Prevalence Rates Of Violence Research Articles

Campus climate impacts on sexual violence: a Bayesian comparison of undergraduate and community colleges

Objective Sexual violence is endemic on college campuses. Four-year campuses present high-risk environments for sexual violence and heavy episodic drinking is a robust risk factor for victimization. However, limited literature exists on sexual violence at two-year institutions, with most research focused on four-year campuses. We examined whether campus climates affect sexual violence prevalence rates. Participants Sexual misconduct campus climate data from two-year and four-year campus students. Methods We used Bayesian logistic regressions to compare sexual victimization odds between two- and four-year campuses. Results Four-year students were twice as likely to have experienced sexual victimization and 2.5 times more likely to engage in heavy episodic drinking compared to two-year students. The risk of sexual victimization associated with heavy episodic drinking was reliably similar across campus types. Conclusions Campus climates reliably impact student’s risk of sexual victimization. Based on these findings, two- and four-year campuses may need to implement distinct prevention services.

Socio-demographic determinants of intimate partner violence in Angola: a cross-sectional studyof nationally representative survey data.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global problem of public health importance, which can be found across all social layers and cultural backgrounds worldwide. Angola is still an under-explored country in the context of domestic violence and was therefore chosen as our focus of interest. Our study's goal was to identify the socio-demographic determinants of IPV in Angola. We used nationally representative data from female respondents of the 2015 Angolan Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Simple bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between the experience of IPV and the women's' individual and contextual characteristics. Out of the 7,699 respondents, 3,070 (41.1%) reported having experienced at least one form of violence by their partners, with physical violence being more prevalent (32.5%) than emotional (27.7%) and sexual violence (7.2%). The partner's use of alcohol, the respondent's tendency to hurt her partner, her having witnessed her father beating her mother and being the first wife showed significantly higher odds of experiencing one or more types of IPV, whereas being older than the partner appears to have protective effects. Our findings reflect the widespread prevalence rates of violence against women in African countries. Future intervention programs should focus on women with risky background characteristics to help decrease domestic abuse in Angola. Our results indicate to focus on young women who have witnessed domestic violence in childhood, those whose partners use alcohol and those who tend to physically hurt their partners themselves. It is also recommended to intensify future research on the effects of co-wives on a relationship since first wives were found to have a higher risk of being physically abused by their partners.

Workplace Challenges and Violence against Nurses: Subject Review

The "World Health Organization (WHO) defines workplace violence as, Incidents where staff are abused, threatened, or assaulted in circumstances related to their work, including commuting to and from work, involving an explicit or implicit challenge to their safety, well-being, or health." (WV) is listed as one of the world's leading causes of workplace disability, and is widespread in health settings in Arab countries and Iraq as well. Nursing staff have the highest recorded incidence of interpersonal violence in Iraq, posing a major concern for healthcare professionals. Different researchers concentrate on prevalence rates of violence against nurses in hospitals, addressing forms of violence, position and background of violence in the workplace. Thus, some form of occupational violence has been encountered by most Iraqi nurses,that may contribute to harm and abuse and reduced job performance. Reports have described the impact of violence in the workplace on the employee satisfaction of nurses and patient safety, but few studies have been done about whether aggression in the workplace influences patient safety via employee satisfaction. Ultimately, abuse against nurses is perceived by the nursing community to be a dynamic and chronic workplace risk. In the health care sector, nurses are among the most abused staff. Nurses are too often subject to abuse, primarily from clients, relatives of patients, visitors and caregivers team. The purpose of this article is to review the violence against nurses and challenges work place.

Intimate partner violence among adolescents: Prevalence rates after one decade of research.

Intimate partner violence research and intervention strategies have grown substantially over the last two decades. However, little research has examined whether the intimate partner prevalence has changed or remained stable over time in Spain. Moreover, few studies have analyzed whether intimate partner violence prevalence rates among genders and age groups have fluctuated similarly or not. The aim of this study was to analyze the trends observed in intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization rates among adolescents in three sample cohorts from Spain interviewed in 2006, 2010, and 2016 (4591 Spanish adolescents; 53.6% girls and 46.2% boys). ANCOVA was used to compare the population means between the cohorts: sex, age, and the type of intimate partner violence, for example, verbal, physical, and sexual. The results showed a significant decrease in intimate partner violence rates from 2006 to 2016, which was more noticeable within the first half of this decade. Throughout the decade, the girls perpetrated more verbal and mild physical assaults, while the boys perpetrated more sexual assaults. However, these results suggest a clear bidirectional intimate partner violence dynamic between the genders. Additionally, late adolescence reported a higher prevalence of aggressions. The results highlight the need to adapt current prevention strategies considering the differences in the intimate partner violence trajectories based on sex and age, with the aim of regaining the marked rate of decline in aggression observed up to 2010.

