Prevalence Rates Of Psychiatric Disorders Research Articles

Latent comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms across sex and race/ethnic subgroupings in a national epidemiologic study

The heterogeneity of mood and anxiety disorders has been widely documented and epidemiologic studies have found different prevalence rates for psychiatric disorders across subgroups (i.e. sex and race/ethnic). The current study compares the latent class structure across sex and race/ethnic groups to determine group differences in these latent class configurations. This study utilized data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative sample from the United States (N = 43,093). First, latent class analyses (LCAs) were used to assess subtypes of symptoms of depression and anxiety that characterize a latent class structure for the population represented by NESARC. Second, group LCAs were conducted across sex and race/ethnicity to compare the latent class structure across these groups. The results suggest a 7-class model is the best fit for the population as well as for the male, non-Hispanic White, and Black subgroups. Females fit best an 11-class model, Hispanics a 5-class model and Asian and American Indian subgroups a 4-class model. These results indicate that subgroups of sex and race/ethnicity do not share the same latent construct for symptoms of anxiety and depression. Understanding the variability in the presentation of comorbid mood and anxiety across subgroups has the potential to inform person-centered approaches to care as well as targeted and multicultural interventions to improve population health.

Increased Burden of Psychiatric Disorders in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Psychiatric comorbidity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well known; however, data from a truly representative sample are sparse. We aimed to estimate the incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in an IBD cohort compared with a matched cohort without IBD. Using population-based administrative health data from Manitoba, Canada, we identified all persons with incident IBD from 1989 to 2012 and a general population matched cohort (5:1). We applied validated algorithms for IBD, depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia to determine the annual incidence of these conditions post-IBD diagnosis and their lifetime and current prevalence. There were 6119 incident cases of IBD and 30,573 matched individuals. After adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, region of residence, and year, there was a higher incidence in the IBD cohort compared with controls for depression (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-1.76), anxiety disorder (IRR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.26-1.53), bipolar disorder (IRR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.44-2.30), and schizophrenia (IRR, 1.64; 95% CI, 0.95-2.84). Incidence rate ratios were similar for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis between males and females and were stable over time. However, within the IBD cohort, the incidence rates of depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorders were higher among females, those aged 18-24 years vs those older than 44 years, urbanites, and those of lower socioeconomic status. The lifetime and current prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders were also higher in the IBD than the matched cohort. The incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders are elevated in the IBD population.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY EXAMINING PREVALENCE OF LIFETIME PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AS A RISK FACTOR FOR BEHAVIORAL VARIANT FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Several studies highlight an overlap between symptoms of primary psychiatric disorders and behavioral variant frontemporal dementia (bvFTD), as well as primary psychiatric symptoms being in some cases a prodrome to bvFTD. Despite this mentioned overlap little is known about the relationship between lifetime history of mental illness and the risk of developing bvFTD Longitudinal data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set (NACC-UDS) yielding sociodemographic and clinical data of subjects with bvFTD (n=351) and AD (n=11769) was obtained. The lifetime prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders was compared across disease groups (bvFTD vs. AD) through Fisher exact test and X2. Comparisons were performed for lifetime prevalence (remote and/or active disorder) and past psychiatric history (remote and inactive) as an attempt to distinguish past psychiatric history as a risk factor for dementia in the absence of ongoing symptoms. Published lifetime prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders in the GP (NCS-R study) were used for reference comparison. Due to the high number of comparisons we applied a Bonferroni correction (0.05/10). Compared to AD, bvFTD patients displayed a significantly higher lifetime prevalence and remote history of substance use disorders (p=0.0007), bipolar disorders (p=0.002) and obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD) (p=0.003). Associations were not limited to active psychiatric disorder and a trend for depressive episodes was observed (p=0.007). The comparison with the GP are limited by the different methodology, but bvFTD showed higher rates of OCD and major depressive disorder (p<0.001), while GP exhibited higher substance use disorders (p <0.001). This study shows higher rates of lifetime psychiatric disorders in bvFTD compared to AD. Although this has to be confirmed prospectively, results suggest that OCD and mood disorders could constitute a risk factor for the development of bvFTD.

The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders and Mental Health Services Utilization by Parents and Relatives Living With Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders in Puerto Rico.

Knowledge about prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and mental health services use among parents and relatives of persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited, particularly when referring to epidemiologic samples. The current study is based on an island-wide probabilistic multistage cluster sample of adult individuals (N = 3062) living in Puerto Rico. Results showed a significantly higher rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and serious mental illness in parents (n = 34) or relatives (n = 34) of ASD individuals, as compared with the Puerto Rico adult population as a whole. Although not definitive because of the small sample size, the fact that the rates of mental health utilization were similar to the population sample suggests a need for greater attention by health professionals attending children with ASD to the needs for mental health services of both parents and relatives of individuals with ASD.

