Prevalence Of Different Types Research Articles

Egyptian youth and eating disorders: a cross-sectional study on prevalence and contributing factors

BackgroundEating disorders (EDs) are complex mental health conditions with significant implications for the physical and psychological well-being of youth. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of eating disorders among a sample of Egyptian youth and explore the association between anxiety, social support, and sociodemographic characteristics with eating disorder behaviors.ResultsThe findings revealed a significant prevalence of eating disorders among the youth participants, with 13.3% meeting the diagnostic criteria. Bulimia Nervosa was the most commonly diagnosed eating disorder, affecting 8.4% of the participants, followed by 1.4% experiencing Binge Eating Disorder. No cases of Anorexia Nervosa were reported. There were no statistically significant sex differences in the prevalence of different types of eating disorders. Higher body mass index (BMI) values and greater anxiety levels were associated with an increased likelihood of having an eating disorder.ConclusionsThis study highlights a significant prevalence of eating disorders among Egyptian youth, with Bulimia Nervosa being the most common type. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and support systems to address the mental health challenges faced by Egyptian youth and promote healthy relationships with food and body image.

Prevalence of Different Types of Eating Disorder in Different Endurance Sports and its Impact on Performance: A Narrative Review

Endurance sports have shown prominent effects in aerobic capacity, cardio-protection, prevention or treatment of diabetic mellitus, athletic body composition and bone density. Despite of these positive effects, these sports may leads to risk factor of eating disorder. It has been found in several studies that athletes are more prone to eating disorder (ED) than the non athletic population. Thus the aim and objective of this review is to critically analyze the literature to evaluate different types of eating disorder among athletes and its impact on their performance among endurance athletes. The significance of this review is to provide information about further exploration in eating disorder athletes so that it may hopefully help clinicians and physiotherapist in planning individualized exercise programs that would be beneficial at improving outcomes in these sports person. Result suggested that antigravitational sports are at higher risk of ED when compared with endurance sports whereas endurance sports athletes are at more risk when compared with ball sports or triathletes. It has be also found out that initially ED may result in performance but later it will leads to low performance because athletes with EDs will physiological and psychological disorders. KEYWORDS: Eating Disorder OR Anorexia OR Bulimia OR Endurance Sports OR Athlete OR Performance

Prevalence of different types of surgery in Rheumatoid arthritis patients: A study based on registry data of Rheumatologic clinic, Rafsanjan 2022

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that can affect many organs, and due to its systemic nature, it seems that some types of surgeries are more prevalent in this disease. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of different types of surgery in RA patients. This retrospective study using the RA registry was performed on 639 RA patients in the rheumatology clinic of Rafsanjan, Iran, 2022. All patients fulfilled the ACR/EULAR 2010 classification criteria for RA. Demographic information, clinical parameters, laboratory information, surgical history, and surgery time were collected from the medical records. The sample comprises 555 (86.9%) women and 84 (13.1%) men. The average age was 55.08 ± 12.52, and the mean duration of the disease was 7.32 ± 5.94. There was a history of at least one surgery in 252 (39.4%) patients. The prevalence of gastrointestinal, gynecological, orthopedic, eye, ear, nose, and throat, cardiovascular and urological surgeries was 18%, 16.4%, 9.2%, 8.3%, 3.9%, 0.9% and 0.9%, respectively. There were 69.8% of eye surgeries and 57.6% of orthopedic surgeries after disease diagnosis; other surgeries were more prevalent before the diagnosis. The average age (58.16 ± 11.89 vs. 53.07 ± 12.53, P-value < 0.001) and body mass index (29.65 ± 5.68 vs 28.63 ± 5.56, P-value = 0.025) were higher in participants with surgery than those with no surgery. The most prevalent surgeries were gastrointestinal, gynecological, and orthopedic surgeries, and Cardiovascular and urological surgeries were the least. The mean age and body mass index in patients with surgery were significantly higher than those without surgery. Also, physical activity was significantly lower in the participants with surgery.

Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation to estimate the prevalence of palatogingival groove in the maxillary anterior teeth and its radiographic characteristics: An institutional retrospective study.