Mapping the susceptible areas from violence against women and children

This research aimed to (1) arrange the violence vulnerability indicator area and (2) map the potential areas from violence against children and women. This mix-method research used a sequential exploratory design. The researchers took the qualitative data by interviewing 32 Integrated Service Center officers in Semarang during a FGD. The quantitative research involved 648 people from 16 districts in Semarang taken randomly. The data collecting instruments included an interview guidance, gender-role orientation scale, and parenting scale. The obtained secondary data were from the Central Statistical Bureau in Semarang, the Marital Age data from the Ministry of Religion Semarang, and the data on violence against children and women from the Woman and Child Protection Agency, DP3A, Semarang. The results from the FGD were (1) poverty, incomplete family, low educational access, reported violence rate, patrilineal culture, number of children, and early marital as the factors of violence prevalence, and (2) The indicators of vulnerable areas from violence included poverty, population density, slum, unemployment, drug abuse, socio-economic gap, early marriage, patrilineal culture, and ignorant families. Then, in the second data phase, the researchers found 27.9% of traditional gender role orientation and 72.1% of non-traditional gender role orientation. For parenting patterns, a percentage of 6.5% population applied permissive parenting patterns, 14.8% applied authoritarian parenting patterns, and 78.7% applied democratic parenting patterns. The results found the potential areas with the highest violence were Pedurungan and Eastern Semarang districts. Then, the Southern Semarang and Tugu districts were the areas with the lowest violence prevalence rates. Keywords: Violence against women and children, mapping regions

Impact of Structural Ageism on Greater Violence Against Older Persons: A Cross-National Study of 56 Countries

Violence directed against older persons is recognized as a global health problem. However, structural drivers for violence remain under-studied. This country-level ecological study aimed to examine a previously unexplored link between structural ageism and violence against older persons. Following extensive structural stigma literature, structural ageism consisted of two components: (1) discriminatory national policies related to older persons’ economic, social, civil, and political rights, gathered from global databases including UN, WHO, and others; and (2) societal-level prejudicial social norms against older persons, measured by negative attitudes toward older persons by the World Values Survey. Two components were z scored and combined such that higher score indicated greater structural ageism. Prevalence rates of violence per 100,000 persons aged 70 and over in each country were drawn from the Global Burden of Diseases Study. Final analysis included 56 countries, representing 63% of the world’s aging population aged 60 and over across all six WHO regions. As predicted, structural ageism was significantly associated with the prevalence rates of violence in multivariate models (β =205.7, SE=96.3, P=.03), after adjusting for country-level sociodemographic and health covariates. Three sets of sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of our findings. That is, structural ageism did not predict other types of violence and other types of prejudice did not predict violence against older persons. Public health and population-based violence prevention policies may benefit from a targeted approach that tackles the harmful effects of structural ageism.

Domestic Violence Victimization among South Asian Immigrant Men and Women in the United States.

Domestic violence is a pernicious social problem in the United States and a cause of national concern. The South Asian culture disempowers individuals experiencing domestic violence from recognizing and reporting victimization. Structural inequities may also discourage reporting victimization. These issues have led to inconsistent findings of domestic violence prevalence rates. Additionally, domestic violence studies with South Asians in the United States have predominantly focused on women, omitting men from this purview of research. The purpose of this study was to examine domestic violence victimization rates as well as their correlates among South Asian immigrant men and women. The sample for this cross-sectional study included 468 South Asians across the 50 U.S. states. Descriptive statistics were used to establish rates of domestic violence victimization. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to examine the correlates of domestic violence victimization. All of the sociodemographic information was added in step 1, and acculturation and gender-role attitudes were added as covariates in step 2.The most prevalent type of domestic violence victimization was physical violence (48%), followed by emotional (38%), economic (35%), verbal (27%), immigration-related (26%), in-laws related (19%), and ultimately sexual abuse (11%). Prevalence rates were higher for women than for men in each type of violence. According to the logistic regression results, education, generational position, family type, and employment were significant correlates of domestic violence victimization. Prior to development of prevention programs by community agencies, it is essential to understand the nature and prevalence of domestic violence experiences among South Asians. The victimization of men in addition to women adds to the novelty of this research study and paves the way for practitioners and scholars to engage in conversations about providing both male and female victims of domestic violence with the needed resources and support. The article will discuss implications for research, practice, and policy.

