.2 times higher risk compared to those married at 24 (7.5%, 95% CI 5.6; 9.5% vs. 3.4%, 95% CI 2.7; 4.2%, respectively). For psychological IPV, the relative risk was 3.4 for the same comparison (married at 15: 20.1%, 95% CI 14.6; married at 24: 25.5% vs. 6.0%, 95% CI 3.4; 8.6%). Country specific analyses showed that, age at marriage was negatively associated with physical and psychological IPV in nearly half of the countries (n/48) and with sexual IPV in ten countries. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating violence prevention and response interventions into efforts to prevent child marriage, as well as the health, educations and social services young women access.

Transnational Coalition Building: The Role of The Yes I Do Alliance in Preventing Child Marriage Practices in Kediri Village, West Lombok

The practice of child marriage is an impact of gender-based discrimination, which reduces the value of women. Such discrimination might violate children’s rights under the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Traditional Sasak marriages, known as Merariq, are carried out by the abduction of the prospective bride by the prospective groom. This issue increases the number of child marriages in West Lombok. This phenomenon has been contributing to the increasing number of child marriages in West Lombok and has become a serious issue that requires strategic breakthrough involving particular actors from various levels. Through the concept of Transnational Coalition Building, this research examines and analyzes to what extend the transnational coalition within the Yes I Do Alliance play a significant role in preventing the practice of child marriage in West Lombok. Data for this qualitative-descriptive study were gathered primarily through interviews with three individuals affiliated with each organization of the Yes I Do Alliance. Additional data were gleaned from the Baseline and Midline report of the Yes I Do program and other published literature. This study concluded that despite efforts to prevent and address child marriage in West Lombok through the transnational coalition, the scheme’s execution flaws prevented it from realizing its full potentia to achieve the maximum output. This research highlights the consequences of power imbalances that are certain and must exist in realizing a successful transnational coalition scheme. However, fundamentally this has not been accepted by the actors involved in the Yes I Do Alliance itself.

Dilemmas faced by judges when granting marriage dispensations for child marriages in West Java, Indonesia

Abstract Child marriage remains common in Indonesia, particularly in West Java. The highest number of child marriages is seen in the Tasikmalaya and Indramayu regencies. We argue that although the Marriage Law has been amended and the age of marriage consent increased to 19 years to prevent child marriage, the law fails to eliminate child marriages as it allows for a marriage dispensation under emergency conditions, such as a minor’s premarital pregnancy. This article is based on empirical research that employs sociolegal approaches to examine the grounds adopted by judges when deciding whether to grant or reject marriage dispensation applications in these two regencies. It was found that judges face dilemmas in examining the applications because they must prioritize the best interests of the children. As a result, their decisions are made by considering emergency and non-emergency conditions related to the child. Legal instruments are found to be more comprehensive in Tasikmalaya than in Indramayu. However, their implementation continues to be ineffective in eliminating child marriage.

Empowerment of Health Cadres to Prevent Child Marriage

Indonesia is the country with the highest child marriage after Cambodia. In addition, West Java Province has the highest absolute number of child marriages in Indonesia (273,300 child marriages). In addition, it also ranks first nationally for out-of-school children at the elementary, junior high, and high school/vocational school levels. Health cadres do not understand their duties and roles in reducing MMR, one of which is knowledge about the impact of child marriage. This activity aims to increase the knowledge and attitudes of health cadres through health education and to empower the potential of existing communities to prevent child marriage. This activity with Preparing, Participatory Programming, Reinventing Assets, Designing, Communicating, Implementing, and Evaluating. Results: The number of cadres who participated in counseling was 25 people. The potential that exists is the presence of midwives and community leaders. Youth of as many as 450 people, 20 children who dropped out of school had elementary school education, 18 had junior high school diplomas, and 4 cases of early marriage. Based on the SWOT analysis, Pondok Rajeg Kelurahan is in quadrant II which requires strategic diversification. Evaluation of activities revealed from the results of the Willcoxon test that there was an effect of health education using early marriage flyers on knowledge p-value = 0.002 (p-value &lt;0.05) and attitude p-value = 0.002 (p-value &lt;0.05 ). Health cadres understand one of their roles and duties from the influence of leaflets on increasing knowledge and positive changes in cadre attitudes to address the problem of early marriage. In addition, their commitment to implementing early marriage prevention and its impact.