The purpose of the study was to radiographically evaluate the prevalence of palatogingival groove (PG) in the East Indian population in the maxillary anterior teeth in different genders, its unilateral/bilateral presentation, classified based on its radiographic characteristics, to determine the prevalence of different types, which could help in future treatment planning. The design of the study was a retrospective study. Analysis of 429 maxillary anterior teeth (144 central incisors, 145 lateral incisors, and 139 canines) in 72 cone-beam computed tomography scans was done (31 males and 41 females, mean age 27.3 ± 7.63). Demographic details of patients and characteristics of PG, i.e. location, extension, depth, and type, were recorded. The presence of alveolar bone loss and periapical pathology was noted. An overall prevalence of PG was found to be 2.33% (n = 10), with PG being detected in 2 (1.388%) central incisors, 8 (5.51%) lateral incisors, and 0 (0%) canines. Eight of the patients had a unilateral presence, while one patient reported with bilateral presence, implying a significantly higher predilection of unilateral occurrence (P = 0.02). The prevalence was found to be higher in females (n = 8). The teeth were categorized as either having Type I (6 teeth), Type II (3 teeth), or Type III (1 teeth). Three of the 10 PGs were present in the mesial, six in the mid-palatal, and one in the distal portion of the palatal surface. The prevalence of PG in the maxillary incisors in this cohort is 2.33%. The maxillary lateral incisors are the most affected teeth. Unilateral presentation is more common.

The epidemiological profile of temporomandibular joint disorders in the Tunisian population: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the prevalence, signs, and symptoms of different types of TMD (Temporomandibular joint disorders) disorders in Tunisian patients. MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the clinical records of patients from the Department of Functional Exploration, Pain, and Orofacial Dysfunction of the Dental Clinic of Monastir. ResultsTMD is associated with a female predominance, with a peak prevalence among those aged between 20 and 40 years. Pain and a limited range of motion were significantly more prevalent in women (p = 0.019 and p = 0.012, respectively). Clicking sounds were the most frequent joint noises (38.2 %). Crepitus was more prevalent among older adults (33 %). Of the different types of TMD, disk displacement with reduction was the most prevalent (n = 216, 39 %). Sleep bruxism was more prevalent than awake bruxism (20.7 % VS 9.5 %). Due to the heterogeneous TMD signs and symptoms, patients tend to seek medical attention from various specialties (e.g. neurology and otolaryngology). ConclusionThe prevalence of different types of TMD, and the different signs and symptoms varied depending on sociodemographic characteristics, such as sex, age and lifestyle. Diagnosis is challenging and TMD may be confused with other orofacial pain conditions.

Demographic Profile of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Anomaly: 15-year Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital and Teaching Institute in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is considered to be a congenital defect involving the orofacial region. This defect affects the esthetics, speech as well and psychological well-being of a person. The study was performed to analyze the prevalence of different types of cleft deformity reported in a tertiary care hospital which would aid in spreading awareness and thereby reducing the prevalence of this congenital defect. To study the demographic profile of patients with CLP in the Wardha region. A single-center retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. The patients with cleft deformity report under the "Smile Train Project" under the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics along with the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. The data retrieved included the name of the patient, age, gender, residential address, contact details, and type of cleft. This data was segregated focusing on the gender and type of cleft as per the concern of this study. The datasets were then entered in the Microsoft Excel sheet and the statistical graphical representation was done using Microsoft PowerPoint. In the present study we tried to find out the profile of CLP in the local population. We reported the high prevalence of this orofacial deformity among the population of this area. The data from the present study will help to provide a deeper insight into the burden of CLP anomaly. Based on the data obtained from the present study, future research can be conducted, and cleft-care improvement outcomes can be measured. There are several etiological factors that are responsible for the development of CLP. Also, due to a lack of awareness regarding this, there is an increased prevalence of this defect. In India, due to a lack of knowledge regarding cleft anomaly, poverty, and social stigma, many patients do not report to the hospitals, and hence, there is a need to spread awareness which would encourage people to access the healthcare facilities at an early age and would reduce the complications in later stages. Shivlani VI, Niranjane PP, Diagavane PS, et al. Demographic Profile of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Anomaly: 15-year Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital and Teaching Institute in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-3):S278-S282.

