Smoking Prevalence Rates Research Articles

Determinants of Acute Otitis Media in Children: A Case-Control Study in West Java, Indonesia

Background and Objectives: Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is a leading cause of morbidity in children, characterized by fever, otalgia, and hearing loss. If untreated, AOM may progress to chronic complications requiring surgical management. Globally, factors such as allergies, environmental tobacco smoke, and nutritional deficiencies are well-established risk factors, but in Indonesia, particularly rural areas like Bandung Regency, limited awareness and data exacerbate the burden of disease. Smoking prevalence and low immunization rates further increase risks for AOM. Materials and Methods: This case-control study, conducted between September 2019 and February 2020 in Bandung Regency, evaluated risk factors for AOM in children aged 24–59 months. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, anthropometric assessments, and ENT examinations. A total of 168 AOM-positive and 367 AOM-negative children were recruited from primary healthcare facilities. Results: Multivariable analysis identified significant associations with AOM: allergic rhinitis (AOR 1.92), cigarette smoke exposure (AOR 1.79), stunted growth (AOR 1.48), and incomplete basic immunizations (AOR 1.77). These findings highlight the importance of addressing modifiable factors such as nutrition and immunization to reduce AOM incidence. Conclusions: The rhinitis allergy and exposure to cigarette smoke are among the well-established risk factors that our results validate. Additional research is necessary to validate if our findings involving two modifiable risk factors, stunted children and insufficient basic vaccination, may increase the risk of AOM.

Preliminary evidence that self-incentives uniquely promote smoking cessation in incarcerated populations: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Smoking prevalence rates in prison are typically four times higher than the rates found within community-based settings, increasing premature mortality. Encouraging smokers to self-administer incentives contingent on abstinence (i.e., self-incentivize) are effective in community-based settings and have the potential to work in an incarcerated population. The present study aims to: gauge the feasibility of- and assess possible effects associated with- encouraging smokers to self-incentivize to increase smoking abstinence. The study recruited 25 smokers from a UK prison who were attending the prison-based stop smoking service. Participants were randomized to one of three conditions, either: (a) an active control, asked to form a plan to quit smoking (n = 5); or to self-incentivize if they had not smoked at all by the end of (b) the week (n = 7); or (c) the month (n = 13). The study gave no specific options to participants in choosing a self-incentive for a number of reasons (e.g., to enable choice of a self-incentive of sufficient rewarding value within a restrictive setting). Participant eligibility included: (a) aged 18 years or over, (b) able to understand written English, (c) competent to provide informed consent, and (d) were tobacco smokers, smoking on a daily basis. Acceptance and completion assessed feasibility. Chi-square analysis assessed possible effect of the intervention. Twenty five out of 27 smokers who were approached, welcomed the opportunity of further support and completed the baseline questionnaire. At 3-month follow-up, no participants (0/5) in the control condition abstained from smoking. In contrast, three (out of seven, d = 1.12) participants who self-incentivized on a weekly basis abstained, and five (out of 13, d = 0.83) participants who self-incentivized on a monthly basis abstained at the 3-month follow-up time point. Abstaining is defined as no cigarette smoked within at least the last 28-days via self-report and supported by biochemical verification from a sub-sample of participants (68 %; 17/25). Use of self-incentives alongside behavioral support and cessation medication is feasible and can be delivered at low-cost. Furthermore, the promise seen in this trial suggests a fully powered randomized controlled trial has the potential to increase smoking abstinence in an incarcerated population.

Prevalence and trends of cigarette smoking among adults with HIV infection compared with the general population in Korea.

