Prevalence Of Glaucoma Research Articles

Primary open‐angle glaucoma prevalence in Europe: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

AbstractPurpose: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) in the European population > 40 years, and to provide the expected number of POAG patients forecasted up to 2050.Methods: Two authors independently conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed/MedLine, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify papers analysing the prevalence of POAG in European countries. Logit transformation (PLOGIT) of the data retrieved from selected articles, and a random intercept logistic regression model (GLMM) were used to analyse the overall proportions. The population projection data retrieved from the World Population Prospects reported by the United Nations, was incorporated into the GLMM. The estimated number of patients was calculated using the prevalence figures from the random‐effects model and the corresponding population number.Results: We retrieved 9348 eligible papers from the initial electronic search and included 10 of them in the qualitative and quantitative analyses. A total of 26 993 patients were included in this meta‐analysis (11 927 male and 14 556 female). We identified 755 POAG cases (397 male and 348 female), with a pooled prevalence estimate in Europe of 2.60% (95% CI: 1.90–3.56%). Increasing odds for POAG were related to increasing age and some geographic differences in the disease distribution in the continent were identified. Statistically significant sex‐related differences in the prevalence rate of POAG were not observed in this cohort. An increase of 3.3% in the number of people (aged >40 years) with POAG is expected by 2050, when the overall figure is expected to be 10 748 137.Conclusions: POAG is a neurodegenerative disease that affects a large proportion of the older European population. In the future, the prevalence of POAG is expected to grow in Europe because of the progressive ageing populations of Western countries.

Old is the new young: A paradox for glaucoma patients

AbstractOlder/mature glaucoma patients are increasingly active these days and it is a myth that glaucoma patients are all passive and sedentary. Glaucoma does not only occur in the elderly, but even those glaucoma patients who are mature are working longer and staying more active. So perceptions of the ‘normal’ glaucoma patient need to be adjusted. Quality of life is increasingly important as older patients still feel young inside and want to enjoy their daily lives and interests and treatment must therefore be effective, but also tolerable so that patients' QoL is not limited by side effects. These patients have high expectations, but at the same time, this older population has a higher incidence of ocular and systemic comorbidities which can pose challenges. For instance, to start with ocular comorbidities it is well known that glaucoma patients have a higher risk of suffering from ocular surface disease and that the prevalence of ocular surface disease increases with increasing age. In this context therapeutic choices should be focused at lowering the intraocular pressure while preserving as much as possible the health of ocular surface for example by using preservative‐free medications to minimize ocular side‐effects. We know from published studies and from clinical experience that ocular surface disease shows improvements after switching from preserved to preservative free topical medications. Since glaucoma prevalence increases with age the prevalence of age‐related ocular comorbidities increases as well such as in the case of macular degeneration with additional deterioration of vision and increased impact on quality of life.Important to keep in mind that also systemic comorbidities that may particularly impact older patients, and the effect this might have on treatment (e.g. impairment in fine motor skills that can impact their ability of self‐administering the drops).Additionally, more mature patients may experience increased prevalence of systemic comorbidities such as cardiovascular or pulmonary ones limiting the therapeutic choices. More challenges to diagnosing and monitoring the disease might be posed by increased difficulties in performing psychophysical tests such as visual field testing.In this scenario it has to be highlighted the importance of communication to assess patients' level of comprehension and ability to cooperate with treatment and monitoring schedule.