Exploring the Incidences Behind Childhood Maltreatment in Childhood and its Association with the Prevalence of Depression and PTSD in Teenagers

The exploration of childhood trauma and its profound impact on the mental health of teenagers has garnered increasing attention in contemporary research. This study delves into the incidences of childhood trauma and investigates its association with the prevalence of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents. Childhood trauma, encompassing experiences such as abuse, neglect, or witnessing domestic violence, can imprint lasting psychological effects, particularly during the vulnerable teenage years. In a very literal sense, childhood trauma refers to highly distressing and adverse experiences that occur during an individual’s formative years, typically before the age of 18. These experiences can have profound and lasting effects on a person’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. Childhood trauma can have far-reaching consequences, influencing various aspects of a person’s life, including their mental health, relationships, and overall well-being. This research study involves a comprehensive examination of the prevalence of different types of childhood trauma within the teenage population, utilizing validated assessment tools and surveys. The study aims to enlist the correlation between specific traumatic experiences and the manifestation of depression and PTSD symptoms. Through this exploration, the research seeks to contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding the intricate interplay between adverse childhood experiences and mental health outcomes during adolescence.

A cross-sectional analysis of prevalence of dental anomalies by CBCT images: An institutional-based retrospective study

Abstract Aim: To determine the prevalence of different types of dental anomalies using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images among the Al-Hasa population in Saudi Arabia and compare these variables between genders and nationalities. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study involving 509 CBCT images, in which patients were grouped based on their gender and nationality. The presence of dental anomalies was determined through the evaluation of CBCT images. Version 28 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was utilized to analyze the data, chi-square tests and multivariate analysis of variance were used, and P value was fixed at ≤0.05. Results: Out of the 509 CBCT images reviewed, a total of 135 patients (26.5%) exhibited one or more dental anomalies. Impacted canines had the highest prevalence among all types of impacted teeth, with a rate of 9.2%. Impacted premolars and molars (excluding third molars) had a lower prevalence of 2.6% and 1.2%, respectively. Impacted incisors had the lowest prevalence of 0.8%. Among dental anomalies affecting the number, position, and shape of teeth, the prevalence rates are as follows: congenitally missing teeth (6.7%), supernumerary teeth (2.2%), dilaceration (8.1%), microdontia (3.1%), ectopic eruption (2.6%), rotation (1.8%), and transposition (0.2%). Conclusions: The prevalence of dental anomalies is relatively high, with impacted canines being the most prevalent impacted teeth excluding third molars, whereas dilaceration was the most common anomaly affecting the shape of teeth. The prevalence of anomalies did not differ significantly between genders, except for rotation. Additionally, there was no significant difference reported in nationalities.

Risk Factors Associated With Bullying in Context of a Territory Exposed to Armed Conflict: A Cross-sectional Study.

School violence and bullying are current and problematic events during adolescence. They are likely to have a marked presence in places highly exposed to armed conflict and violent environments, representing a double public health problem. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of different types of school violence perpetrated and experienced by school adolescents in a community with a history of exposure to armed conflict. Two thousand one hundred eighty-five school adolescents from a municipality in Colombia (males = 54.1%, 14-16 years = 38.6%) participated in the study. Nine educational institutions were included. A systematic random sampling was designed, with a proportional allocation of 35% within each school year from sixth to eleventh grade. The School Coexistence and Circumstances Affecting it-ECECA survey was applied. The prevalence and risks of bully and bullying were estimated. RRa were calculated with the 95% confidence interval adjusted for the other confounding variables. Analyses were constructed from generalized linear models, under the Poisson family and a logarithmic link function. We found a 9.3% of bullying victimization and a 3.5% prevalence of bully. A higher risk of bully was found among males, persons between 10 and 14 years of age, residents of rural or urban dispersed areas, residents of violent neighborhoods, alcohol consumers at school, and victims of aggression in childhood (RRa > 1.0, p-values <.05). The risk of victimization of bullying was higher in students younger than 15 years old, as residents of urban areas, having a history of childhood aggression, suffering abuse by a close person, and as alcohol users at school. This study provides evidence of risk factors for aggression and bullying that have implications for possible prevention measures in multiple social domains, including the individual, the family, and the school environment.

