Prevalence Rate Of Cancer Research Articles

An Ecological Study on the Risk of Gastric Cancer With Helicobacter Pylori Prevalence and Other Potential Cofactors in Korea

Background: Korea has a high incidence of gastric cancer and a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Observation of prevalence trends and determination of risk factors for gastric cancer are important to establish health policies to prevent and reduce the burden of disease. Currently, there is no evidence of complete correlation between prevalence of H. pylori infection and the occurrence of gastric cancer. Several explanations have been proposed for the paradox of high prevalence of infection and low gastric cancer incidence in certain places, including diet and salt consumption, genetic susceptibility, other infections, aflatoxin-contaminated food, and the interaction of all these factors, but none of them has been clearly established. Aim: To explore the potential effects of prevalence of H. pylori infection and other risk factors on gastric cancer incidence in Korea. Methods: Information on gastric cancer incidence, prevalence of H. pylori infection, and the risk factors for gastric cancer were evaluated from nationally representative data - the Korean National Cancer Registry, nationwide routine health check-up surveillance system, and National Health and Nutrition Survey, respectively. Secular trends of H. pylori infection prevalence and age-standardized incidence rates for gastric cancer by region were examined. Furthermore, trends of income level, education level, marital status, number of family members, smoking status, drinking status, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and age-standardized incidence rates for gastric cancer by region were examined. Results: Gastric cancer incidence showed a decreasing trend from 2011 to 2015; 50.6%–44.4% for men and 22.1%–17.0% for women. The prevalence of H. pylori infection also showed a decreasing trend; from 66.9% in 1998%–54.4% in 2011. In Korea, areas with high prevalence of H. pylori infection also showed high gastric cancer incidence. However, the Chungcheong area showed relatively low prevalence of H. pylori infection, but had the highest gastric cancer incidence in Korea. Other factors which showed similar effects on gastric cancer incidence, like H. pylori infection were large family size (4 or more family members), low income, low education, and obesity. The effect of introduction of 'National Cancer Screening Program' will be evaluated in the final outcome. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that significant regional differences exist between trends in H. pylori infection prevalence and gastric cancer incidence in Korea. Also, the possibility of lack of association between H. pylori prevalence and the incidence of gastric cancer are suggested. Overall, this study suggests the need for further research to explore potential factors accounting for regional differences in gastric cancer incidence in Korea.

Evaluating the Synergistic Effects of Carica papaya Linn, Vernonia amygdalina Delile, Artemisinin and Iodine As Potential Agents in the Management of Breast Cancer

Background: The rise in breast cancer prevalence rate across the globe and in Africa is a public health issue. Accessibility to the effective and affordable therapeutic options for the management of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa is challenging due to high costs, questionable effectiveness and toxicity of treatments available. Studies have documented the use of complimentary and alternative medicine in contemporary cancer treatment in form of standardized phytomedicines. However, the scientific evidence on their efficacies, synergy, safety and adequacy is still lacking. Vernonia amygdalina Delile (leaf extract). Furthermore, Carica papaya Linn (leaf extract), artemisinin and molecular iodine have been previously reported to have activity against breast cancer but their synergistic effect has not been validated. Aim: This study seeks to evaluate synergistic effects of Carica papaya Linn (leaf extract), Vernonia amygdalina Delile (leaf extract), artemisinin and molecular iodine against breast cancer cell lines in vitro and safety profile in selected animal models in vivo. Four specific objectives where stated: (i) to determine inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the plant and compound combinations in vitro against breast cancer cell lines; (ii) to determine effective dose (ED50) of most effective combination(s) against cancer cell lines using animal models (in vivo); (iii) to assess the acute, subacute, chronic toxicity profile of most efficacious combination against breast cancer cell lines; (iv) to identify and characterize bioactive compounds in the combination that shows the highest activity against breast cancer cell lines. Methods: Breast cancer cell lines: MCF 7, MDA-MB-231 will be used to determine IC50 of combinations in vitro. MTT assay will be applied for quantification of viable cells in culture. Both positive and negative controls will be adopted in the study. Mice and rats animal models will be used for toxicity study and determination of ED50 of most active combinations. Bioactive compounds in combination(s) will be identified using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Standard procedures according to WHO. Graph Prism computer software will be used to obtain LD50. The results will be statistically analyzed using Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 16 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software. Results: Study in progress. Conclusion: This study will provide a significant contribution into aspects of herbal medicine in breast cancer research, as there is limited research and development efforts in respect to new products to treat breast cancer in the African context. The development of natural, efficacious, cost effective, safer, easier accessible breast cancer management alternative is anticipated as a result of the study. Some of the compounds found in the chosen plants may be used as templates for development of new anticancer product.

Burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases in India, 1990-2016.

There is no comprehensive report on the burden of gastrointestinal (GI) and liver diseases in India. In this study, we estimated the age-standardized prevalence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALY) rates of GI and liver diseases in India from 1990 to 2016 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study, which systematically reviews literature and reports for international disease burden trends. Despite a decrease in the overall burden from GI infectious disorders since 1990, they still accounted for the majority of DALYs in 2016. Among noncommunicable disorders (NCDs), there were increases in the prevalence and mortality rates for pancreatitis, liver cancer, paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction, gallbladder and biliary tract cancer, vascular intestinal disorders, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Prevalence and mortality rates decreased for peptic ulcer disease, hernias, appendicitis, and stomach and esophageal cancer. For gastritis and duodenitis, cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases, and gallbladder and biliary tract diseases, there was an increase in prevalence but a decrease in mortality while the opposite was true for pancreatic cancer (decreased prevalence, increased mortality). Indian gastroenterologists and hepatologists must continue to attend to the large majority of patients with infectious diseases while also managing the increasing number of GI and liver diseases, noncommunicable nonmalignant and malignant.

Methylation analysis for multiple gene promoters in non-small cell lung cancers in high indoor air pollution region in China

The prevalence and mortality rates of lung cancer in Xuanwei, Yunnan, China, are the highest in the world. The severe indoor air pollution caused by smoky coals with high benzo (a)pyrene (BaP) and quartz levels is the main environmental factor. The aim of this study was to investigate methylation profiles of promoters in eight genes in primary non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) exposed to smoky coals. Candidate genes including CDKN2A, DLEC1, CDH1, DAPK, RUNX3, APC, WIF1 and MGMT were determined for the promoter methylation status using Nested methylation-specific PCR (nMSP) in primary 23NSCLC tissues and in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) isolated from 42plasma samples (9matched to tissues) as well as 10healthy plasma samples, using Sanger sequencing to verify the results. Seven of the 8genes, except MGMT, had relatively high methylation frequencies ranging from 39%-74% in tissues. Moreover, methylation frequencies in five genes identified in lung cancer plasma were 45% for CDKN2A, 48% for DLEC1, 76% for CDH1, 14% for DAPK, 29% for RUNX3, with a relatively good concordance of methylation among 9 tissues and paired plasma. However, the genes from all healthy plasma showed no methylation. A panel of genes including CDKN2A, DLEC1, CDH1, DAPK and RUNX3 may be used as potential epigenetic biomarkers for early lung cancer detection. CDH1 promoter methylation was associated with lung cancer metastasis in areas of air pollution from buring of smoky coals. DLEC1 and CDH1 exhibited specific high methylation frequencies, different from previous reports.

Prevalence of lung cancer in patients with interstitial lung disease is higher than in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

We aimed to explore lung cancer prevalence in interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients with or without connective tissue disorder (CTD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in comparison with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).We evaluated lung cancer prevalence associated with ILD and IPF using Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) data from January to December 2011. This database (HIRA-NPS-2011–0001) was sampled using random sampling of outpatients; 1,375,842 sample cases were collected, and 670,258 (age ≥ 40 ys) were evaluated. Patients with ILDs, IPF, CTD, or COPD were identified using the International Classification of Disease-10 diagnostic codes.Lung cancer prevalence rates per 100,000 persons for the sample population and those with ILD, IPF, CTD-ILD, and COPD were 420, 7334, 7404, 7272, and 4721, respectively. Lung cancer prevalence was significantly higher in those with ILD than in those with COPD (P < .01).More attention should be paid to lung cancer development in those with ILD as well as COPD.