Qualitative endline results of the tipping point project to prevent child, early and forced marriage in Nepal

ABSTRACT Currently, Nepal is not on track to meet Sustainable Development Goal 5.3 – the elimination of harmful practices, including child, early and forced marriage by the year 2030. Evidence on what works to prevent child, early and forced marriage often is inattentive to contextual factors that influence intervention effectiveness. This study presents qualitative results of a mixed-methods evaluation of CARE’s Tipping Point Program to prevent child, early and forced marriage in Nepal, interrogating the perceived benefits of the programme and elucidating contextual features that enhance or detract from programme benefit. Baseline data included interviews with adolescent girls (N = 20), boys (N = 10), adult community leaders (N = 8) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with girls (N = 8 groups; 48 individuals), boys (N = 8 groups; 47 individuals) and parents (N = 16 groups; 95 individuals). Using thematic analysis and structured comparisons by time, gender, district, caste/community, stakeholder type and arm, we found diverse programme participation, but widespread improvements in knowledge across several domains, with behavioural changes concentrated among participants with stronger participation and pre-programme characteristics suggestive of low risk of child marriage. Findings underscore the need to address structural barriers to prevent child marriage and the challenges of attributing programme benefit amidst a dynamic social context.

Early teenage pregnancy (12 to 14 years) in Solidaridad, Q. Roo. México

Introduction. As of 2019, adolescent girls aged 15-19 in low- and middle-income countries had approximately 21 million pregnancies each year, of which approximately 50% were unintended and resulted in 12 million births. Material and method. Retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study on the prevalence of pregnancies in adolescents between 10 and 14 years of age in the municipality of Solidaridad, Q. Roo México, during a five-year period (2018 to 2022) by reviewing the clinical records of all early adolescent pregnant women. Descriptive statistics of central tendency and dispersion were used for analysis. Results. During the study period, 14 cases of early pregnant adolescents (10 to 14 years old) were found out of a total of 629 pregnancies in early and late adolescents between 10 and 19 years old, distributed as follows: 2018=4; 2019=9, 2020=1. Discussion. Despite efforts to reduce the incidence of teenage pregnancy, including preventing child marriage, keeping girls in education and improving access to contraception, adolescent girls continue to get pregnant and few developing countries adequately prioritize their care. An insight into adolescent pregnancy experiences will help identify whether context-specific services meet their needs, whether they require additional support, and how to optimize their pregnancy experience. Conclusions. We found only two factors as Maternal Risk Factors: 1) RF&lt;17 years and 2) lack of birth control. As Fetal Risk Factors three cases at birth by cesarean section. Regarding the other maternal-fetal risk factors, they did not appear in the patients of this age group. It appears that early adolescent mothers can have low-risk pregnancies at this hospital from a biological but not a sociological point of view.

PREVENTION OF CHILD MARRIAGE IN INDONESIA BASED ON SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION

This paper seeks to investigate the increasing phenomena of child marriage in Indonesia, which necessitates a comprehensive method encompassing all interconnected stakeholders to avoid child marriage. This study aims to examine the extent of the Court’s efforts to prevent child marriage and the concept of preventing child marriage through system interconnection. This study is normative research that uses a statutory and a conceptual approach. According to the findings of this study, the Religious Courts’ efforts to prevent child marriage have focused on restricting the issuance of dispensation permissions. When awarding a marriage dispensation permit, the Court must ensure that it adheres to the guiding principles of child protection. The system interconnection-based child marriage prevention mentioned in this study refers to a strategy used by the Court to prevent child marriage that involves participation from other institutions. This new framework makes non-judicial agencies external participants in executing and supervising the Court’s competence in providing dispensation permits for marriage.