The Novel Porcine Parvoviruses: Current State of Knowledge and Their Possible Implications in Clinical Syndromes in Pigs.

Parvoviruses (PVs) affect various animal species causing different diseases. To date, eight different porcine parvoviruses (PPV1 through PPV8) are recognized in the swine population, all of which are distributed among subfamilies and genera of the Parvoviridae family. PPV1 is the oldest and is recognized as the primary agent of SMEDI, while the rest of the PPVs (PPV2 through PPV8) are called novel PPVs (nPPVs). The pathogenesis of nPPVs is still undefined, and whether these viruses are putative disease agents is unknown. Structurally, the PPVs are very similar; the differences occur mainly at the level of their genomes (ssDNA), where there is variation in the number and location of the coding genes. Additionally, it is considered that the genome of PVs has mutation rates similar to those of ssRNA viruses, that is, in the order of 10-5-10-4 nucleotide/substitution/year. These mutations manifest mainly in the VP protein, constituting the viral capsid, affecting virulence, tropism, and viral antigenicity. For nPPVs, mutation rates have already been established that are similar to those already described; however, within this group of viruses, the highest mutation rate has been reported for PPV7. In addition to the mutations, recombinations are also reported, mainly in PPV2, PPV3, and PPV7; these have been found between strains of domestic pigs and wild boars and in a more significant proportion in VP sequences. Regarding affinity for cell types, nPPVs have been detected with variable prevalence in different types of organs and tissues; this has led to the suggestion that they have a broad tropism, although proportionally more have been found in lung and lymphoid tissue such as spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. Regarding their epidemiology, nPPVs are present on all continents (except PPV8, only in Asia), and within pig farms, the highest prevalences detecting viral genomes have been seen in the fattener and finishing groups. The relationship between nPPVs and clinical manifestations has been complicated to establish. However, there is already some evidence that establishes associations. One of them is PPV2 with porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), where causality tests (PCR, ISH, and histopathology) lead to proposing the PPV2 virus as a possible agent involved in this syndrome. With the other nPPVs, there is still no clear association with any pathology. These have been detected in different systems (respiratory, reproductive, gastrointestinal, urinary, and nervous), and there is still insufficient evidence to classify them as disease-causing agents. In this regard, nPPVs (except PPV8) have been found to cause porcine reproductive failure (PRF), with the most prevalent being PPV4, PPV6, and PPV7. In the case of PRDC, nPPVs have also been detected, with PPV2 having the highest viral loads in the lungs of affected pigs. Regarding coinfections, nPPVs have been detected in concurrence in healthy and sick pigs, with primary PRDC and PRF viruses such as PCV2, PCV3, and PRRSV. The effect of these coinfections is not apparent; it is unknown whether they favor the replication of the primary agents, the severity of the clinical manifestations, or have no effect. The most significant limitation in the study of nPPVs is that their isolation has been impossible; therefore, there are no studies on their pathogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. For all of the above, it is necessary to propose basic and applied research on nPPVs to establish if they are putative disease agents, establish their effect on coinfections, and measure their impact on swine production.

Prevalence and associated factors of domestic violence among women attending primary healthcare centres in Kuwait: A cross-sectional study.

Domestic violence (DV) against women is a global problem. Its prevalence varies from region to region. Almost one-third of women are victims of DV worldwide. Various forms of violence against women have been identified, including physical, sexual, psychological, economic violence, and husband-controlling behaviour. The study was designed to estimate the prevalence of different types of DV among women attending primary healthcare (PHC) centres in Kuwait. We conducted a multicentre crosssectional study among married or previously married women aged 18 to 65 years, attending the selected PHC centres over 29 months (February 2017 to June 2019). The inclusion criteria were married or previously married women aged 18-65 years, while certain groups such as never-married females, severely ill individuals, and those refusing to participate were excluded. 337 A comprehensive questionnaire covering the general characteristics of the participating women, exposure to different types of domestic violence, family characteristics, and husband characteristics. 337 women (56.1%) out of 601 were exposed to one or more types of DV. By type of violence, 255 women (42.4%) were exposed to psychological violence, 211 (35.1%) were exposed to physical violence, 173 (28.8%) were exposed to sexual violence, and 249 (41.4%) were exposed to economic violence. Having controlling behaviours was a significant predictor of exposure to all types of DV (P-value < 0.001). DV is a hidden problem that is still under-reported in Kuwait. We conclude that health professionals in different healthcare settings in Kuwait should be encouraged to document DV cases and conduct comprehensive surveys to disclose the nature and extent of the problem.