This study compared the current smoking prevalence among adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to that of the general Korean population and analyzed changes in smoking prevalence and cessation rates from 2009 to 2020. The study included a total of 10,980 adults with HIV infection who underwent a health screening examination (NHIS-NHID), 1,230 individuals with HIV infection who participated in the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort (KoCosHIV), and 76,783 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We estimated the current smoking prevalence and the quit ratio, defined as the ratio of former smokers to ever-smokers. In the NHIS-NHID and KoCosHIV studies, the prevalence of current and former smoking among adults with HIV was 44.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.2 to 45.1) and 15.6% (95% CI, 14.9 to 16.3), and 47.7% (95% CI, 43.7 to 51.8) and 16.9% (95% CI, 11.8 to 22.0), respectively. In the KNHANES, these rates were 22.5% and 18.1%, respectively. The standardized prevalence ratio of current smoking among adults with HIV was 1.76 in the NHIS-NHID and 1.97 in the KoCosHIV. Furthermore, the likelihood of quitting smoking was lower among adults with HIV than in the general population (NHIS-NHID: 26.1%; 95% CI, 25.0 to 27.1; KoCosHIV: 26.2%; 95% CI, 20.2 to 32.1; KNHANES: 44.6%; 95% CI, 44.5 to 44.6). Among HIV-positive adults, there was a 1.53% decline in the current smoking rate and a 2.86% increase in the quit ratio. Adults with HIV were more likely to smoke and less likely to quit smoking than the general adult population. Tobacco screening and cessation strategies should specifically target this population.

Joint smoking–vaping prevalence rates among American youth and young adults 2011–2022

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) annually tracks American youth and adult smoking prevalence using data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The NYTS and the NHIS began collecting information on vaping in 2011 and 2014 respectively. However, since those years the CDC has only reported smoking and vaping rates separately, which presents a long-term and important information gap, given the decade-long debate about whether e-cigarettes help people who smoke reduce or quit, and whether they are a gateway to youth smoking. This short report provides joint smoking and vaping prevalence rates for American high school students from 2011 to 2022 from the NYTS, and rates for American adults 18–44 years old over the same period from the NHIS. The results show that cigarette smoking declined sharply, especially in high schoolers and emerging young adults (18–20 years) while vaping increased substantially. In addition, the prevalence of vaping among people who formerly smoked also increased. The importance of these trends is highlighted by sharp increases in quit ratios among emerging and junior (21–24 years) young adults, who had historically low levels of quitting.

The Prevalence and the Contributing Factors of Substance Abuse Among Medical Sciences Students

Background: The prevalence of substance abuse (SA) among youth has increased in recent years. However, limited data exist about SA among medical sciences students. Therefore, this study assessed SA prevalence and contributing factors among medical sciences students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. Participants were 238 medical sciences students randomly selected from Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. The data collection instrument was the SA prevalence assessment questionnaire developed by the Mental Health Center of the Ministry of Health of Iran. Data were analyzed using the SPSS (v. 22.0) software. Findings: The most commonly abused substances were waterpipe tobacco (31.9%), cigarettes (20.2%), and alcoholic beverages (10.5%). Most participants with a history of SA had started SA before entering university. The prevalence rates of waterpipe tobacco smoking, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption were 9.2%, 8.8%, and 4.2% in the past month and 16.4%, 18.1%, and 7.6% in the past year, respectively. The prevalence of SA among dormitory students and students with lower grade point averages was significantly higher than among non-dormitory students and students with higher grade point averages. Conclusion: The onset age of SA was mainly before eighteen years, so strategies are needed to reduce SA in secondary schools. Moreover, strategies are needed to prevent and reduce SA at universities, particularly among dormitory students and students with lower grade point averages. University authorities should use effective educational and counseling programs to prevent student SA.

Abstract B022: Smoking cessation interventions for Hispanic/Latinx adults in the United States: Results from a systematic review