The Strategic Policy of Child Marriage Prevention on Gender-Integrated (Strengthening Best Practice Areas Toward Child Marriage-Free Zones)

This paper analyzes strategic policies for preventing child marriage in Rembang Regency. This evaluative research uses interviews, questionnaires and literature studies for data collection. The study results show that the gender-integrated policy of child marriage prevention in the Rembang district can be seen in regulations, budgets, strengthening of child groups, institutions and cooperation. Sufficient budget and human resources, including the openness of information systems, are the strengths of the policy on child marriage prevention in this area. Programs are still partial; weakness in monitoring- evaluation; weakness in gender mainstreaming commitment; gender biased organizational culture; budget politics that often change; and the fewer activity children's forum are weaknesses in this policy. There are national and international policies; orderly population administration; gender and child disaggregated data; Information Technology; collaboration with NGOs and the private sector an opportunity that must be considered for the success of this policy. Another hand, attention must be on policy threats, namely: low education; high poverty; patriarchy; child marriage traditions; ngemblok tradition; information technology; changes in the age limit for marriage; minimal community involvement; gender insight uneven and; understanding of child rights is low. Child marriage prevention policies have an impact on target groups, non-target groups, and direct and indirect costs. Optimization of child marriage prevention policies should be carried out using scheme 1, maximizing strengths to minimize threats; scheme 2, optimizing gender equality in regional apparatus organizations and; scheme 3, monitoring-evaluation is carried out periodically and structured. These schemes must pay attention to the five "appropriate" namely the appropriate choice of policies and programs, implementation, targets, environment and process appropriate.

Ojo Kawin Bocah Peran Komunikasi Keluarga dalam Pencegahan Pernikahan Anak di Kecamatan Keling Kabupaten Jepara

The large number of child marriage cases in Indonesia has resulted in various new problems such as the disconnection of school children, the increase in divorce cases, the increasing mortality rate for mothers and children during the delivery process, the number of stunting cases and other problems. Looking at the various problems that exist, there is a change in the marriage law from Law No. 1 of 1974 to Law No. 16 of 2019 that marriage can be carried out by both men and women when they are 19 years old. Through the Asset Bassed Community Development (ABCD) method, Community Service (PkM) activities are carried out by providing counseling to the community (parents and children) in Klepu Village and Watuaji Village, Keling District to provide an understanding of the Importance of Family Communication in preventing child marriage. With this PkM, it is hoped that it will be able to provide understanding to the community so that awareness arises about the dangers and impacts of child marriage and can reduce cases of child marriage.

PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI KEGIATAN BAKTI SOSIAL DI DESA PASAKA KECAMATAN SABBANGPARU KABUPATEN WAJO

Community service in the form of social services carried out by a team of lecturers provides tremendous benefits to the Pasaka Village Community, Sabbangparu District, These activities are in the form of socializing the prevention of underage marriage, maternal and child health counseling, drug counseling. The purpose of this activity is to provide health services to the community for the realization of public welfare in the health sector as well as increase the sense of social care among fellow human beings. The activity has been carried out since 05,10 &amp; 11 August 2022 by involving the Head of the Women's Protection and fulfillment of children's rights DINSOSP2KBP3A Wajo Regency and medical personnel, such as sub-district midwives coordinators and nurses and attended by 90 participants, consisting of 25 people to prevent child marriage. , Maternal and child health counseling as many as 30 people and drug counseling at SMPN 3 Sabbangparu as many as 35 people

The Effectiveness of Supreme Court Regulation No. 5 of 2019 in Efforts to Prevent Child Marriage

The birth of Supreme Court Regulation No. 5 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for Trying Marriage Dispensation Applications aims to provide clear rules regarding the procedure for determining or granting marriage dispensation by judges. However, it is considered that it has not made a significant change in the high number of marriage dispensation cases that have entered the judiciary, which at the same time shows the ineffectiveness of limiting the practice of child marriage. The courts that are trying to stem the surge in the practice of child marriage do not seem to have yielded satisfactory results, even with the presence of these guidelines. In reviewing the effectiveness of the law, there are problems with the legal factors themselves, namely the guidelines and Law No. 16 of 2019, which still opens up opportunities for the practice of child marriage for urgent reasons that are still multi-interpreted. Apart from that, on societal factors, the low level of public understanding of the dangers of child marriage can be seen from the rise of permissive free association, and on cultural factors, there are still members of the public who practice child marriage for reasons justified by their culture.