Prevalence of Aphthous Stomatitis: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study.

Introduction Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common ulcer of idiopathic etiology but is recurrent, causing painful ulcers in the non-keratinized mucosa. The disease is commonly seen in people aged 10-40 years. The etiology of RAS has yet to be well established, but several risk factors that lead to the development of RAS have been proven in the literature. With an unknown etiology, developing a definitive cure and maintaining disease remission remains challenging. An epidemiological survey will shed some light on the disease's prevalence, which could provide insights into disease management. This study aimed to study the prevalence of aphthous stomatitis among the patients visiting the dental outpatient services of a dental college in South India. The objectives were to discover the different subtypes of aphthous stomatitis and the age predominance of the type of ulcer. Materials and methods The data was collected from the case records of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India, dated from June 2019 to June 2023. The age and gender of the patients with RAS were recorded. The details collected were systematically arranged in an Excel sheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United States) and further analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0 (Released 2016; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) and chi-square tests were run to check for statistical significance. Results A total of1,44,056 patients visited the Dental OPD during the study period. Of these, 1115 patients had RAS. When the data was analyzed, there was a three-fold increase in the occurrence of RAS during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which was statistically significant (p=0.043). The most commonly affected age group was 26-40 years. Among the clinical variants of RAS, it was found that 82.5% of RAS patients had a minor variant of aphthous stomatitis. Conclusion This study shows the prevalence of different types of aphthous stomatitis, wherein we noticed that the minor clinical variant was the most common, followed by the major variant. The lesions were more commonly seen in women. However, the age group most commonly affected was 26-40 years.

Abstract 12039: Association Between Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Study

Background: Strokes are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Low platelet counts are a known risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke, but the association between idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and different types of strokes remains unclear. Objective: To investigate the impact of ITP on the prevalence of different types of strokes using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. Methods: We analyzed data from 382,170,108 patients, including 535,602 patients with ITP, from the NIS database. We compared the prevalence of hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic strokes between patients with and without ITP. Results: From 2005 to 2014, hemorrhagic stroke occurred in 0.7% to 1.6% of ITP patients compared to 0.4% to 0.6% of patients without ITP. The odds ratio for hemorrhagic stroke in ITP patients was 1.75-2.19, with a statistically significant association in all ten years. Multivariate analysis adjusted for gender, age, race, and hypertension confirmed the positive association between ITP and hemorrhagic stroke across all ten years. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence of a positive association between ITP and hemorrhagic stroke, highlighting the need for increased vigilance in managing patients with ITP. The findings have important implications for clinical practice and suggest the need for further studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this association.

Exploring the influence of climatic variables on mycobiome composition and community diversity in lichens: insights from structural equation modeling analysis

BackgroundLichens are symbiotic organisms composed of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, which are key ecological bioindicators due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. The endolichenic fungi (ELF) living inside lichen thalli, are an important but understudied component of playing crucial ecological roles such as nutrient cycling and protection against environmental stressors. Therefore ELF community investigation is vital for fostering sustainable ecosystems and leveraging their ecological benefits. Deciphering the intricate relationships between ELF and their lichen hosts, alongside the influence of environmental factors on these communities, presents a significant challenge in pinpointing the underlying drivers of community structure and diversity.ResultsOur research demonstrated that locational factors were the main drivers of the ELF community structure, rather than host haplotype. Several climatic factors affected the diversity of the ELF community and contributed to the prevalence of different types of fungal residents within the ELF community. A decrease in isothermality was associated with a greater prevalence of pathotrophic and saprotrophic fungi within the ELF community, resulting in an overall increase in community diversity. By conducting a structural equation modeling analysis, we identified a robust link between climatic variables, fungal trophic mode abundance, and the species diversity of the ELF community.ConclusionThis study’s discoveries emphasize the significance of examining climate-related factors when investigating ELF’s structure and function. The connection between fungi and climate is intricate and complex, and can be influenced by various other factors. Investigating the potential for ELF to adapt to changing climatic conditions, as well as the potential effects of changes in ELF communities on lichen function, would be valuable research areas. We anticipate that our research results will establish a basis for numerous future ELF research projects and have a significant impact on the field.