On a quest for solutions

AbstractA plethora of classification models, and especially convolutional neural networks (CNN), have been proposed for the detection of glaucoma from fundus images. Often trained with data from a single glaucoma clinic, they report impressive performance on internal test sets, but (I) lack in objective insights into the decision making process, and (II) rarely generalize well to external sets.Opening the black‐box: need for explainable AIData‐driven, feature‐agnostic CNN models have shown to outperform classical machine learning approaches that rely on manually curated image features. But this comes at the expense of explainability, a concept introduced to delineate the insights into the decision process of the algorithm. Explainable AI is particularly relevant in the field of medicine, as regularity bodies require understandable decisions, in order to gain trust from both clinicians and patients. The largest area of research in explainable AI proposes the framework of saliency or heat maps, i.e. visualizations of image regions that are deemed the most important to the trained model. However, these techniques are facing increased scrutiny over the years, as some studies indicated that most saliency mapping methods perform no better than random baselines.In our recent work, we used various fundus image cropping policies to investigate the salient regions for glaucoma detection. Our findings provide the first irrefutable evidence that deep learning can detect glaucoma from colour fundus image regions outside the ONH.Generalizability and domain shiftsThe ability to generalize, generalizability, to unseen data is of crucial importance in building clinically useful deep learning models. This can be defined on two levels. First, a model is deemed useful when it performs well on unseen data from the same domain as the training data. More concretely, this would mean that a model trained on glaucoma data from one glaucoma center works well on a holdout set of images from the same clinic. Next to internal testing, it is critical to have models that scale well to imaging data from external sources, such as a glaucoma clinic from a different city. This transition introduces a domain shift, an event where the data distribution changes. This shift can be as small as an undetectable different image colour histogram due to other lighting conditions at the external center.Typically, domain shifts are more marked between ophthalmic centers. The usual suspects include the following non‐exhaustive list: change in camera manufacturer, disease prevalence, and demographic characteristics such as ethnicity and age. A tool that would be suited for glaucoma screening should be able to adapt to a much lower glaucoma prevalence, when initially trained on a data set obtained from a referral center. We demonstrate that a deep learning approach backed by regression loss seems more robust to data shifts than a traditional binary classification system for glaucoma screening from fundus images. Excellent results were obtained on 12 different data sets, with close to 150 000 images evaluated.

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in glaucoma therapeutics: the way to personalized therapy.

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in glaucoma therapeutics: the way to personalized therapy.

It Is Time to Rethink Adult Glaucoma Screening Recommendations.

It Is Time to Rethink Adult Glaucoma Screening Recommendations.

Estimating the Length of the Preclinical Detectable Phase for Open-Angle Glaucoma

A 50% reduction of glaucoma-related blindness has previously been demonstrated in a population that was screened for open-angle glaucoma. Ongoing screening trials of high-risk populations and forthcoming low-cost screening methods suggest that such screening may become more common in the future. One would then need to estimate a key component of the natural history of chronic disease, the mean preclinical detectable phase (PCDP). Knowledge of the PCDP is essential for the planning and early evaluation of screening programs and has been estimated for several types of cancer that are screened for. To estimate the mean PCDP for open-angle glaucoma. A large population-based screening for open-angle glaucoma was conducted from October 1992 to January 1997 in Malmö, Sweden, including 32 918 participants aged 57 to 77 years. A retrospective medical record review was conducted to assess the prevalence of newly detected cases at the screening, incidence of new cases after the screening, and the expected clinical incidence, ie, the number of new glaucoma cases expected to be detected without a screening. The latter was derived from incident cases in the screened age cohorts before the screening started and from older cohorts not invited to the screening. A total of 2029 patients were included in the current study. Data were analyzed from March 2020 to October 2021. The length of the mean PCDP was calculated by 2 different methods: first, by dividing the prevalence of screen-detected glaucoma with the clinical incidence, assuming that the screening sensitivity was 100% and second, by using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) model simulation that simultaneously derived both the length of the mean PCDP and the sensitivity of the screening. Of 2029 included patients, 1352 (66.6%) were female. Of 1420 screened patients, the mean age at screening was 67.4 years (95% CI, 67.2-67.7). The mean length of the PCDP of the whole study population was 10.7 years (95% CI, 8.7-13.0) by the prevalence/incidence method and 10.1 years (95% credible interval, 8.9-11.2) by the MCMC method. The mean PCDP was similar for both methods of analysis, approximately 10 years. A mean PCDP of 10 years found in the current study allows for screening with reasonably long intervals, eg, 5 years.