Aflatoxin – Publication analysis of a global health threat

BackgroundAs a metabolite of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic and mutagenic mycotoxin that is confirmed as a class-1 agent. It contaminates the most of our staple foods, affecting 25% of global crops. It is a global threat to human health by causing liver cancer in conjunction with Hepatitis B. Developing countries are particularly at risk not only because of the climatic but also of the agricultural production conditions. Climatic change and the intensification of global trading are also enhancing the risk of the global contamination. The overall health effects are dramatic. MethodsTherefore, we choose this mycotoxin for an in-depth analysis of its global scientific publication output. The focus is on the geographical and chronological facts and trends, the international networks and the development of research fields. For this purpose, the bibliometric data was collected in the Web of Science database and interpreted according to a variety of scientometric parameters. ResultsThe results show a superiority of the USA regarding the absolute publication numbers that was taken over by China in 2016. Not only the dramatic incidence and prevalence rates of liver cancer and the high Aflatoxin contamination rate in China, but also the immense increase of the expenditure for research and development play a role.In relation to the integration of socio-economic features other countries emerge, i.e. Tunesia, Nigeria or Egypt. Other severely affected countries of Africa, Asia and South-America show a relatively low publication output. India, as an emerging country, achieves a considerably high output. Here, the health hazards are threatening and resulted in an outbreak of Aflatoxicosis induced Hepatitis in 1974. Although an outbreak of Aflatoxicosis in Kenya caused the deaths of 120 people, Kenyan research output is relatively low. The analyses of the distribution over time in 5-year intervals showed the relative decrease of the research area Oncology, whereas Food Science & Technology gained proportionally importance. ConclusionsFor future Aflatoxin studies, it is extremely important to carry out projects with the participation of the most affected countries and to support and enhance the knowledge growth of the individual farmers to establish more adapted production practices.

Estimates of cancer burden in Liguria.

The regional health care system of Liguria caters for a resident population which is among the oldest in Europe. One population-based cancer registry is present in the region, providing incidence and survival data for the Genoa province (covering 55% of the regional population). This paper will estimate the incidence, prevalence and mortality in the Liguria region for cancers of the lung, breast, prostate, colon-rectum, stomach and uterine cervix and melanoma of the skin in 1970-2015. The estimated figures were obtained by applying the MIAMOD method. Starting from mortality and survival data, incidence and prevalence were derived using a statistical back-calculation approach. Survival was modeled on the basis of published data from the Italian cancer registries. The MIAMOD method was applied also to estimate the colorectal cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence rates in the Ligurian provinces in the period 1988-2015. In 2012 about 1,500 new cases of breast cancer were expected in Ligurian women. The estimates for the other cancer sites were considerably lower, ranging from 839 (colon-rectum) to 54 (cervix). In men about 1,400 new cases were estimated for prostate cancer, while the incidence for the other sites ranged from 1,118 (colon-rectum) to 208 (skin melanoma). The breast cancer prevalence rate was more than 10 times the incidence rate in women, and the lung cancer prevalence rate was more than double the incidence rate in both sexes. Mortality rates were highest for lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women; the lowest rates were estimated for melanoma and cancer of the uterine cervix. In Liguria a large portion of the health expenditure has been devoted to diagnostic and therapeutic resources. This may have contributed to the reduction of mortality rates and to the improvement of cancer survival. This phenomenon, added to population aging, will inflate the cancer prevalence. One of the major challenges for the Liguria region is to face the increasing demand for oncology services.

Cancer risk associated with living at high altitude in Ecuadorian population from 2005 to 2014