Impact of structural ageism on greater violence against older persons: a cross-national study of 56 countries

ObjectiveTo determine the association between country-level structural ageism and prevalence of violence against older persons.DesignCountry-level ecological study.SettingStructural ageism data were drawn from the nationally representative World Values Survey 2010–2014 (WVS),...

Associations between intimate partner violence and pregnancy complications: A cross-sectional study in India.

BACKGROUND:The high prevalence rates of violence of the intimate partner affects the maternal health of the woman that sometimes ends in maternal mortality as well as the possibility of an adverse effect on the newborn. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of intimate physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) on mothers and examine the association between IPV and pregnancy complications.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data for the present study were retrieved from the National Family Health Survey-IV (2015–2016). In total, 79,729 women completed the domestic violence questions, but 24,882 were considered for this analysis. The study was restricted to currently married women aged 15–49 who had given birth to at least one child in the 5 years preceding the survey. The association between self-reporting pregnancy complications with the experience of IPV was examined using Chi-square test, followed by multivariate logistic regression.RESULTS:The study findings show that IPV, specifically physical and sexual violence, are associated with pregnancy complications. The results show that 31.6% of the women had experienced some form of IPV. The factors associated with IPV included husband's alcohol habit, women who had witnessed parental violence, and women whose husbands had shown high marital controlling behavior. The high level of pregnancy complications was reported by women who had experienced sexual violence, emotional violence, and women whose husbands display three or more specific behaviors.CONCLUSION:Confidential screening for IPV and prompt referral to support services could be crucial in improving women's reproductive health.

Violence against Jordanian Women during COVID-19 Outbreak.

Extraordinary steps have been taken to alleviate the current quick transmission of the Jordanian COVID-19 pandemic. The obligatory lock-down affects their obedience to measures to fight COVID-19. This research aims to determine the prevalence rate of violence amongst women in Jordan and identify possible correlates of violence amongst women during the COVID-19 outbreak. There was successful recruitment of an online sample of Jordanian people through the network of the researcher with popular Jordanian media. The participants completed a self-created online violence questionnaire. The violence questionnaire had numerous questions about the clinical attributes and COVID-19 prevention. The incidence of violence was high during the outbreak of 40% and the predictors were found to be unemployed and married. Violence continues to be a significant social problem in our society today, yet, continues to be poorly understood. The underlying causes and theories of violence are often not agreed upon by experts in the field. Providing education programmes and essential resources for women that aim to promote the prevention of COVID-19 violence and help Jordanian people to be confident and observe the right behaviour.

Disease-Specific Mortality and Prevalence Trends in Korea, 2002-2015.

BackgroundEvaluation of mortality and prevalence trends is important for health planning and priority decision-making in health policy. This study was performed to examine disease-specific mortality and prevalence trends for diseases in Korea from 2002 to 2015.MethodsIn this study, 206 mutually exclusive diseases and injuries were classified into 21 cause clusters, which were divided into three cause groups: 1) communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions; 2) non-communicable diseases (NCDs); and 3) injuries. Cause specific trends for age-standardized mortality and prevalence rates were analyzed by the joinpoint regression method.ResultsBetween 2002 and 2015, the age-standardized mortality declined to about 177 per 100,000 population, while the age-standardized prevalence rate increased to approximately 68,065 per 100,000 population. Among the 21 cause clusters, most of the disease mortality rates showed decreasing trends. However, neurological disorders, self-harm, and interpersonal violence included periods during which the mortality rates increased in 2002–2015. In addition, the trends for prevalence rates of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, transport injuries, and self-harm, and interpersonal violence differed from the overall prevalence rates. The annual percent change in prevalence rates for transport injuries increased during 2004–2007, and then decreased. The self-harm and interpersonal violence prevalence rates decreased from 2004 to 2014.ConclusionBetween 2002 and 2015, overall decreasing trends in the mortality rate and increasing trends in the prevalence rate were observed for all causes in Korea. Especially, NCDs represented an important part of the increasing trends in Korea. For clusters of diseases with unusual trends, proper management must be considered.