Prevalence of psychopathological features in intellectual diability: The Italian SPAID-G multicentric study

IntroductionDespite increasing awareness of high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID), diagnostic tools are few and scarcely used in daily practice. SPAID-G (psychiatric instrument for the intellectually disabled adult-general version) is the first Italian for carrying out psychiatric diagnostic orientations in adults with ID. It was designed to be easy and quick instrument for daily clinical practice.Objectives/AimsThe present study was aimed at evaluating psychometric and psychodiagnostic characteristics of the SPAID-G and at supplying new data on the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders in a multicentric Italian sample of people with ID living in different settings.MethodsThe SPAID-G was consecutively administered to more than 800 persons with ID attending residential, rehabilitative or clinical services across Italy. A part of the sample was also assessed for psychopathology through the use of DASH-II, PDD-MRS and clinically diagnosed in accordance to DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 criteria.ResultsSPAID internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and concordance with DASH-II and PDD-MRS resulted to be good. Around 40% of the sample was assessed to have a cluster of psychopathological symptoms that could be consistent with a psychiatric diagnosis. Autism, impulse control disorder and personality disorder resulted to be the most frequent over threshold scores.ConclusionsThe SPAID-G seems to be a valid and cost-effective screening tool for the psychiatric assessment within the Italian population with ID.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Psychiatric disorders among the children of 5 to 18 years old of 'SIDR' affected areas

Background: Natural disasters give raise a significant amount of physical and mental impairment in human beings. Any sort of disaster acts as a causative and maintaining factor for any psychiatric morbidity. In November 15, 2007, the cyclone "SIDR" intensified to reach peak winds of 215 km/h (135 mph) according to the IMD, a peak of 250 km/h (155 mph) according to the JTWC. "SIDR" officially made landfall around 1700 UTC later that day, with sustained winds of 215 km/h (135 mph). As it intensified to a Category 4-equivalent cyclone and thus coastal districts of Bangladesh faced heavy rainfall as an early impact of the cyclone. The damage in Bangladesh was extensive, including tin shacks flattened, houses and schools blown away and enormous tree damage. The entire cities of Patuakhali, Barguna and Jhalokati District were hit hard by the storm surge of over 5 meters ( 16 ft). The head of the Red Crescent in Bangladesh expects the death toll to reach as high as 10,000. Over 3,000 other fishermen were reported missing on over 500 fishing boats. The "SIDR" left its strong impact on those who survived. Objectives: The Study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorder among children and adolescents in the "SIDR" affected areas. Method: This was cross sectional, qualitative study done among the children and adolescent groups of 5 to 18 years old to see the effect of natural disaster on the people of southern part of Bangladesh. The whole of the children population who attended in the health camp were included in the study during the study period. Three teams have worked among the four "SIDR" affected districts. Each team consists of Psychiatrists, General Physicians, and Clinical Psychologist.Results: A total of 158 children in four defined areas revealed that the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorder was 48%.Conclusion: This type of study should be done in multi-centers in SIDR affected disti.icts of Bangladesh to find out the actual prevalence rate of child and adolescent psychiatric disorder.

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Anxiety and Depressive Disorders after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.

This review examined pre- and post-injury prevalence of, and risk factors for, anxiety disorders and depressive disorders after traumatic brain injury (TBI), based on evidence from structured diagnostic interviews. A systematic literature search was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. We identified studies in civilian adults with TBI reporting on the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders using structured diagnostic interviews and assessed their quality. Pooled pre- and post-injury prevalence estimates of anxiety disorders and depressive disorders were computed. A total of 34 studies described in 68 publications were identified, often assessing anxiety disorders (n = 9), depressive disorders (n = 7), or a combination of disorders (n = 6). Prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders varied widely. Pooled prevalence estimates of anxiety and depressive disorders were 19% and 13% before TBI and 21% and 17% in the first year after TBI. Pooled prevalence estimates increased over time and indicated high long-term prevalence of Axis I disorders (54%), including anxiety disorders (36%) or depressive disorders (43%). Females, those without employment, and those with a psychiatric history before TBI were at higher risk for anxiety and depressive disorders after TBI. We conclude that a substantial number of patients encounter anxiety and depressive disorders after TBI, and that these problems persist over time. All health care settings should pay attention to the occurrence of psychiatric symptoms in the aftermath of TBI to enable early identification and treatment of these disorders and to enhance the recovery and quality of life of TBI survivors.

Prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders among Saudi Female adolescents: School-based study from Riyadh City

Introduction Studies have shown that mental health problems at an early age can lead to greater impairment in adult life. Epidemiological evidence on the prevalence and incidence of mental health disorders is fundamental for planning mental health services. However, these data are lacking in Saudi Arabia. Objectives The objective of the study is to examine the prevalence of mental health problems in Saudi female adolescents attending high school in Riyadh City. Aims The primary aim is to examine the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders. Second is to examine some psychosocial variables as predictors of psychiatric disorders. Methods This two-stage epidemiological study used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen all eligible participants for the presence of a possible psychiatric disorder. The screening was followed by the use of a structured psychiatric interview (MINI-Kid), which was administered to a sub-sample to confirm the presence or absence of psychiatric disorders. Results A total of 4745 participants were screened in the first stage, and 692 participants underwent follow-up interviews. Agoraphobia was the most common disorder with a prevalence rate of (30.6%), followed by major depressive episode (29.9%), then separation anxiety disorder (27.1%). The only variables with a predictive power of a psychiatric disorder were having a private teacher (OR=1.86, 95% CI (1.13–3/07), P =0.013). Conclusion The rate of psychiatric disorders among Saudi female adolescents is within the wide range reported internationally but is associated with specific social predictive factors.

Mental health and gender dysphoria: A review of the literature

Studies investigating the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among trans individuals have identified elevated rates of psychopathology. Research has also provided conflicting psychiatric outcomes following gender-confirming medical interventions. This review identifies 38 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies describing prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric outcomes, pre- and post-gender-confirming medical interventions, for people with gender dysphoria. It indicates that, although the levels of psychopathology and psychiatric disorders in trans people attending services at the time of assessment are higher than in the cis population, they do improve following gender-confirming medical intervention, in many cases reaching normative values. The main Axis I psychiatric disorders were found to be depression and anxiety disorder. Other major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, were rare and were no more prevalent than in the general population. There was conflicting evidence regarding gender differences: some studies found higher psychopathology in trans women, while others found no differences between gender groups. Although many studies were methodologically weak, and included people at different stages of transition within the same cohort of patients, overall this review indicates that trans people attending transgender health-care services appear to have a higher risk of psychiatric morbidity (that improves following treatment), and thus confirms the vulnerability of this population.

Commentary on Black et al., a systematic review: Identifying the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in Australia’s Indigenous populations

Commentary on Black et al., a systematic review: Identifying the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in Australia’s Indigenous populations

Parental care protects traumatized Sri Lankan children from internalizing behavior problems.

BackgroundResearch in war-torn regions has mainly focused on the impact of traumatic experiences on individual mental health and has found high prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in affected adults and children. However, little is known about the possible protective factors occurring in children’s environments in the aftermath of mass trauma. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study with families in Northern Sri Lanka, a region that had been shattered by a long-lasting civil war and devastated by the Asian tsunami in 2004.MethodsSchoolchildren aged 7 to 11 (N = 359) were interviewed on the basis of standardized measures to assess children's exposure to traumatic events, mental health symptoms, and parenting behavior as perceived by children. All interviews were carried out by local senior counselors.ResultsLinear regression analyses identified exposure to mass trauma and family violence as significant risk factors of child mental health whereas parental care emerged as a significant factor associated with fewer behavior problems. In addition, parental care significantly moderated the relationship between mass trauma and internalizing behavior problems.ConclusionsFamily characteristics seem to be strongly associated with children’s mental health even in regions severely affected by mass trauma. This finding is particularly relevant for the development of targeted psychosocial interventions for children and families living in war torn areas.

Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Results From the LifeLines Cohort Study.

Functional somatic syndromes (FSSs) have often been linked to psychopathology. The aim of the current study was to compare prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders among individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), fibromyalgia (FM), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study was conducted in 94,516 participants (mean [standard deviation] age = 44.6 [12.5] years, 58.7% women) of the general-population cohort LifeLines. FSSs were assessed by self-reports. Mood disorders (i.e., major depressive disorder and dysthymia) and anxiety disorders (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder with/without agoraphobia, and agoraphobia) were assessed by means of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Risks on psychiatric disorders were compared for individuals with CFS, FM, and IBS by using logistic regression analyses adjusted for age and sex. Prevalence rates of CFS, FM, and IBS were 1.3%, 3.0%, and 9.7%, respectively. Individuals with CFS, FM, and IBS had significantly more mood (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.72-5.42) and anxiety disorders (ORs = 1.52-3.96) than did individuals without FSSs, but prevalence rates were low (1.6%-28.6%). Individuals with CFS more often had mood (ORs = 2.00-4.08) and anxiety disorders (ORs = 1.63-2.32) than did individuals with FM and IBS. Major depressive disorder was more common in FM than in IBS (OR = 1.58, 95% confidence interval = 1.24-2.01), whereas these groups did not differ on dysthymia or anxiety disorders. Mood and anxiety disorders are more prevalent in individuals with FSSs, and particularly CFS, than in individuals without FSSs. However, most individuals with FSSs do not have mood or anxiety disorders.