Prevalence of Glaucoma and Its Systemic Risk Factors in a General Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study.

To estimate the prevalence of glaucoma and its risk factors in a Japanese community. This study included 3405 Japanese community dwellers who were ≥40 years of age and enrolled in the Hisayama Study. This population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from 2017 to 2018. A glaucoma screening test was performed using stereo fundus images and swept-source optical coherence tomography. Glaucoma was defined based on the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria. The prevalence of glaucoma was 7.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7-8.6) overall. The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) was 5.8% (95% CI, 5.0-6.6); that of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) was 0.7% (95% CI, 0.5-1.1); and that of exfoliation glaucoma was 1.1% (95% CI, 0.7-1.4). In addition to aging, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.33), higher intraocular pressure (OR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.12), longer axial length (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.31-1.59), and thinner central corneal thickness (CCT) (OR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.15) were significant risk factors for POAG. Diabetes (OR = 2.81; 95% CI, 1.19-6.62) was a significant risk factor for PACG, and diabetes (OR = 2.15; 95% CI, 1.03-4.47) and thinner CCT (OR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.28) were significant risk factors for exfoliation glaucoma. The prevalence of glaucoma was approximately 8%, probably due to the increase in the Japanese aging population. Not only ocular factors but also lower eGFR for POAG and diabetes for PACG and exfoliation glaucoma were risk factors in a general Japanese population. Systemic factors such as eGFR and diabetes must also be considered when implementing preventive measures against glaucoma.

A meta-analysis on prevalence of primary angle-closure glaucoma in the middle-aged and elderly chinese population

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and relevant factors of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in the middle-aged and elderly (40 years old and above) Chinese population. Methods: Epidemiological literature (of English and/or Chinese language) on prevalence of PACG in China between 2000 and 2022 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang database. Two researchers conducted the process of document retrieval, inclusion, quality assessment and data extraction independently based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disagreement was resolved by consensus with a third researcher. The heterogeneity among studies was assessed by using the I2 statistics, and a corresponding model was used for the meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis (gender, age, survey date, place of residence, diagnostic criteria, and temperature zone), as well as sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis, were conducted. Results: Twenty-three studies were included in this research. Among them, eight were of high-quality and fifteen were of middle-quality. In the past 20 years, the PACG prevalence in middle-aged and elderly (40 years and older) Chinese population was 1.35% (95%CI:1.08% to 1.61%). Chinese women (1.40%) were more likely to have PACG than men (0.96%, P<0.01). The PACG prevalence had a positive correlation with age (P<0.01). The prevalence was similar between urban (1.3%) and rural (1.2%, P=0.61) areas. The PACG prevalence from studies in which the diagnostic criteria of PACG requested the symptom of vision or optic nerve damage (1.1%) was lower than that those without such requirement (1.7%, P<0.01). In mid-temperate zone, the prevalence was higher (1.7%, P=0.02). Conclusions: The PACG prevalence in middle-aged and elderly (40 years old and above) Chinese population was 1.35% in the last 20 years. The prevalence of PACG varies across age, regions, and other variations. This risk is higher in the elderly, women, and people in cold regions among Chinese population.

PREVALENCE OF GLAUCOMA IN NORTH COSTAL ANDHRA PRADESH

Aim: To study the prevalence of Glaucoma and its sub types in North costal Andhra Pradesh in South India. Results: Among the total number of 2,98,971 General ophthalmic OPD individuals, 4836 individuals referred to Glaucoma clinic on suspicion of glaucoma and 4320 patients are confirmed to have glaucoma after doing relevant investigations. 1884 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 1057 Primary Angle closure disease (PACD), 702 glaucoma suspect or at risk, 82 Juvenile Open angle glaucoma, 43 Normal Tension Glaucoma, 41 Ocular hypertension, 489 Secondary glaucoma, 22 congenital &amp; Developmental Glaucoma are identified. Conclusion: This study revealed the prevalence of various subtypes of glaucoma which varies ethnic wise. The prevalence of POAG is more (43.6%), followed by PACG (24.5%), secondary glaucoma (11.3%), Juvenile Open angle glaucoma (1.9%), Normal Tension Glaucoma (1%), ocular hypertension (0.9%), congenital glaucoma (0.5%).