Evaluation of a serious gaming intervention to prevent child marriage in Uganda

Prosocial video games have potential to promote prosocial outcomes for players and there has been a recent rise in the use of serious gaming interventions to address gender-based violence.In this study, the effectiveness of a prosocial video-game, ‘Peace’, to prevent attitudes and beliefs that are supportive of child marriage in Uganda was assessed. Additionally, barriers and facilitators to successful implementation in schools were assessed. Uganda has one of the highest rates of child marriage globally, with recent statistics indicating that one in three girls get married or enter a union before the age of 18 (UNICEF, 2021b).This study, using a mixed-methods design, involved 289 young people aged 14–18 from four secondary schools in different regions of Kampala, Uganda.The results suggest that Peace could be utilised as an intervention for educating Ugandan youth on Gender Based Violence issues and preventing the drivers of child marriage and associated issues. The game was found to have modest, short-term positive impacts for both girls and boys on attitudes towards child marriage and feeling empowered to prevent child marriage. Deeper and more sustained learning from the game would require scaffolding though the use of additional curricular activities to create meaningful, sustained changes.

Analisis Stakeholder dalam Strategi Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak di Indonesia

Elimination of child marriage is one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which is targeted to be realized in 2030. To realize this goal, the Government of Indonesia has integrated the reduction of child marriage rates into the 2020-2024 National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN). The child marriage rate is targeted to decrease from 11.2% in 2018 to 8.74% in 2024. In the last 10 years the number of marriages has decreased slowly and fluctuated. Even the target of reducing the number of child marriages seems to be experiencing obstacles because in 2020 the Covid 19 pandemic has contributed to a significant increase in the number of child marriages. This reality indicates that efforts to reduce the number of child marriages require a holistic and integrative effort that involves various stakeholders both in state institutions, the business world, and civil society. Considering the important role of multi-stakeholder synergy in preventing child marriage, this research aims to conduct stakeholder analysis to identify key stakeholders, primary and secondary stakeholders, their interests and influence on the success of the strategy to prevent child marriage.

Drivers of Stunting Reduction in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Case Study.

Chronic malnutrition in children is a severe global health concern. In Yogyakarta, the number of children who are too short for their age has dropped dramatically over the past few decades. To perform an analysis of trends, policies, and programs; and an assessment of government, community, household, and individual drivers of the stunting reduction in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Using a mixed-methods approach, there were three types of research: (1) analysis of quantitative data, (2) evaluation of stunting policy, and (3) focus group discussions and in-depth interviews to collect qualitative data. The prevalence of stunting has decreased from year to year. Mean height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) improved by 0.22 SDs from 2013 to 2021. Male and female toddlers aged <20 months have relatively the same body length as the WHO median, but it is lower for children >20 months old. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to an increase in stunting-concurrent wasting. Nutrition-specific and -sensitive interventions have been carried out with coverage that continues to increase from year to year, although in 2020, or at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the coverage of specific interventions decreased. The government has committed to tackling stunting by implementing the five pillars of stunting prevention and the eight convergent stunting actions. As the drivers of stunting reduction, national and community stakeholders and mothers, at the village level, cited a combination of poverty reduction, years of formal education, prevention of early marriage, access to food, enhanced knowledge and perception, and increased access to sanitation and hygiene. Nutrition-specific and -sensitive sector improvements have been crucial for decreasing stunting in Yogyakarta, particularly in the areas of poverty reduction, food access, preventing child marriage, sanitation, education, and increasing knowledge and perception.