Psychiatric Caseness and its Obstetric Correlates in Pregnant Population Attending Antenatal Clinic in TUTH

Background: Prevalence rates for psychiatric disorders during pregnancy have been found to range from 6-13%. Psychiatric caseness during pregnancy not only affects the mother but also affects the health and development of the child. Various factors have been found to be associated with psychiatric caseness in different cultural and social settings including obstetric history. Objective: To evaluate the relation of obstetric history in pregnant population with psychiatric caseness.Methods: This is a cross sectional study with a total of 300 sample collected within 6 months in antenatal clinic of obstetric OPD, TUTH using semi-structured proforma and SRQ-24. Results: 15% of the pregnant women could be labeled as psychiatric cases. Trimester and, complication during current pregnancy showed statistically significant association with psychiatric caseness. Conclusion: As 15% of pregnant ANC attendees were found to be having psychiatric illness, it can be recommended that pregnant females be routinely screened for the possibility of psychiatric caseness especially if it is the first trimester or complication during this pregnancy is noted.J Psychiatric Association of Nepal Vol .3, No.2, 2014, pp:20-24DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpan.v3i2.12383

A systematic review: Identifying the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder in Australia's Indigenous populations.

This review aimed to draw on published literature to identify the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in Australia's Indigenous populations, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model was conducted using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and Informit Indigenous and Health Collections. Studies were included for analysis if they were empirical quantitative studies reporting prevalence rates for any psychiatric disorder in Indigenous people. Of the 1584 papers extracted by the search strategy, 17 articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed in detail. Methodology, sampling strategy and study design varied greatly across these 17 studies. Prevalence rates varied by disorder and are as follows: major depressive disorder (4.3-51%); mood disorders (7.7-43.1%); post-traumatic stress disorder (14.2-55.2%); anxiety disorders (17.2-58.6%); substance dependence (5.9%-66.2%); alcohol dependence (21.4-55.4%); and psychotic disorders (1.68-25%). While the number of studies on community-based Indigenous populations was limited, available evidence suggested that prevalence rates are higher in prison populations compared with community-based studies. It was identified that there is limited evidence on the occurrence of psychiatric disorders for Indigenous people in the general community. More research in this area is essential to provide accurate and reliable estimates and to provide a baseline for evaluating the effectiveness of programs aimed at reducing the high mental health burden experienced by Indigenous Australians. Future research needs to ensure that standardised and validated methods are used to accurately estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Indigenous Australians.

Neurodevelopmental Plasticity in Pre- and Postnatal Environmental Interactions: Implications for Psychiatric Disorders from an Evolutionary Perspective.

Psychiatric disorders are disadvantageous behavioral phenotypes in humans. Accordingly, a recent epidemiological study has reported decreased fecundity in patients with psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Moreover, the fecundity of the relatives of these patients is not exceedingly higher compared to the fecundity of the relatives of normal subjects. Collectively, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among humans is expected to decrease over generations. Nevertheless, in reality, the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in humans either have been constant over a long period of time or have even increased more recently. Several attempts to explain this fact have been made using biological mechanisms, such as de novo gene mutations or variants, although none of these explanations is fully comprehensive. Here, we propose a hypothesis towards understanding the biological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders from evolutionary perspectives. This hypothesis considers that behavioral phenotypes associated with psychiatric disorders might have emerged in the evolution of organisms as a neurodevelopmental adaptation against adverse environmental conditions associated with stress.

Psychiatric disorder prevalence among deaf and hard-of-hearing outpatients

ObjectivesTo contribute to the dearth of literature on the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in deaf adults, this study examined the diagnostic and clinical characteristics of deaf psychiatric outpatients in comparison to hearing psychiatric outpatients. MethodsArchival clinical data for deaf adults (N=241), treated at a specialized, linguistically and culturally affirmative outpatient community mental health program from 2002 to 2010, was compared to data from a random sample of hearing adult outpatients (N=345) who were treated at the same community mental health center. ResultsIn various diagnostic categories, significant differences were seen between the deaf and hearing groups: bipolar disorders (3.7% versus 14.2%), impulse control disorders (15.8% versus 5.2%), anxiety disorders (18.7% versus 30.1%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (11.2% versus 4.9%), pervasive developmental disorders (3.3% versus 0.3%), substance use disorders (27.8% versus 48.4%), and intellectual disabilities (10.4% versus 2.9%). ConclusionsThe deaf outpatient group evidenced a different diagnostic profile than the hearing sample. It is suggested that the use of culturally competent and fluent ASL-signing clinicians provides more diagnostic clarity and is encouraged as a best practice for the care of deaf individuals.