Prevalence of steroid-induced glaucoma among patients suffering from vernal kerato-conjunctivitis in central India

The present study is aimed to assess the prevalence of steroid-induced glaucoma in vernal kerato-conjunctivitis patients treated with topical steroids and to determine the association between different types of topical steroids and the presence of steroid-induced glaucoma. This study was conducted as a hospital-based cross-sectional study on patients belonging to the age range of 8 years to18 years who were already diagnosed with vernal kerato-conjunctivitis and were using topical steroids as treatment. Detailed clinical history and ophthalmologic examination were done. Depending upon the potency of steroids and their intra-ocular pressure raising potential, patients were categorized into one of the 4 groups (A, B, C, D). Intra-ocular pressure levels were raised in 32.9% of the patients managed with topical corticosteroids. Steroid-induced glaucoma was observed in 15 (6.1%) of the patients with vernal kerato-conjunctivitis. Steroid-induced glaucoma was significantly associated with prolonged duration of corticosteroids and high potency corticosteroid use (p&amp;#60;0.05). Steroid-induced glaucoma is one of the common complications of injudicious and long-term use of topical corticosteroids particularly high potency steroids. Approximately one-third of the patients on treatment for vernal kerato-conjunctivitis are corticosteroid responders. High potency steroids and prolonged use of steroids are factors associated with steroid-induced glaucoma.

Increased risk of open-angle glaucoma in non-smoking women with obstructive pattern of spirometric tests

To investigate differences in the prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) between different pulmonary function types. A population-based, cross-sectional analysis was conducted using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2008 to 2011. A total of 8941 subjects ≥ 40 years of age were analyzed. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was defined as the ratio between first second of forced expiration (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) below 70%. The prevalence of glaucoma, as defined by the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology, was the main outcome. OAG was more prevalent in women with COPD (8.0% vs. 4.8% normal, P = 0.001) compared to women with normal pulmonary function. Intraocular pressure (IOP) of women with COPD were 13.3 (0.2) mmHg (13.9 (0.1) mmHg for normal function, P = 0.182). Never-smokers were more prevalent in women with COPD and glaucoma (92.9% vs. 52.4% normal function; P < 0.001). COPD was found to increase the risk of glaucoma in women (OR 2.077, P = 0.017) and even further in non-smoking women (OR 2.711, P = 0.003). Women with COPD showed a higher glaucoma prevalence despite similar IOP in comparison to women with normal pulmonary function. Non-smoking COPD is significantly associated with open-angle glaucoma in women.

Risk factors for late presentation among glaucoma patients attending three referral hospitals in South-East Nigeria: case–control study

Late presentation in glaucoma has been associated with rapid deterioration of visual fields and blindness even with good and effective treatment options. Glaucoma prevalence and risk of blindness is higher among the Igbo tribe, who dominate the Eastern part of Nigeria, hence the focus of this study in this area to determine modifiable risks for late presentation in glaucoma. This was an observational, hospital-based, comparative study at three tertiary hospitals. All eligible, consenting participants were examined and researcher-recorded questionnaire administered. Data was entered, validated and imported into Stata version 15.0; appropriate descriptive measures of central tendencies were presented with tables and maps. Univariate, multiple logistic regression and pairwise correlation analysis identified statistically significant risks at p-value of <0.05. 303 participants were enrolled with a mean (SD) age of 56.58 (15.63) years. The adjusted odds of presenting late were found to be 57% lower among females (CI 0.27 to 0.69), 1.73 times higher with each year increase (CI 1.42 to 2.11) and 2.31 times among hypertensives (CI 1.39 to 3.85). There were reduced adjusted odds ratio; 0.55 for participants living in urban areas compared to rural (p 0.02) and 0.52 for those who have heard about glaucoma prior to diagnosis (p 0.01). Increasing age, male sex, rural and non-awareness of glaucoma are identified risk for late presentation. Community-based health promotion activities can be explored to bridge this gap through targeted and cost-effective approaches involving existing health-care delivery systems.