Abstract Significance: Smoking rates have declined in the U.S. over the last several decades but vary by population subgroup. Hispanic adults generally have lower smoking rates than Non-Hispanic White individuals, but this varies greatly by country of origin, with some Hispanic subgroups, such as Puerto Ricans, reaching smoking prevalence rates up to 28%. Hispanic smokers have lower success rates in cessation attempts and are less likely to receive assistance in quitting, highlighting their unique cessation needs. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the quantity and range of smoking cessation interventions targeted to Hispanic adults. Methods: A systematic literature search, following PRISMA guidelines, was conducted across seven databases, trial registries, and grey literature published until April 2024. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts for eligibility using Covidence. Study characteristics (e.g., intervention modality, language availability, cultural specificity) and outcomes were narratively summarized, and quality assessment was conducted. A meta-analysis is planned to evaluate the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions tested in RCTs, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. The association between intervention type/modality and efficacy will be assessed via subgroup analyses. Results: A total of 8,844 records were identified and screened by reviewers. Of these, 456 studies were assessed for full-text eligibility, 49 studies with targeted interventions were identified for inclusion, of which 10 met criteria for meta- analysis. Of the 49 interventions identified, 44 interventions were offered in Spanish, 26 were culturally specific, and 34 had a majority Hispanic sample. Many interventions utilized multiple intervention modalities and included adjunct components. Types of interventions included behavioral counseling (n=26): in person (n=22) or over the phone (n=4), written self-help (n=6), text messaging (n=5), mass media campaigns (n=3), web-site applications or social media (n=3), pharmacotherapy with a behavioral adjunct (n=3), group counseling (n=2), and one smartphone application (n=1). Cessation rates ranged from 8% to 55%. No studies disaggregated smoking outcomes by Hispanic sub-group. Among the RCTs to be included in the planned meta-analysis, 5 out of 10 studies were culturally specific. Methodological quality for these studies ranged from weak (60%) to strong (10%). Conclusions: This systematic review summarizes the quantity and types of smoking cessation interventions for Hispanic smokers. Existing interventions vary in modality and are frequently offered in Spanish. However, few studies were tailored to values of Hispanic culture, and none addressed differences in smoking behavior among Hispanics by country of origin. Among the RCTs, most trials were rated as methodologically weak based on the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results from this review may inform the development of future interventions, specifically guiding the design of rigorous randomized cessation trials for Hispanics. Citation Format: Honor M. Woodward, Ranjita Poudel, Helen Yates, Ursula Martinez, Mary-Katherine Haver, Jennifer I. Vidrine, Youngchul Kim, Thomas H. Brandon, Vani N. Simmons. Smoking cessation interventions for Hispanic/Latinx adults in the United States: Results from a systematic review [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B022.

Do tobacco regulatory and economic factors influence smoking cessation outcomes? A post-hoc analysis of the multinational EAGLES randomised controlled trial

IntroductionWe previously reported global regional differences in smoking cessation outcomes, with smokers of US origin having lower quit rates than smokers from some other countries. This post-hoc analysis examined global...

Tobacco use and khat chewing among adolescents in Yemen: a large-scale school-based cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe present study sought to assess the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use (cigarette smoking and shisha use) and khat chewing among Yemeni adolescents, and to evaluate their knowledge and attitudes toward these habits.MethodsThis school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 13 to 19-year-old students attending middle/high schools (both private and public) across five main cities in Yemen. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires comprising questions/items related to sociodemographic data, cigarette smoking, shisha use, khat chewing, and knowledge on and attitudes toward these habits. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore the most determinant factors.ResultsA total of 7505 students were recruited from 42 schools across five major cities in Yemen. The prevalence rates of khat chewing, cigarette smoking, and shisha use were 42.4%, 6.8%, and 19.3%, respectively. Compared to females, male subjects reported significantly higher prevalence of khat chewing (51.4% vs. 23.5%, p < 0.001), shisha use (20.3% vs. 17.2%, p < 0.01), and cigarette smoking (8.8% vs. 2.6%, p < 0.001). Male gender, older age, poor knowledge, khat chewing, parents’ low education level, and parents’ and peers’ smoking habits were significant determinants of adolescents’ cigarette smoking status. Private education, male gender, older age, poor knowledge, parents’ low education level, and parents’ and peers’ khat chewing habits were significant determinants of adolescents’ khat chewing status. The participant’s knowledge of and attitudes toward tobacco use and khat chewing were inadequate.ConclusionThe prevalence of khat chewing, shisha use, and to lesser extent cigarette smoking among Yemeni adolescents is high that needs immediate intervention. The results highlight the urgent need to implement prevention strategies to tackle these habits among the youth in Yemen.