A Fuzzy Index and Severity Scale to Measure Violence Against Women

Measuring and comparing levels of violence against women across individuals or countries are controversial exercises, and yet they remain essential to understanding the phenomenon. We develop a scale of severity of violence against women based on fuzzy set theory. The scale can be used to derive fuzzy indexes of violence which account for the prevalence, frequency and severity of violence. Unlike existing alternatives, however, the scale that we propose is based on objective information rather than subjective assessment; it is parsimonious in terms of the amount of information that it requires; and it is less vulnerable to risks of cultural bias. We exploit our scale to unravel a puzzle which arises from the largest survey of violence against women in Europe to date, namely that some of the more gender equal countries record higher prevalence rates for violence from intimate partners. We show that the puzzle is resolved once violence is weighted by severity using our scale instead of being measured by simple prevalence.

Can nonresponse bias and known methodological differences explain the large discrepancies in the reported prevalence rate of violence found in Swedish studies?

IntroductionThe reported prevalence rate of violence varies considerably between studies, even when conducted in similar populations. The reasons for this are largely unknown. This article considers the effects of nonresponse bias on the reported prevalence rate of interpersonal violence. We also single out violence perpetrated in intimate relationships and compare our results to previous Swedish studies. The aim was to explore the reasons for the large discrepancies in the prevalence rates found between studies.Material and methodThis is a cross sectional study of a random population sample. The NorVold Abuse Questionnaire (NorAQ), covering emotional, physical, and sexual violence, was answered by 754 men (response rate 35%) and 749 women (response rate 38%). Nonresponse bias was investigated in six ways, e.g., findings were replicated in two samples and we explored non-responders’ reasons for declining participation. Also, the prevalence rate of intimate partner violence was compared to four previous studies conducted in Sweden, considering the methodological differences.Results and discussionThe only evidence of nonresponse bias found was for differences between the sample and the background population concerning the sociodemographic characteristics. However, the magnitude of that effect is bleak in comparison with the large discrepancies found in the prevalence rates between studies concerning intimate partner violence, e.g., emotional violence women: 11–41% and men: 4–37%; sexual and/or physical violence women: 12–27% and men: 2–21%. Some of the reasons behind these differences were obvious and pertained to differences in the definition and operationalization of violence. However, a considerable proportion of the difference could not easily be accounted for.ConclusionIt is not reasonable that so little is known about the large discrepancies in the prevalence rate for what is supposedly the same concept, i.e., intimate partner violence. This study is a call for more empirical research on methods to investigate violence.

Sexual violence victimization among community college students

Objective: To assess the prevalence of sexual violence victimization among a community college student population. Participants: In March 2017, students (800) from seven community colleges in a northeastern state participated in an online campus climate survey using the ARC3 Survey Instrument. Methods: We analyze demographic differences between participants who were victimized and those who were not, and we examine the relationship between participant victimization and well-being. Results: Participants who identified as female, younger than 26, not heterosexual, or a race other than Caucasian were significantly more likely to report victimization. Participants who reported victimization were significantly more likely to score negatively on well-being scales than those who did not.Conclusions: Sexual violence prevalence rates among community college students are similar to reported prevalence rates among traditional 4-year undergraduate students. Results suggest a need for increased research on sexual violence among the understudied community college student population.

Disproportionately high: an exploration of intimate partner violence prevalence rates for bisexual people

ABSTRACTIn 2010, the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control conducted the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Their findings indicated that bisexual people, with some variance across gender identity, were more likely than any other sexual orientation to experience intimate partner violence (IPV). In keeping with these findings, this study conducted an exploratory analysis to explain these disparities, including the relationships between IPV and stereotypes about bisexuality and subscription to bi-negative attitudes, with a closer examination of relationship identity as monogamous or open; perceived infidelity in the relationship, given the prevalence of the stereotypes regarding promiscuity; and the complexity between the stereotype and the lived experience of polyamory or open relationships of many bisexual people. A convenience sample of bisexual people (n = 439) was solicited via Facebook groups and MTurk. Using path analyses, perpetrator bi-negativity and perceived or real infidelity were the variables most related to perpetration and victimization, especially if the perpetrator was male and both partners were bisexual. Future research should focus on both bi-negativity and infidelity, especially in the context of open/polyamorous relationships for some bisexual people, and the latter's relation to jealousy and anger as a contributing factor to IPV.