Prevalence of different types of interproximal contacts in the permanent dentition - a study cast evaluation.

A new classification called OXIS was proposed for categorizing the interproximal contacts of primary molars, modified for the primary canines and its prevalence was established. No such information is available for the permanent dentition. Hence, the aim was to establish the variations in interproximal contacts of the permanent dentition and thereby modify the OXIS classification of primary molars and primary canines to the permanent dentition. We propose a study-cast-based classification of interproximal contacts of the permanent dentition. Three hundred and forty-three pretreatment casts of patients based on an inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Contacts of posterior teeth were classified based on OXIS classification of interproximal contacts, and its modification was used for anterior teeth. Among the posterior contacts, the 'O' type of contact was least prevalent, while most prevalent was the 'S' type for second molar-first molar contact, 'I' type for the first molar-second premolar contact, and 'X' type for the second premolar-first premolar contact. Among the anterior contacts, least prevalent was 'S1' type for the first premolar-canine contact, and I type for the canine-lateral incisor and the lateral incisor-central incisor contacts. There was no statistical significance between right- and left-side contacts ( P > 0.05) while significance was seen between maxillary and mandibular contacts ( P < 0.05). Similarity of contacts ranged from 5.17% to 10.05%. The OXIS classification is applicable to posterior permanent teeth, and its modification is representative of anterior permanent teeth.

Study of the role of various diagnostic methods in patients with benign and neoplastic cervical diseases

Introduction. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasias that have been recognized as a precursor of squamous cell carcinoma are subject to active detection for the purpose of eradication. Human papillomavirus (HPV) exposure of women is the major risk factor for carcinogenesis, which is a necessary part for the formation of a pre-tumour and malignant phenotype. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasias that precede the development of squamous cell carcinoma should be actively detected and treated early. The identification of patients with HPV is an important part of subsequent therapies. Inosine pranobex is used as one of the components of the treatment of HPV-associated diseases.Aim. To study the role of various diagnostic methods in patients with benign and neoplastic cervical processes.Materials and methods. The study included 311 women who were 21–64 years old. Colposcopy, cytological examination, HPV testing, preliminary biopsy, cervical excise with histological evaluation of tissue sampling were carried out.Results. HPV 16 was more often detected in a malignant tumour and CIN 3; HPV type 31 and 33 were more often detected in CIN 2 and CIN 3; HPV type 18 was detected in almost all patient with CIN, and malignant and benign neoplastic disorders in preliminary biopsy, that was not typical of results of the excision. In excision CIN 1 were confirmed in 17.07%, CIN 2 in 31.88%, CIN 3 in 66.67%. Preliminary results of benign process in 6.67% turned out to be CIN 1, and in 6.67% – CIN 2, that confirms the need for a comprehensive evaluation. Studies of prevalence of various types of HPV showed that the established sequence of recommended tests, which consists of extended colposcopy, cytology and identification of HPV types, if necessary, does not always correspond to the biopsy results and histological findings on cervical excision specimens. According to our sources, the final result can be determined after excision procedure of cervical tissue and histological examination of the tissue obtained.Conclusion. No strong correlations between examination methods and cervical pathology have been revealed. The final diagnosis is made after cervical biopsy. High prevalence of different types of HPV raises the question of need for complex therapy with inclusion the inosine pranobex.

