Prevalence Rates Range Research Articles

Prevalence of dementia in Colombian populations.

With the gradual increase in the life expectancy of the population due to scientific progress and public health at the service of society, the prevalence of dementia has been increasing at different rates worldwide. Currently, the prevalence rates range between 5% and 7% (6.4% in the U.S. and up to 8.5 % in Latin America) in subjects older than 60 years. The lowest prevalence rate (2.1%) has been reported from sub-Saharan Africa, probably due to selective mortality under 60 years of age. By contrast, a very high prevalence of dementia (23.6% dementia in individuals >60 years) was observed in the city of Neiva, Southern Colombia. We believe that this high rate could be explained by the presence of several risk factors such as very low schooling, low socio-economic strata, chronic diseases, the inclusion of geriatric homes among others, and additional unknown factors.

Transesophageal echocardiography in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke: A systematic review

The clinical utility of routine transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for patients with unexplained ischemic stroke is controversial. We performed a systematic review to determine the frequency of detection of new cardiac findings in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke (IS) undergoing transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of consecutive patients with "cryptogenic" IS undergoing TEE after routine etiologic workup. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: A (< 55 years) and B (≥ 55 years). Outcomes included proportion of patients with new TEE-detected cardiac findings and proportion of patients commenced on oral anticoagulation after TEE. Twenty-seven studies were included (n = 5,653). We identified significant heterogeneity among studies and report a range of prevalence rates and I2 statistic as our primary analysis. Prevalence of individual cardiac findings on TEE varied significantly among studies; patent foramen ovale (A: 12.0%-57.8%, I2 = 89.9%; B: 3.9%-43.5%, I2 = 86.7%), atrial septal aneurysm (A: 0-48.9%, I2 = 91.9%; B: 3.5%-25.0%, I2 = 84.5%), left atrial thrombus (A: 0-10.9%, I2 = 61.1%; B: 0-21.2%, I2 = 91.7%), spontaneous echo contrast (A: 0-11.9%, I2 = 57.2%; B: 0-21.3%, I2 = 89.8%), and aortic atheroma (A: 0-9.6%, I2 = 53.8%; B: 2.8%-44.4%, I2 = 89.7%). Definitions of common findings were not provided for many studies. Five studies (n = 591) reported on the proportion of patients who were commenced on anticoagulant therapy after TEE (range 0-30.7%). Routine TEE in patients with cryptogenic IS identifies cardiac findings in a large proportion. However, there is marked interstudy variation in the definition and prevalence of common findings. Transesophageal echocardiography-detected findings prompted the introduction of anticoagulant therapy in up to one-third of patients. However, these were mostly not for established guideline-based indications based on randomized controlled trial evidence. It is unclear if routine use of TEE in patients with cryptogenic IS is indicated.

A Review of Catheter Related Complications During Minimally Invasive Transcatheter Cardiovascular Intervention with Implications for Catheter Design

The objectives of this study are to identify the most important complications associated with transcatheter cardiovascular intervention and to obtain insights into those complications which are directly related to mechanical interaction between the blood vessel and the catheter, by performing a literature review. Using the insights gained, several generic strategies for improving catheter design to minimize mechanical interaction are proposed, which are aimed at reducing complication prevalence and mortality during transcatheter cardiovascular intervention. Data were gathered from the literature on complications associated with four common transcatheter cardiovascular intervention procedures, including percutaneous coronary intervention, trans-catheter aortic valve implantation and structural heart disease interventions, radiofrequency current ablative cardiac catheterization and endovascular aneurysm repair. To gain insight into the relative importance of each complication and the influence of catheterization, the range of prevalence and mortality rates, from the lowest to the highest, were determined for each procedure considered. Additional insights were obtained by plotting the highest prevalence and mortality rates graphically, while also differentiating between complications which are directly and indirectly or unrelated to mechanical interaction between blood vessels and the catheter. The data revealed that mechanical interaction between endovascular catheters and the blood vessel lumen is one of the most important sources of transcatheter cardiovascular intervention complications. Among the most prevalent mechanically-related complications are vascular trauma, hemorrhage and arterial spasm. Improvements to endovascular catheter design which passively protect against complication occurrence and those that actively prevent the operator from causing harm may help to significantly reduce the prevalence as well as mortality of many transcatheter cardiovascular intervention complications.