Psychiatric Diagnoses and Psychosocial Needs of Outpatient Deaf Children and Adolescents

Deaf youth may be more vulnerable to psychiatric disorders but very little research data is available. The current study identified prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and examined the psychosocial needs and strengths of deaf youth aged 4-17 receiving specialized outpatient mental health services for the deaf. Compared to hearing peers, deaf youth had greater rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct, autism-spectrum and bipolar disorders and spent three times longer in treatment than their hearing peers. In the deaf subsample, moderate-severe risk was found in social functioning (33.3 %) and suicidal behavior (14 %). Deaf youth had moderate to severe impairment in social relationships (54.8 %), school functioning (42.9 %). Over one-third of deaf youth had impaired family relationships, living situation, communication, judgment and physical health. Deaf youth present with higher rates of certain clinical disorders and have deficits in multiple life domains that may impact functioning and create a longer treatment course.

Reliability and validity of the SPAID-G checklist for detecting psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability

SPAID (Psychiatric Instrument for the Intellectually Disabled Adult) is the first Italian tool-package for carrying out psychiatric diagnosis in adults with Intellectual Disabilities (ID). It includes the "G" form, for general diagnostic orientation, and specific checklists for all groups of syndromes stated by the available classification systems. SPAID was established to provide an easy and quick tool for daily practice of the personnel working with ID. The present study was aimed at evaluating psychometric and psychodiagnostic characteristics of the SPAID-G and at supplying new data on the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders in a multicentric Italian sample of people with ID living in different settings. The SPAID-G was randomly applied to 304 participants with ID attending residential facilities or assessment services across Italy. A part of the sample was also consecutively assessed through the use of DASH, PDD-MRS and by the clinical application of the DSM-IV TR criteria. The correlation between SPAID-G scores and those provided by other evaluation tools was over 60%. Additionally, the internal consistency and inter-rater reliability resulted to be good. Psychopathological symptoms were detected in approximately 40% of the sample. Respectively, autistic spectrum disorders, impulse control disorders, mood disorders, and dramatic personality disorders were the diagnostic orientations providing the most prevalent over-threshold scores. SPAID-G seems to be a valid diagnostic tool, quick and easy to use in psychiatric disorders assessment within the Italian population with ID.

Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in very young children in a Romanian pediatric setting.

A growing literature demonstrates that early clinical intervention can reduce risks of adverse psychosocial outcomes. A first step necessary for developing early intervention services is to know the prevalence of clinical disorders, especially in systems that are rebuilding, such as Romania, where the mental health system was dismantled under Ceausescu. No epidemiologic studies have examined prevalence of psychiatric disorders in young children in Romania. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Romanian children 18-60months in pediatric settings. Parents of 1,003 children 18-60months in pediatric waiting rooms of two pediatric hospitals completed background information, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). A subgroup over-sampled for high mental health problems were invited to participate in the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. Rates of mental health problems were similar to the US norms on the CBCL. The weighted prevalence of psychiatric disorders in these children was 8.8%, with 5.4% with emotional disorders and 1.4% with behavioral disorders. Comorbidity occurred in nearly one-fourth of the children with a psychiatric disorder and children who met diagnostic criteria had more functional impairment than those without. Of children who met criteria for a psychiatric disorder, 10% of parents were concerned about their child's emotional or behavioral health. This study provides prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in young Romanian children, clinical characteristic of the children and families that can guide developing system of care. Cultural differences in parental report of emotional and behavioral problems warrant further examination.

Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults?

Little is known about changes in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders between childhood and adolescence, and adolescence and adulthood. We reviewed papers reporting prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders separately for childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Both longitudinal and cross-sectional papers published in the past 15 years were included. About one adolescent in five has a psychiatric disorder. From childhood to adolescence there is an increase in rates of depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and substance use disorders (SUD), and a decrease in separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). From adolescence to early adulthood there is a further increase in panic disorder, agoraphobia, and SUD, and a further decrease in SAD and ADHD. Other phobias and disruptive behavior disorders also fall. Further study of changes in rates of disorder across developmental stages could inform etiological research and guide interventions.