Impact of Smoking on All-Cause Mortality in Patient Undergoing Cardiovascular and Thoracic Procedures: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction: Tobacco smoke is the primary cause of illness and death in today's society, and cigarette smoking (CS) remains a substantial health risk. The primary goal of this study was to assess the extent of smoking among adult Kashmiri patients who had undergone cardiovascular procedures and to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with smoking in this population. Methods: A prospective evaluation was conducted on 143 patients who underwent various thoracic and cardio-vascular procedures. With the use of a common, validated questionnaire, data was collected. The investigation utilized Cox proportional hazards regression to explore the associations between smoking and overall mortality, incorporating adjustments for non-communicable diseases, sociodemographic factors, and lifestyle variables. Results: In total, 36.92% (95% CI: 1.54%–1.71%) of people were smokers, with men having a considerably greater prevalence than women (85.42%, 95% CI: 0.75–0.95 vs. 14.58%, 95% CI: 0.08–0.4). The age group of 33–63 years old had the highest rate of smoking prevalence (77.08%). Additionally, the multivariate logistic regression showed that men were substantially more likely than women to smoke (aOR 0.39, 95%CI: 0.28-0.21). A higher odds ratio indicates high cause of smoking. Conclusions: The chance of mortality from daily smoking increased as the intensity of smoking increased. Consequently, persistent tobacco use is linked to a notably increased likelihood of mortality from any cause. Tobacco smoking necessitates a long-term plan of care. It should be treated with the same rigor as other health risks.

Risk profiling of tobacco epidemic and estimated number of smokers living in China: a cross-sectional study based on PBICR

BackgroundEvidence on the prevalence of smoking in China remains insufficient, with most previous studies focusing on a single region. However, smoking prevalence exhibits significant inequalities across the entire country. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of tobacco prevalence across the country, taking into account spatial inequalities.MethodsThe data used in this study were collected in 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, and 4 municipalities directly under the central government in 2022. Large population survey data were used, and a Bayesian geostatistical model was employed to investigate smoking prevalence rates across multiple spatial domains.FindingsSignificant spatial variations were observed in smokers and exposure to secondhand smoke across China. Higher levels of smokers and secondhand smoke exposure were observed in western and northeastern regions. Additionally, the autonomous region of Tibet, Shanghai municipality, and Yunnan province had the highest prevalence of smokers, while Tibet, Qinghai province, and Yunnan province had the highest prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke.ConclusionWe have developed a model-based, high-resolution nationwide assessment of smoking risks and employed rigorous Bayesian geostatistical models to help visualize smoking prevalence predictions. These prediction maps provide estimates of the geographical distribution of smoking, which will serve as strong evidence for the formulation and implementation of smoking cessation policies.HighlightsOur study investigated the prevalence of smokers and exposure to secondhand smoke in different spatial areas of China and explored various factors influencing the smoking prevalence. For the first time, our study applied Bayesian geostatistical modeling to generate a risk prediction map of smoking prevalence, which provides a more intuitive and clear understanding of the spatial disparities in smoking prevalence across different geographical regions, economic levels, and development status. We found significant spatial variations in smokers and secondhand smoke exposure in China, with higher rates in the western and northeastern regions.

Prevalence of tobacco smoking and related factors in people aged 15 years and above in Beijing, 2014-2021

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the implementation of Beijing Smoking Control Regulation in 2015 on the smoking prevalence in people aged ≥15 years in Beijing during 2014-2021, and explore factors associated with tobacco use behavior in local population. Methods Using a pooled cross-sectional design, data from Beijing Adult Tobacco Survey in 2014, 2016, 2019 and 2021 (4 surveys) were combined into one dataset. The 4 surveys used same multistage cluster sampling procedure. After complex survey weighting, multiple logistic regression models were constructed to analyze factors influencing smoking status. Results: A total of 8 484, 9 372, 8 534 and 10 551 respondents were included in the surveys in 2014, 2016, 2019 and 2021, respectively. The smoking prevalence rate was 23.4%, 22.3%, 20.3% and 19.9%, respectively, in Beijing residents aged ≥15 years, exhibiting a linear declining trend (P=0.010). Factors associated with current smoking in men were age 25-44 years (OR=2.22, 95%CI: 1.68-2.95) and 45-64 years, (OR=2.64, 95%CI: 2.06-3.39), educational level of high school (OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.49-0.95) and undergraduate and above (OR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.33-0.63), and awareness of smoking causing stroke (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.61-0.81), and awareness of smoking causing lung cancer (OR=0.53, 95%CI: 0.42-0.66), the differences were significant (all P<0.05). After controlling interfering factors, the current smoking prevalence in men in 2019 (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.63-0.87, P<0.001) and 2021 (OR=0.72, 95%CI: 0.61-0.88, P<0.001) were significantly lower than that in 2014. Factors associated with current smoking in women were living alone (OR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.33-2.44), educational level of undergraduate and above (OR=0.43, 95%CI: 0.27-0.69), other occupations except doctor and teacher (OR=8.54, 95%CI: 2.80-26.02) or being retired/unemployed (OR=9.39, 95%CI: 3.19-27.65), and awareness of smoking causing cardiovascular events (OR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.39-0.84), and awareness of smoking causing lung cancer (OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.35-0.83), the differences were significant (all P<0.05). No significant change in smoking status in women was found in 4 surveys. Conclusions: The smoking prevalence rate in men in Beijing has declined since the implementation of Beijing Smoking Control Regulation 5 years, indicating the effectiveness of legislative approach in tobacco control. Socio-demographic factors and the awareness level of tobacco harm could influence smoking status. Future tobacco control programs should target the people with lower education level, young men, women living alone, and those with occupations other than teachers/doctors or the unemployed/retired and include more comprehensive health education.