Decision Making and Antipsychotic Medication Treatment for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Applying Guidelines in the Real World

Article Abstract Because this piece does not have an abstract, wehave provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the fulltext. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a diagnosis that is characterized by varying degrees of (1) impairment in social reciprocity, (2) impairment in social communication,and (3) repetitive, restrictive, stereotyped patterns of interests, activities, and behaviors. While ASD prevalence varies across regions, recent prevalence rates range from 1:88 children in the United States to 1:160 children worldwide. Currently, only 2 atypical antipsychotics, risperidone (in 5- to 16-year-olds) and aripiprazole (in 6- to 17-year-olds),are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of significant irritability (aggression toward others, deliberate self-injuriousness, temper tantrums, and labile moods) associated with ASD.

S28 * ALCOHOL ABUSE COMORBIDITY ESBRA, APSAAR &amp; JMSAS JOINT SYMPOSIUM

S28 * ALCOHOL ABUSE COMORBIDITY ESBRA, APSAAR &amp; JMSAS JOINT SYMPOSIUM

S17 * ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR - AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

S17 * ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR - AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for anogenital warts in Sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta analysis

IntroductionThe quadrivalent HPV vaccine is highly effective in primary prevention of anogenital warts (AGWs). However, there is lack of systematic review in the literature of the epidemiology of AGWs in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA).ObjectiveTo review the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for AGWs in SSA prior to the introduction of HPV vaccination programs.MethodsPubMed/MEDLINE, Africa Index Medicus and HINARI websites were searched for peer reviewed English language published medical literature on AGWs from January 1, 1984 to June 30, 2012. Relevant additional references cited in published papers were also evaluated for inclusion. For inclusion, the article had to meet the following criteria (1) original studies with estimated prevalence and/or incidence rates among men and/or women (2) detailed description of the study population (3) clinical or self-reported diagnosis of AGWs (4) HPV genotyping of histologically confirmed AGWs. The final analysis included 40 studies. Data across different studies were synthesized using descriptive statistics for various subgroups of females and males by geographical area. A meta - analysis of relative risk was conducted for studies that had data reported by HIV status.ResultsThe prevalence rates of clinical AGWs among sex workers and women with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or at high risk of sexually transmitted infection (STIs) range from 3.3% - 10.7% in East, 2.4% - 14.0% in Central and South, and 3.5% - 10.5% in West African regions. Among pregnant women, the prevalence rates range from 0.4% - 3.0% in East, 0.2% - 7.3% in Central and South and 2.9% in West African regions. Among men, the prevalence rates range from 3.5% - 4.5% in East, 4.8% - 6.0% in Central and South and 4.1% to 7.0% in West African regions. In all regions, the prevalence rates were significantly higher among HIV+ than HIV- women with an overall summary relative risk of 1.62 (95% CI: 143–1.82).The incidence rates range from 1.1 – 2.7 per 100 person-years among women and 1.4 per 100 person years among men. Incidence rate was higher among HIV+ (3.0 per 100 person years) and uncircumcised men (1.7 per 100 person-years) than circumcised men (1.3 per 100 person-years).HIV positivity was a risk factor for AGWs among both men and women. Other risk factors in women include presence of abnormal cervical cytology, co-infection with HPV 52, concurrent bacteria vaginoses and genital ulceration. Among men, other risk factors include cigarette smoking and lack of circumcision.ConclusionsAGWs are common among selected populations particularly HIV infected men and women. However, there is need for population-based studies that will guide policies on effective prevention, treatment and control of AGWs.

Cysts of the maxillary sinus: a literature review

Patients with isolated mucosal cysts of the maxillary sinus (MMC) often undergo surgical treatment despite the absence of relevant symptoms. Some physicians believe that MMC might increase in size and cause complications in the future. The anticipated value of this study is to consolidate and improve the understanding of MMC based on published data and to contribute to avoiding unnecessary interventions. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature regarding definition, etiology, epidemiology, natural course, and best treatment of MMC. Among the 988 papers found in the literature search, 33 studies were selected to be relevant. Among those studies, there are only a few prospective controlled studies. Their prevalence rates range broadly from 3.6% to 35.6% according to different diagnostic methods as well as different indications for imaging. Recent prospective studies showed no correlation of MMC with sinonasal complaints or Lund-Mackay computed tomography (CT) score. The natural course is characterized by a decrease in size of MMC in 30% of the cases, an unchanged status in 50% to 60%, and an increase in 8% to 20% of the cases. MMC are harmless, mostly asymptomatic lesions that usually do not need surgical treatment. If surgery is indicated, endonasal endoscopic techniques should be the gold-standard approach.