Epidemiology of glaucoma in Burkina Faso: Determination of the prevalence and circulating glaucomatous phenotypes in Ouagadougou

Glaucoma encompasses a particular set of degenerative diseases of the optic nerve which may have predisposing genetic factors. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and phenotypes of primary glaucoma encountered in the population. This was a cross-sectional study carried out on retrospective data from three healthcare centers in the city of Ouagadougou between 2012 and 2020. Data collection was carried out using patient records. The population receiving diagnostic glaucoma examinations in the 3 healthcare centers during the study period consisted of 13,378 patients, of which 50.55% were female. The general prevalence of patients with primary glaucoma was 4.04% (or 540 patients). Primary open-angle glaucoma (80.37%), congenital glaucoma (15.74%) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (3.89%) were identified in the study population. Glaucoma is a public health problem in Burkina Faso. It is often diagnosed in the late stages because of its insidious progression. In a developing country, effort must bealso made to equip and increase the number of healthcare centers. In addition, efforts must be made to raise awareness, and to develop and popularize molecular biologic techniques for early detection in order to provide patients with appropriate care.

High Prevalence of Glaucoma among Patients in an Onchocerciasis Endemic Area (Mahenge, Tanzania).

Onchocerciasis is known to cause skin lesions and blindness, but there is also epidemiological evidence that onchocerciasis is associated with epilepsy, including nodding syndrome. We carried out ocular exams in persons with epilepsy in Mahenge, an onchocerciasis endemic area with a high prevalence of epilepsy in Tanzania. We recruited 278 consecutive persons with epilepsy attending the epilepsy clinic at Mahenge hospital and satellite clinics in rural villages. They underwent a general physical and a detailed ocular examination and were tested for onchocerciasis Ov16 IgG4 antibodies. Glaucoma was defined by a raised intraocular pressure above 21 mmHg with evidence of typical glaucomatous disc changes in one or both eyes. Among the 278 participants, median age 27 (IQR 21–38) years, 55.4% were female; 151/210 (71.9%) (95% CI: 65.3–77.9) were Ov16 positive. The most frequent ophthalmic lesions were glaucoma (33.1%), vitreous opacities (6.5%) and cataracts (2.9%). In multivariate analysis, glaucoma (adjusted IRR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.24–1.70) and age (adjusted IRR = 1.01; 95% CI: 1.01–1.02) were significantly associated with onchocerciasis. In conclusion, a high prevalence of glaucoma was observed among Ov16 positive persons with epilepsy. Persons with epilepsy with O. volvulus infection should undergo screening for glaucoma to prevent one of the causes of preventable blindness.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study From North India.