Prevalence and Determine Knowledge and Attitude of Tobacco Smoking Among Secondary School Students in Sulaimani City

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate and assess knowledge and attitudes among secondary students in Sulaimani city. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school students, from eight randomly selected secondary schools in Sulaimani city, Iraq. 1200 students participated in this study during six months from October 2022 to April 2023. The respondents were explained about each section of the questionnaire form. It describes behaviors, knowledge, beliefs, opinions, and other variables related to tobacco use. Results: The prevalence rate of current tobacco use (all types) is 21.8%, from this rate; 13.2% were cigarette smoking, 11.9% waterpipe, 24.7% used electronic smoke such as vape and pods and 50.2% of students used all types of tobacco product. The prevalence rates of tobacco use in males (31.3%) and females (12.1%). The rates were higher among students whose mother and father, schoolmates, relatives, and friends were smokers than those whose parents, schoolmates, relatives, and friends were non-smokers. A higher rate of smokers have not thought about the harmful of other people’s cigarettes on them, 16.7%, 25%, 9.9%, and 4.8% of smokers have not thought definitely, probably not, probably yes, and definitely yes. Regarding the attitude of the smokers, it showed statistically that there were significant associations for example only 6.6% of smokers were with the banning of smoking in public places while 21.7% of them were with not banning smoking in public places. Conclusion: Despite the prevalence rate of smoking in Sulaimani City being relatively lower than in other cities in Iraq the rate is still high. The rate was higher in males than females. In addition, there were factors connected with smoking initiation which are parents, schoolmates, relatives, and friends smoking. A higher rate of smokers did not think about the harmful of other people’s cigarettes to them and a lower rate of smokers were with the banning smoking in public places.

Maternal Smoking Prevalence in Brazil in 2013 and 2019: Not What We Expected When They Were Expecting!

Monitoring tobacco use during pregnancy is critical for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We examined changes between 2013 and 2019 in the relative differences in smoking prevalence rates between pregnant and nonpregnant women aged 18-49 years. We used data from a nationally representative health survey conducted in Brazil in 2013 and 2019. A generalized linear model with binomial family and logarithmic link function was used to estimate, for each year of analysis, the crude and adjusted (by age group, educational attainment, place of residence, and status of protection from passive smoking at home) relative differences. In 2013, the proportion point estimate of tobacco use among pregnant women was lower than that observed among nonpregnant women (4.7% vs. 9.6%). However, in 2019 proportion point estimates were virtually the same (8.5% vs. 8.4%). After adjustment for selected variables, in 2013, smoking prevalence among pregnant women was 42% (p-value ≤ .05) lower than that observed among nonpregnant women. On the other hand, in 2019, maternal smoking prevalence was 13% (p-value > .05) higher than that found among nonpregnant women. Ongoing tobacco industry interference and the marketing of tobacco products to vulnerable populations pose serious threats to public health and likely contribute to increasing maternal smoking prevalence. The fact that women smoke in such an important phase of their and their unborn children's lives reinforces the need to strengthen the implementation of concurrent tobacco control actions, including tobacco excise tax policy and prenatal tobacco prevention and cessation interventions as part of health professionals' routine consultation. The decline in smoking prevalence among nonpregnant women between 2013 and 2019 was accompanied by an increase in maternal smoking prevalence. Monitoring tobacco use during pregnancy is critical for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Ongoing tobacco industry interference and the marketing of tobacco products to vulnerable populations in Brazil pose serious threats to public health. The fact that women smoke in such an important phase of their and their unborn children's lives reinforces the need to strengthen the implementation of concurrent tobacco control actions, including tobacco excise tax policy and primary healthcare professionals´ tobacco-related assistance during interaction with their patients.