Internet gaming disorder and the DSM‐5

The DSM-5 is scheduled for publication in 2013, and internet gaming disorder will be included in its Section 3, the research appendix. This editorial reviews the DSM process and rationale for inclusion of this putative disorder, and it suggests directions for much needed research in this area.

Prevalence of subclinical ketosis and relationships with postpartum diseases in European dairy cows

Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is defined as concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) ≥1.2 to 1.4mmol/L and it is considered a gateway condition for other metabolic and infectious disorders such as metritis, mastitis, clinical ketosis, and displaced abomasum. Reported prevalence rates range from 6.9 to 43% in the first 2mo of lactation. However, there is a dearth of information on prevalence rates considering the diversity of European dairy farms. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine prevalence of SCK, (2) identify thresholds of BHBA, and (3) study their relationships with postpartum metritis, clinical ketosis, displaced abomasum, lameness, and mastitis in European dairy farms. From May to October 2011, a convenience sample of 528 dairy herds from Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey was studied. β-Hydroxybutyrate levels were measured in 5,884 cows with a handheld meter within 2 to 15 d in milk (DIM). On average, 11 cows were enrolled per farm and relevant information (e.g., DIM, postpartum diseases, herd size) was recorded. Using receiver operator characteristic curve analyses, blood BHBA thresholds were determined for the occurrence of metritis, mastitis, clinical ketosis, displaced abomasum, and lameness. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were built for each disease, considering cow as the experimental unit and herd as a random effect. Overall prevalence of SCK (i.e., blood BHBA ≥1.2mmol/L) within 10 countries was 21.8%, ranging from 11.2 to 36.6%. Cows with SCK had 1.5, 9.5, and 5.0 times greater odds of developing metritis, clinical ketosis, and displaced abomasum, respectively. Multivariate binary logistic regression models demonstrated that cows with blood BHBA levels of ≥1.4, ≥1.1 and ≥1.7mmol/L during 2 to 15 DIM had 1.7, 10.5, and 6.9 times greater odds of developing metritis, clinical ketosis, and displaced abomasum, respectively, compared with cows with lower BHBA blood levels. Interestingly, a postpartum blood BHBA threshold ≥1.1mmol/L increased the odds for lameness in dairy cows 1.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 2.5) times. Overall, prevalence of SCK was high between 2 to 15 DIM and SCK increased the odds of metritis, clinical ketosis, lameness, and displaced abomasum in European dairy herds.

Sexuelle Verhaltensstörungen bei Demenz

In addition to diagnostically decisive cognitive problems, behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) are frequent among people with dementia, including sexually related behavioural problems. This paper provides an overview on the state of knowledge about these problems. Research on this topic is hampered by the absence of unanimous definitions, aetiological classifications, and diagnostic instruments. The wide range of prevalence rates reported (1.8 - 18 %) originate from the heterogenity of study samples as well as in the variety of definitions and instruments employed. Regarding aetiology, dysfunctions in various cortical regions are being discussed. Sexually related behavioural problems are more prevalent in men and among patients with vascular, frontotemporal and Parkinson-associated forms of dementia, as compared with dementias of the Alzheimer type. The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies published to date have not been sufficiently studied.

Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Long Term Care Facilities

The common occurrence of infectious diseases in nursing homes and residential care facilities may result in substantial antibiotic use, and consequently antibiotic resistance. Focusing on these settings, this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature available on antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, and strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance. Relevant literature was identified by conducting a systematic search in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Additional articles were identified by reviewing the reference lists of included articles, by searching Google Scholar, and by searching Web sites of relevant organizations. A total of 156 articles were included in the review. Antibiotic use in long term care facilities is common; reported annual prevalence rates range from 47% to 79%. Part of the prescribed antibiotics is potentially inappropriate. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance is substantial in the long term care setting. Risk factors for the acquisition of resistant pathogens include prior antibiotic use, the presence of invasive devices, such as urinary catheters and feeding tubes, lower functional status, and a variety of other resident- and facility-related factors. Infection with antibiotic-resistant pathogens is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Two general strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance in long term care facilities are the implementation of infection control measures and antibiotic stewardship. The findings of this review call for the conduction of research and the development of policies directed at reducing antibiotic resistance and its subsequent burden for long term care facilities and their residents.

Intravenous Drug Use and Hepatitis C Virus in Iran

Abstract This article does not have abstract.

Cancer-related fatigue: prevalence, assessment and treatment strategies

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most common symptoms reported by patients and is defined as the feeling of extraordinary exhaustion associated with a high level of distress, disproportionate to the patients’ activity, and is not relieved by sleep or rest. Prevalence rates range from 59 to nearly 100% depending on the clinical status of the cancer. Except for chemotherapy-induced anemia, the mechanisms responsible for CRF are not yet completely understood. Therefore, CRF may be influenced by multiple possible somatic and psychosocial factors. CRF has been shown as either a short-term side effect of adjuvant cancer therapy or a chronic long-term late effect. Compared with other symptoms, such as pain or nausea, CRF is more distressing and often long lasting, with a strong impact on daily living and quality of life. The concept of fatigue has been widely elaborated and operationalized in different dimensions within the last few decades and specific instruments assessing fatigue in cancer populations have been developed. To support patients and alleviate CRF symptoms various treatment strategies are discussed in this article, including information and counseling, enhancement of activities, exercise and sports therapy, psychosocial interventions as well as pharmacological treatment. In most Western countries, treatment of CRF has been identified as a priority for advancing cancer patient care. This article gives an overview of the concept of CRF, its pathogenesis, assessment and treatment strategies.

Spectrum of Cardiovascular Diseases in Asian-American Racial/Ethnic Subgroups

To compare the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) across Asian-American subgroups (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, andVietnamese) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) subjects in a mixed-payer, outpatient health care organization in California. Electronic health records from 2007 to 2010 were examined for 94,423 Asian and NHW patients. Age-adjusted prevalence rates of CHD, stroke, and PVD, defined by physician International Classification of Diseases, Version 9, codes, were directly standardized to the NHW population. Age-adjusted odds ratios were calculated by the use of logistic regression for each Asian subgroup, by sex, compared with NHWs. The range of age-adjusted prevalence rates were: CHD (1.7%-5.2%), stroke (0.3%-1.8%), and PVD (0.9%-3.4%). The adjusted odds ratios of CHD were significantly higher for Filipino women (1.66; 95% confidence interval; 1.13-2.43) and men (1.47, 1.05-2.06) and Asian Indian men (1.77, 1.43-2.21), and significantly lower for Chinese women (0.72, 0.55-0.94) and men (0.78, 0.65-0.93), compared with NHWs. The odds of stroke were significantly greater for Filipino women (2.02, 1.22-3.34). The odds of PVD were generally lower for all Asian subgroups. There is considerable heterogeneity across Asian subgroups for prevalent CHD, stroke, and PVD. Future research should disaggregate Asian subgroups and cardiovascular outcomes to inform targeted prevention and treatment efforts.

Stimulant Use Under a Prison Treatment Protocol for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Although stimulant medications are the mainstay of effective intervention for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), their use presents a daunting scenario for psychiatry, nursing, and custody staff in correctional settings, where reported prevalence rates range from 9% to 45%. The reported rates, however, may overestimate actual prevalence in general and need for treatment in particular. Under a monitored protocol that required documentation of history, diagnosis, lack of response to nonstimulant treatment, and significant functional impairment, less than 1% of male inmates in the Massachusetts state prison system met criteria for treatment with stimulants. Although this protocol did not attempt to determine overall ADHD prevalence rates, the relatively low number of inmates with compelling reasons for stimulant treatment may provide a more realistic idea of the likely consequences of allowing access to this intervention.