Shared and unique predictors of antisocial and substance use behavior among a nationally representative sample of South African youth

There are well-documented high prevalence rates of violence, aggression, and substance use in South Africa. We examined theoretically salient risk factors for antisocial behavior and substance use identified in high income countries (e.g., abuse and poverty; Shaw & Gross, 2008) and whether they had predictive effects among South African youth, for whom longitudinal research examining predictors of violence is lacking. We collected data from a large, high-risk longitudinal sample of youth from two provinces in South Africa, encompassing rural and urban sites ( N = 3515; 97% retained at one year; 56.7% female; M age = 13.45). We assessed antisocial behavior and substance use using an adapted version of the CBCL-YSR and items from national surveys. Finally, we assessed risk factors using previously-validated indices of risk. Antisocial behavior and substance use were reciprocally related over time. Controlling for this overlap, as well as for relevant demographic covariates, child abuse predicted increases in antisocial behavior over time, and exposure to high levels of community violence predicted increases in both antisocial behavior and substance use one year later. The findings suggest that contextual risk factors underpinning etiological models of antisocial behavior and substance in high income countries are also relevant within the South African context. In particular, both harsh home and community environments were related to the development of youth antisocial and substance use behavior outcomes. We discuss the implications of these findings for preventative interventions to reduce youth engagement in risky antisocial and/or substance use behavior in South Africa.

Violence against Women in Pakistan: Contributing Factors and New Interventions

Pakistan ranks 125th out of 169 countries on the Gender Development Index and has high prevalence rates of Violence against Women (VAW). Contributing factors toward gender based violence at the micro, meso and macro levels include the acceptability of violence amongst both men and women, internalization of deservability, economic disempowerment, lack of formal education, joint family systems, entrenched patriarchal norms and values, and a lack of awareness of legal and other support systems. These factors have a long-lasting impact on the health of women and children. The gender disparities in the experience of women seeking health care in Pakistan are well-recognized and documented. In the past, common government policy responses to these disparities have included developing the role of community health workers (CHWs) and lady health visitors (LHVs). Despite being commendable initiatives, these too have been unsuccessful in addressing these multi-faceted disparities. Within this complex scenario, new interventions to address VAW and its impact on health in Pakistan include Group Counselling, Economic Skills Building, Health-Based Microfinance, and Family-Based models that increase male involvement, especially at the primary health care level. The purpose of this article is to outline key contributing factors to VAW, explore tested and new interventions, and highlight the opportunities that exist in implementing them.

O2-3.1 Prevalence of violence against older persons in the European Region

<h3>Introduction</h3> Abuse and neglect of persons aged 60 years and over has become an increasingly prominent public health issue. From January 2009 to July 2009, we conducted the cross-sectional European study “Abuse of the elderly in the European region” (ABUEL) among community-dwelling elderly populations aged 60–84 years in Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. <h3>Objective</h3> (1) To describe the prevalence rate of violence against people aged 60–84 in Europe; (2) To analyse differences in prevalence rates between countries; and (3) To investigate whether there is a relation between violence and health. <h3>Methods</h3> Description of variables, bivariate tests and regression analyses. <h3>Results</h3> N=4467 participants were interviewed in the seven participating countries. The response rates ranged from 18.9% in Germany to 87.4% in Portugal. The lowest prevalence rates of overall violence against the elderly were found in the southern countries (Italy, Greece, and Spain); the highest prevalence rates were found in Germany, Lithuania and Sweden (about 30%). Country of origin was significantly associated with level of reported violence. Psychological violence was associated with increased rates of depression and anxiety. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Violence against the elderly is significantly associated with health of the elderly and an important risk factor. Further studies are needed to gain further knowledge and design tailored intervention and prevention programmes.

An Assessment of State Level Sexual Assault Prevalence Estimates

The purpose of our research is to compare sexual violence prevalence rates from three sources of state level data. Public health officials, legislators and other policymakers often require state-level sexual assault prevalence estimates to justify funding and rationalize both new and ongoing sexual violence prevention programs, as well as programs for victims. We compared survey design and resulting prevalence rates of the three surveys frequently used at the state level: the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) extrapolations, and replications of the NVAWS. Although the specificity of the questions used in the NVAWS provides a clearer picture of the prevalence of sexual assault than the BRFSS questions, the sexual violence module on the BRFSS survey has the advantage that it is used regularly by some states. Currently available female sexual assault prevalence estimates differ widely at the state level but can be used when interpreted with informed caution. The new National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Surveillance System holds promise for providing better estimates in the future.

Perpetration of Violence, Violent Victimization, and Severe Mental Illness: Balancing Public Health Concerns

Perpetration of Violence, Violent Victimization, and Severe Mental Illness: Balancing Public Health Concerns