Selective Reduction of Socioeconomic Disparities in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace: Effects of Cigarette and E-cigarette Flavor Restrictions.

Cigarette smoking accounts for >30% of the socioeconomic gap in life expectancy. Flavored restrictions claim to promote equity; however, no previous studies have compared the effect of cigarette and e-cigarette flavor restrictions among individuals who smoke with lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES). In a between-group within-subject design, individuals with lower (n = 155) and higher (n = 125) SES completed hypothetical purchasing trials in the experimental tobacco marketplace (ETM). Conditions were presented in a 2 × 2 factorial design (cigarette flavors restricted or unrestricted and e-cigarette flavors restricted or unrestricted) with increasing cigarette prices across trials. Results show (1) SES differences in cigarette, e-cigarette, and NRT purchases under unrestricted policies, with lower SES showing higher cigarette demand and lower e-cigarette and NRT substitution than higher SES, (2) cigarette restrictions decreased cigarette and increased NRT purchases among lower SES, but no significant changes among higher SES, (3) decreased SES differences in cigarette demand under cigarette restrictions, but persistence under e-cigarette restrictions or their combination, (4) persistence of SES differences in e-cigarette purchases when all restrictions were enforced, and (5) waning of SES differences in NRT purchasing under all restrictions. Flavor restrictions differentially affected individuals based on SES. Within-group comparisons demonstrated restrictions significantly impacted lower SES, but not higher SES. Between-group comparisons showed SES differences in cigarette purchasing decreased under cigarette restrictions, but persisted under e-cigarette-restrictions or their combination. Additionally, SES differences in NRT substitution decreased under flavor restrictions. These findings highlight the utility of the ETM to investigate SES disparities. With increasing trends of socioeconomic differences in smoking prevalence and cessation rates, smoking-related health disparities are expected to continue to widen. Restricting menthol flavor in cigarettes while enhancing the availability and affordability of NRT have the potential to alleviate SES disparities in tobacco use, therefore, positively impacting health equity. However, this effect may depend on flavor availability in other tobacco products.

Penegakan Hukum dan Sanksi Serta Kendala pada Peraturan Daerah Kota Semarang Nomor 3 Tahun 2013 Tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok

Smoking is the act of inhaling tobacco smoke, which has serious impacts on health and society. Even though reduction efforts have been made, Indonesia has a high smoking prevalence rate. No-Smoking Areas are regulated by Law Number 3 of 2013. Challenges in enforcing the rules arise in public places, with a lack of awareness and supervision. This research highlights the obstacles and effectiveness of law enforcement by Satpol PP in Semarang City regarding Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013 concerning No-Smoking Areas. This research uses qualitative methods to explain the interactions between researchers and respondents. Research parameters include analysis and description. The data source is secondary data from primary and secondary legal materials. Data collection methods involve interviews, observation, literature study, and documentation. Data is presented in narrative form, and data analysis uses a qualitative normative approach. The research focuses on enforcing no-smoking area rules in the city of Semarang. Semarang, capital of Central Java, Indonesia. The research highlights the enforcement of Semarang City Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013 concerning No-Smoking Areas. Routine Satpol PP outreach in schools, public places, offices and tourist attractions increases public awareness. Sanctions include warnings, statements that you will not smoke, and sanctions for minor crimes. The main obstacles involve societal ignorance and a lack of human resources. However, increased awareness since 2017 shows positive progress. This research concludes that the implementation of Semarang City Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013 concerning No-Smoking Areas has succeeded in increasing public awareness through routine Satpol PP outreach. Sanctions are applied systematically and progressively, in accordance with regulations, with the potential to reduce tobacco consumption. The main obstacle involves community ignorance, requiring cooperation from the government, Satpol PP, Non-Governmental Organizations, and communities to increase understanding and compliance. Suggestions involve stronger synergies, comprehensive implementation methods, and active cooperation to achieve efficient and sustainable smoke-free areas in Semarang City.