BackgroundGlaucoma is a category of disorders that cause visual loss due to damage to the optic nerve. It is the primary cause of irreversible blindness around the globe. In diabetic individuals, intraocular pressure (IOP) was found to be higher than in non-diabetics, and this impact was linked to a rise in fasting blood glucose levels. In light of the foregoing findings, the current investigation was carried out with the goal of determining the prevalence and associated factors for primary open-angle glaucoma in people with diabetes in a tertiary care teaching hospital.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital. For a twelve-month period (2021-2022), adult patients (with type 2 diabetes and an age of 18 years or more) attending the ophthalmology out patient department (OPD) were included. Demographic information, socioeconomic data, and medical, familial, and ocular history were all gathered. All individuals with diabetes had an initial ophthalmological evaluation [including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, assessment of peripheral anterior chamber depth (ACD), fundus examination, stereoscopic optic disc evaluation, and IOP measurement] by a senior ophthalmologist. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to compare variables on a nominal scale, whereas the t-test for independent samples was used to examine variables on a continuous scale.ResultsOur study enrolled a total of 1262 diabetic patients out of which 62.0% of subjects were male. Most of the enrolled subjects belonged to the 61-70 years of age group (35.8%). The eye examination of enrolled subjects showed that out of 1262 diabetic patients, 197 subjects (15.6%) were having primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The vision (in the better eye) was analyzed among three groups [no glaucoma or sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR); only glaucoma; and glaucoma plus STDR] and it was observed that no perception of light (PL) was noticed in 0.2% and 1.2% of subjects in the “no glaucoma or STDR” and “only glaucoma” groups respectively. In our study, the variables significantly associated with the increased prevalence of glaucoma among diabetic subjects included illiteracy, family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), being hypertensive, non-intake of anti-hypertensive medication, and >10 years duration of DM (p<0.05).ConclusionFrom our study, we came to the conclusion that there is clear-cut evidence of an increased incidence of POAG in diabetic patients, which was 15.6%. The study also showed a significant association between age, education, diet, hypertension, family history of diabetes and duration of diabetes, and; POAG. However, no significant association was found between gender and POAG.

Prevalence of glaucoma among patients attending Buluk Eye Centre, Juba, South Sudan: a one-year study

Introduction: Glaucoma remains the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Early detection and treatment play a key role in glaucoma management. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of glaucoma among patients attending the eye clinic at Buluk Eye Centre from 1st January to 31st December 2017.&#x0D; Method: This study was a cross-sectional retrospective study using data extracted from the registration cards of patients at Buluk Eye Centre from 1st of January 2017 to 31st of December 2017. A datasheet was used to collect the relevant variables including demographic variables. Data were entered, organized and analysed using SPSS version 21 [IBM SPSS Statistics] and p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.&#x0D; Results: The studied population was 16,727 patients (33,454 eyes) seen, age range from 7 months to 90 years, (mean 56.7, SD 14.7). There were 63% females and 37% males, ratio of 1.7:1 (p&lt;0.05). Glaucoma accounted for 2.3% of diseases seen with p&lt;0.05. Females (58%) were more affected than males (42%), with age group 46-60 years being the most affected (36.9% p&lt;0.05). Most of the patients (71.9%) had visual acuity of less than 3/60 in both eyes (p&lt;0.05). The highest proportion of glaucoma cases (29.4%) presented in July to September, with the least (21.2%) from January to March. Most of the glaucoma cases (39%) originated from Central Equatoria and the least (1%) from Abyei.&#x0D; Conclusion: Glaucoma remains a significant cause of severe sight loss in South Sudan, particularly affecting females and those aged 45-60 years.

A Narrative Review of the Association between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Glaucoma in Adults.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder, primarily of the upper airway, which not only has a significant impact on quality of life but is also associated with various systemic diseases. Several ophthalmological diseases are also associated with OSA, especially glaucoma. The purpose of this review is to take a closer look at the causality and mutual influence. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed. A total of 19 studies with 316,178 adult participants were included. Results: Eleven of the sixteen studies concentrating on the prevalence of glaucoma in patients with OSA showed an association of both entities. One paper found a higher risk for progression of glaucoma in OSA patients. Five of the sixteen included studies failed to show a correlation between OSA and glaucoma. One study out of three surveying specific ophthalmological parameters showed an influence of OSA therapy on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning and vision. One study showed a rise in intraocular pressure (IOP), while two other studies showed no increase under continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Conclusions: Our findings suggest an association between OSA and glaucoma and, especially, between OSA and thinning of RNFL. CPAP therapy appears to be also suitable for patients with comorbid glaucoma.