Incidence and prevalence of surgery at segments adjacent to a previous posterior lumbar arthrodesis

Background context Adjacent segment disease (ASD) after lumbar spinal fusion has been an important reason behind the development of nonfusion stabilization technology. However, the incidence, prevalence, and factors contributing to adjacent segment degeneration in the lumbar spine remain unclear. A range of prevalence rates for ASD have been reported in the lumbar spinal literature, but the annual incidence has not been widely studied in this region. Conflicting reports exist regarding risk factors, especially fusion length. Purpose To determine the annual incidence and prevalence of further surgery for adjacent segment disease (SxASD) after posterior lumbar arthrodesis and examine possible risk factors. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Patient sample Nine hundred twelve patients who underwent 1,000 consecutive posterior lumbar interbody fusion procedures, with mean follow-up duration of 63 months (range, 5 months–16 years). Outcome measures Further surgery for ASD or surgery-free survival. Methods A postal and telephone survey. Follow-up rate: 91% of patients. The annual incidence and prevalence of ASD requiring further surgery were determined using Kaplan–Meier survivorship analysis. Cox proportional-hazards (Cox) regression was used for multivariate analysis of possible risk factors. Significance was set at p<.05. Results Further surgery for ASD occurred following 130 of 1,000 or 13% of procedures at a mean time of 43 months (range, 2.3–162 months). The mean annual incidence of SxASD over the first 10 years, in all patients, was 2.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.9–3.1) with prevalences of 13.6% and 22.2% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Cox regression modeling found that the number of levels fused (p≤.0003), age of the patient, fusing to L5, and performing an additional laminectomy adjacent to a fusion all independently affect the risk of SxASD. The mean annual incidence figures in the first 10 years after a lumbar fusion were 1.7% (95% CI, 1.3–2.2) after fusion at single levels, 3.6% (2.1–5.2) after two levels, and 5.0% (3.3–6.7) after three and four levels. The 5- and 10-year prevalences were 9% and 16%, 17% and 31%, and 29% and 40% after single-, two-, and three-/four-level fusions, respectively. The risk of SxASD in patients younger than 45 years was one-quarter (95% CI, 10–64) the risk of patients older than 60 years (p=.003). A laminectomy adjacent to a fusion increases the relative risk by 2.4 times (95% CI, 1.1–5.2; p=.03). Stopping a fusion at L5 is associated with a 1.7-fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.2–2.4; p=.007) of SxASD compared with a fusion to S1, for fusions of the same length. Conclusion The overall annual incidence and predicted 10-year prevalence of further surgery for ASD after lumbar arthrodesis were 2.5% and 22.2%, respectively. These rates varied widely depending on the identified risk factors. Although young patients who underwent single-level fusions were at low risk, patients who underwent fusion of three or four levels had a threefold increased risk of further surgery, compared with single-level fusions (p<.0001), and a predicted 10-year prevalence of 40%.

Das Burnout Syndrom – eine Übersicht

Burnout denotes an occupational health concept of emotional and physical exhaustion, depersonalization und decreased personal accomplishment. Prevalence rates range from 10% to 50%, depending from profession, assessment tools and population. Generally, both women and men are equally affected by burnout. Poor sleep is specifically associated rather with emotional and physical exhaustion than with depressive symptoms. Treating burnout focuses on change of work-related conditions and of dysfunctional cognitive-emotional structures.

Social phobia symptoms: prevalence and sociodemographic correlates.

Social phobia is a highly prevalent disorder in western countries, but is rather rare in eastern societies. Prevalence rates range from 0.5% in eastern studies and up to 16% in western studies. The present study examined the prevalence of social phobia in the Iranian general population and demographic characteristics associated with this anxiety disorder. Participants included 701 subjects from Golestan Province. Measures included the Social Phobia Inventory and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Demographic correlates of social phobia were also examined. Probable social phobia was present in 10.1% of the total sample (8.6% male and 11.6% female). Sex, social support, residence, education, and job correlated with social phobia. Our findings corroborate those from other studies in western countries, both regarding the high prevalence of SP symptoms and its demographic correlates.

Neuropsychiatric Complications of Efavirenz Therapy: Suggestions for a New Research Paradigm

Neuropsychiatric Complications of Efavirenz Therapy: Suggestions for a New Research Paradigm