Penegakan Hukum dan Sanksi Serta Kendala pada Peraturan Daerah Kota Semarang Nomor 3 Tahun 2013 Tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok

Smoking is the act of inhaling tobacco smoke, which has serious impacts on health and society. Even though reduction efforts have been made, Indonesia has a high smoking prevalence rate. No-Smoking Areas are regulated by Law Number 3 of 2013. Challenges in enforcing the rules arise in public places, with a lack of awareness and supervision. This research highlights the obstacles and effectiveness of law enforcement by Satpol PP in Semarang City regarding Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013 concerning No-Smoking Areas. This research uses qualitative methods to explain the interactions between researchers and respondents. Research parameters include analysis and description. The data source is secondary data from primary and secondary legal materials. Data collection methods involve interviews, observation, literature study, and documentation. Data is presented in narrative form, and data analysis uses a qualitative normative approach. The research focuses on enforcing no-smoking area rules in the city of Semarang. Semarang, capital of Central Java, Indonesia. The research highlights the enforcement of Semarang City Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013 concerning No-Smoking Areas. Routine Satpol PP outreach in schools, public places, offices and tourist attractions increases public awareness. Sanctions include warnings, statements that you will not smoke, and sanctions for minor crimes. The main obstacles involve societal ignorance and a lack of human resources. However, increased awareness since 2017 shows positive progress. This research concludes that the implementation of Semarang City Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013 concerning No-Smoking Areas has succeeded in increasing public awareness through routine Satpol PP outreach. Sanctions are applied systematically and progressively, in accordance with regulations, with the potential to reduce tobacco consumption. The main obstacle involves community ignorance, requiring cooperation from the government, Satpol PP, Non-Governmental Organizations, and communities to increase understanding and compliance. Suggestions involve stronger synergies, comprehensive implementation methods, and active cooperation to achieve efficient and sustainable smoke-free areas in Semarang City.

Association between Tobacco Industry Interference Index (TIII) and MPOWER measures and adult daily smoking prevalence rate in 30 countries

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the impact of tobacco industry interference on the implementation and management of tobacco control and the tobacco epidemic using the Tobacco Industry Interference Index (TIII) and MPOWER—a package of measures for tobacco control—and adult daily smoking prevalence in 30 countries.MethodsThe TIII was extracted from the Global Tobacco Industry Interference Index 2019 and Global Center for Good Governance in Tobacco Control (GGTC). MPOWER measures and adult daily smoking prevalence rate were extracted from the World Health Organization (WHO) report on the global tobacco epidemic in 2021. We assessed the ecological cross-lagged association between TIII and MPOWER scores and between TIII and age-standardized prevalence rates for adult daily tobacco users.ResultsTobacco industry interference was inversely correlated with a country’s package of tobacco control measures (β = -0.088, P = 0.035). The TIII was correlated with weaker warnings about the dangers of tobacco (β = -0.016, P = 0.078) and lack of enforcement of bans on tobacco advertising promotion and sponsorship (β = -0.023, P = 0.026). In turn, the higher the TIII, the higher the age-standardized prevalence of adult daily tobacco smokers for both sexes (β = 0.170, P = 0.036). Adult daily smoking prevalence in males (β = 0.417, P = 0.004) was higher in countries where the tobacco industry received incentives that benefited its business.ConclusionWhere the interference of the tobacco industries was high, national compliance with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was lower, and the prevalence of adult daily smokers higher. National governments and global society must work together to minimize the tobacco industry’s efforts to interfere with tobacco control policies.