The profile of patients with secondary glaucoma

To date, there have been no studies in the Russian Federation analyzing the territorial prevalence of secondary glaucoma (SG). The reasons for this lie in the specifics of providing epidemiological reports on the incidence of this pathology, staff shortage in the budgetary health care system, lack of clinical interest of researchers in thisт form of the disease, for example due to the severity of its course, etc. At the same time, secondary glaucoma is one of the most severe glaucoma forms, which tends to progress and is difficult to treat with drugs or surgery. The high occurrence of SG (6–22%) worldwide and the risk of losing visual function make it important to continue studying this pathology. The varying occurrence of SG is determined by numerous factors, such as etiology of the disease, demographic and territorial features of the region, educational level, cultural and economic characteristics, patients' awareness and competence. The level of ophthalmologic services, such as qualification of the attending physicians, and the types of glaucoma surgeries that can be performed in the region also play an important role. Considering the relevance of this problem, the aim of this literature review is to determine the epidemiological characteristics of the disease in patients with secondary glaucoma.

Late-onset glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery: Occurrence, visual acuity and risk factors: A 37-year longitudinal follow-up.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of late-onset glaucoma after surgery for congenital cataract in a cohort with long-term follow-up and to evaluate visual development following the diagnosis of postoperative glaucoma in comparison with no glaucoma development. All children born between 1980 and 1997 in the western counties of Sweden who had undergone congenital cataract surgery were included (patients n=77, eyes n=122). Cataract was considered congenital if there was no proof of clear lens at birth. Medical records were reviewed with regard to onset of glaucoma, age at surgery, surgical technique, coexisting eye anomalies and changes in visual acuity. Glaucoma was considered late onset if occurring after 1year following surgery. Total glaucoma prevalence was 14.8%, including late (10.7%) and early onset (4.1%), with a mean follow-up of 23.2 ± 6.6 years. Microphthalmos was a significant risk factor for developing glaucoma (RR 7.75, p < 0.001). Bilaterally treated eyes had a mean visual acuity of 0.43 ± 0.33 (decimal value) at the last follow-up. With glaucoma, mean visual acuity was 0.19 ± 0.17 (decimal value). Treated eyes of patients with unilateral cataract surgery had a lower visual acuity. Life-long follow-up of all patients who have undergone surgery for congenital cataract in childhood is recommended. Annual check-ups of adults, including measurements of IOP and visual acuity, are recommended for patients with microphthalmos and/or who had surgery <3months of age.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Glaucoma Following Pediatric Cataract Surgery with Primary Implantation in Tertiary Eye Hospital, Bangladesh

Background: Glaucoma is a typical side effect of juvenile cataract surgery. According to various research, it seems to have a bimodal occurrence. In Bangladesh, these difficulties constitute a hardship. Objective: In this study our main aim is to evaluate the prevalence and Risk Factors of Glaucoma Following Pediatric Cataract Surgery with Primary Implantation in Tertiary Eye Hospital. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out at tertiary eye hospital, Bangladesh from August 2021 to June 2022. Where a total of 200 children who underwent unilateral or bilateral cataract surgery with primary IOL implantation in the first year of their life. All eyes presenting with an isolated cataract or an anterior form of persistence of fetal vasculature not requiring posterior vitrectomy or a moderate microphthalmia allowing primary IOL implantation and with a follow-up of &gt;1year were included in the study. Results: During the study, 70% were female and majority were belong to 7-12 years age group, 55%. According to Intraoperative, and Postoperative Characteristics of study group where bilateral cataract was seen in 45% cases followed by 49% cases were capsular bag, 37% cases were sulcus, 46% used trypan bag. Comparing the SG group to the group that did not develop glaucoma, follow-up time was longer (mean 7,5 vs 5.6 years, P&lt;.001), age at surgery was lower (mean 4 vs 5.0 years; P¼.045), reintervention was more frequent (P&lt;.001), and trypan blue was used more frequently (P¼.008). In univariate analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of SG: axial length&lt;16.5 mm, bilateral cataract, perioperative use of trypan blue, additional surgical procedures, and younger age at surgery. Conclusion: We may infer that the risk of SG increases with time, and that SG appears to have a bimodal occurrence, with an estimated linear incidence rate each year. Follow-up should begin quickly after surgery and last for a long time, and clinicians ......