Occlusal Characteristics of The Primary Dentition in Salah Al-Din City

Occlusal characteristics that are found in the primary dentition have a substantial role in the occlusal characteristics which will appear in permanent dentition. Consequently, a good background of Occlusal characteristics in children is substantial for dental practitioners. Use an observational, cross-sectional study on selected children randomly in Salah Al-Din to define the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in the group of Salah Al-Din's children. Objective: Collecting more data and information about the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in a group of Salah Al-Din's children. Methods: In randomly form selected 413 children between 3 and 6 years old from Salah Al-Din governorate as the sample. Under natural daylight or room light, the examination was done on all children to observe needed characteristics with the inclusion criteria. Prevalence of different types of terminal plane, primary canine relationship, anterior and posterior crossbite overjet, overbite, and primate spaces of the primary dentition were estimated. In the terminal plane we see that the flush terminal plane is the most prevalent type (63.20%). In a primary canine relationship, Class I was the most common type (80.39%). The ideal form of overjet was most common (88.86%). The most common form of overbite was the normal overbite (82.32%). Anterior and posterior have low prevalent (3.63%,1.94% respectively). Observed that primate space was present in 71.19% of the upper arch, and 60.05% is the ratio of mandible space. Conclusion: Most of the sample has desirable occlusal characteristics such as Flush terminal plane, Class 1 canine relationship, normal overjet etc., and undesirable occlusal characteristics have low prevalence as anterior open bite, reverse overjet..etc.

Prevalence of Co-Occurring Physical and Mental Health Problems in People with Drug Addiction in Pakistan

Drug addiction is a relapsing, chronic disorder in which drug abusing and compulsive drug-seeking behaviors are prevalent. The objective of the research was to explore the prevalence of different types of drug addictions along with co-occurring physical and mental health problems. Since 2021, a team of Happy Life Psychological Services (HLPS), Pakistan has dealt with 6000 triages and 156 admissions. The sample of the study was 156 participants with drug addiction collected from February 2021 to January 2023. The outcome of the study reflected that male have higher number of drug addiction (78.8%) compared to females and the most common age of drug addiction is middle adults (67.9%). In people with drug addiction, the highly used drug was tobacco (23.41%), the most common mental health problem was anxiety disorders (28.62%), the most common medical comorbidity was Hepatitis B &amp; C (50%), and they had higher level of suicidal thoughts (49.32%). The study recommends nationwide concerted actions to decline the illicit demands of drugs. Mass media, law enforcement, medical practitioners, local communities, NGOs, international agencies, and affected families are the possible stakeholders that should be included to make up strategies to manage the issue of drug addiction in Pakistan.

Sleep in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

SLEEP IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER AND ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: Kanwaljit Singh, Andrew W. Zimmerman Seminars in Pediatric Neurology Volume 22, Issue 2, June 2015, Pages 113-125 Sleep problems are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Sleep problems in these disorders may not only worsen daytime behaviors and core symptoms of ASD and ADHD but also contribute to parental stress levels. Therefore, the presence of sleep problems in ASD and ADHD requires prompt attention and management. This article is presented in 2 sections, one each for ASD and ADHD. First, a detailed literature review about the burden and prevalence of different types of sleep disorders is presented, followed by the pathophysiology and etiology of the sleep problems and evaluation and management of sleep disorders in ASD and ADHD.

Kinship Terminology as a (Still) Significant Anthropological Analytical Category

This paper explains the concept of kinship terminology as an analytical category in anthropology and highlights its importance. Special attention is given to the differences in approach and methodology employed in anthropology compared to comparative philology and historical linguistics when it comes to this type of research. In addition to discussing the typology of kinship terminology systems, the paper addresses current knowledge regarding two longstanding questions: 1. the relationship between kinship terminology and non-linguistic elements (principles of social organisation and kinship behaviour), and 2. historical changes and transformations of kinship terminological systems.&#x0D; From the perspective of contemporary anthropology, when interpreting the prevalence of different types of kinship terminology worldwide, it is necessary to consider and distinguish between two principles of grouping: the ‘principle of propinquity’ and the ‘principle of form.’ The principle of propinquity can be applied when dealing with societies that are linguistically, geographically, and historically connected. When terminologies with the same formal characteristics, including identical rules of kinship classification, exist in geographically, linguistically, and historically distinct and distant societies, the principle of form is applied, which focuses more on logical rather than historical connections between systems.&#x0D; While earlier studies focused on finding logically powerful and empirically efficient analytical means of classification, in recent decades the emphasis has increasingly shifted towards broader social, historical, and cognitive issues and processes. Contemporary approaches to kinship terminology aim to identify and explain variations rather than categorise such systems into one general category or another. Because what matters is not which category fits better, but rather which features can be combined in different ways to form a concrete system in the real world.