Packed cell volume and its relation to obesity, gender and smoking status

Abstract Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the packed cell volume (PCV) correlation with body mass index, body fat percentage, also differences between genders and smokers &amp; non-smokers, among Iraqi students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 112 healthy individuals (from which 52.7% were males), aged between 18-23 years old, in December 2022. A short informative history was taken through a questionnaire, anthropometric measures were taken to calculate body mass index and body fat percentage, and the determination of packed cell volume was done by the Microhematocrit method. Results: Packed cell volume among males was higher 47.45±3.409% than for females 39.90±3.169%, with a difference statistically significant (p=0.000), also the correlation of PCV revealed direct significance with body mass index (p=0.011) and indirect statistically significant with body fat percentage (p=0.000). The prevalence rate of smoking was 13.4% and the level of PCV among smokers was 46.80±6.085%, significantly higher (p=0.015) than among non-smokers 43.43±4.702%. Conclusion: Packed cell volume showed a direct correlation with body mass index, an inverse one with the body fat percentage, and was significantly higher among young smokers, emphasising the idea that this parameter can help to evaluate the health risk and to be included in preventive programs and assessment protocols.

Nicotine deprivation amplifies attentional bias toward racial discrimination stimuli in African American adults who smoke cigarettes.

High smoking prevalence and low quit smoking rates among African American adults are well-documented, but poorly understood. We tested a transdisciplinary theoretical model of psychopharmacological-social mechanisms underlying smoking among African American adults. This model proposes that nicotine's acute attention-filtering effects may enhance smoking's addictiveness in populations unduly exposed to discrimination, like African American adults, because nicotine reduces the extent to which discrimination-related stimuli capture attention, and in turn, generate distress. During nicotine deprivation, attentional biases toward discrimination may be unmasked and exacerbated, which may induce distress and perpetuate smoking. To test this model, this within-subject laboratory experiment determined whether attentional bias toward racial discrimination stimuli was amplified by nicotine deprivation in African American adults who smoked daily. Participants (N = 344) completed a computerized modified Stroop task assessing attentional interference from racial discrimination-related words during two counterbalanced sessions (nicotine sated vs. overnight nicotine deprived). The task required participants to quickly name the color of discrimination and matched neutral words. Word Type (Discrimination vs. Neutral) × Pharmacological State (Nicotine Deprived vs. Sated) effects on color naming reaction times were examined. Attentional bias toward racial discrimination-related stimuli was amplified in nicotine deprived (reaction time to discrimination minus neutral stimuli: M [95%CI] = 34.69 [29.62, 39.76] ms; d = 0.15) compared to sated (M [95%CI] = 24.88 [19.84, 29.91] ms; d = 0.11) conditions (Word Type × Pharmacological State, p < .0001). The impact of nicotine deprivation on attentional processes in the context of adverse societal conditions merit consideration in future science and intervention addressing smoking in African American adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Geographical inequality in health: results from a population-based health survey

Abstract Background The greatest public health concern is social inequality in health, which also includes a geographic dimension. Residents of less resourceful areas are often disproportionately exposed to health risks, and the negative health effects of both low social position and unhealthy surroundings can exacerbate each other. This study aims to explore the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics of local areas, health behavior and mental health. Methods The study used self-reported data from the ‘How are you? 2021’ health survey conducted in the Central Denmark Region (N = 33,925), and parish-level data from Statistics Denmark. Latent Profile Analysis was used to group parishes into five socio-geographic groups based on social composition, where deprived areas were characterized by low income, high unemployment, and low education. Health behavior and mental health were compared across socio-geographic groups using linear regression, contrasts and linear hypothesis tests. Results Citizens in less resourceful areas exhibit higher prevalence rates of daily smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and obesity, alongside higher levels of perceived stress and depressive symptoms, as compared to citizens in more affluent areas. However, a higher proportion of individuals in affluent areas exceeded the Danish Health Authority's low-risk recommendations for alcohol consumption. Conclusions The health outcomes of citizens living in less resourceful areas are inferior to those of citizens in more affluent areas. Residents in less resourceful areas exhibit poorer health outcomes across health behaviors and mental health. Based on the study's findings, implementing health promotion initiatives at the local level and addressing the underlying social inequality through structural efforts are necessary. This could potentially help to reduce the disparities in health outcomes in citizens in less resourceful areas compared to those in more affluent areas. Key messages • Health outcomes of citizens in less resourceful areas are inferior to those living in affluent areas. • Local health promotion initiatives and structural efforts addressing social inequality is needed.