Background and aimsCancer is a leading cause of death in Ecuador with high social and economic impact. This study aims to determinate the influence of living at a high altitude on the risk of developing or dying from cancer among the Ecuadorian population.MethodsThis is an ecological and epidemiological analysis of cancer mortality and prevalence rates, based on national data from the Ecuadorian National Statistics and Census Institute, corresponding to the period between 2005 and 2014. This study includes the analysis of various types of cancer: gastric, colorectal, hepatic/bile duct, breast, uterine/cervix, and lymphatic/hematopoietic, using rates of mortality and prevalence. Additionally, the association between the risk of getting or dying from cancer and living at high altitude was investigated. This comparison was made between the population living in Highlands, over 2000 meters above sea level, and low-lying regions.ResultsLiving at high altitude was associated with a higher prevalence of cancer and also with a high mortality rate due to cancer. Risk of getting cancer was related to living at a higher altitude, as well as an increased risk of death by cancer: gastric (OR:1.204; p<0.001), colorectal (OR:1.421; p<0.001), hepatic/bile duct (OR:1.184; p<0.001), breast (OR:1.067; p=0.030), or lymphatic/hematopoietic neoplasms (OR:1.135; p<0.001).ConclusionsThrough an epidemiologic analysis, the association between developing or dying from cancer and living at high altitude was obtained. However, further researche is needed to clarify these findings, something that could have a substantial impact on cancer prevention.

Prevalence, management, and prognosis of bladder cancer in patients with neurogenic bladder: A systematic review.

To perform a systematic review of the literature regarding epidemiology, diagnosis, management and prognosis of bladder cancer in the neuro-urological patient population, in order to serve as a basis for future recommendations and research. A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA-Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes Statement. Embase was searched for studies providing data on epidemiology, diagnosis, management and prognosis of bladder cancer in neuro-urological patients. After screening 637 abstracts, 15 studies (13 retrospective and 2 prospective studies) were included in this study. We identified 332 patients (0.3%) who were diagnosed with bladder cancer. This mostly affected mostly men (59.3%) and spinal cord injured patients (98.8%). Mean age at diagnosis was 56.1 years. Bladder cancer occurred after a long period of evolution of the neurological disease (24.9 years). Gross hematuria was the predominating presenting symptom (31.6% of cases). Indwelling urethral or supra-pubic catheters were used in 44.5% of patients. The most frequent histological subtype of bladder cancer was transitional cell carcinoma (53.1%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (33.5%). Muscle-invasive bladder cancer was reported in 67.7% of patients. The mean cancer-specific mortality rate was of 47.1%. The prevalence and high mortality rate of bladder cancer in neuro-urological patients underlines the importance of long-term follow-up in this specific population. This highlights the necessity of further studies in this field.

Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of three current guidelines for the evaluation of asymptomatic pancreatic cystic neoplasms.

Asymptomatic pancreatic cysts are a common clinical problem but only a minority of these cases progress to cancer. Our aim was to compare the accuracy to detect malignancy of the 2015 American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), the 2012 International Consensus/Fukuoka (Fukuoka guidelines [FG]), and the 2010 American College of Radiology (ACR) guidelines.We conducted a retrospective study at 3 referral centers for all patients who underwent resection for an asymptomatic pancreatic cyst between January 2008 and December 2013. We compared the accuracy of 3 guidelines in predicting high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or cancer in resected cysts. We performed logistic regression analyses to examine the association between cyst features and risk of HGD or cancer.A total of 269 patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 228 (84.8%) had a benign diagnosis or low-grade dysplasia on surgical pathology, and 41 patients (15.2%) had either HGD (n = 14) or invasive cancer (n = 27). Of the 41 patients with HGD or cancer on resection, only 3 patients would have met the AGA guideline's indications for resection based on the preoperative cyst characteristics, whereas 30/41 patients would have met the FG criteria for resection and 22/41 patients met the ACR criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of HGD, and/or cancer of the AGA guidelines were 7.3%, 88.2%, 10%, and 84.1%, compared to 73.2%, 45.6%, 19.5%, and 90.4% for the FG and 53.7%, 61%, 19.8%, and 88% for the ACR guidelines. In multivariable analysis, cyst size >3 cm, compared to ≤3 cm, (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11, 4.2) and each year increase in age (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.11) were positively associated with risk of HGD or cancer on resection.In patients with asymptomatic branch duct-intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms or mucinous cystic neoplasms who underwent resection, the prevalence rate of HGD or cancer was 15.2%. Using the 2015 AGA criteria for resection would have missed 92.6% of patients with HGD or cancer. The more "inclusive" FG and ACR had a higher sensitivity for HGD or cancer but lower specificity. Given the current deficiencies of these guidelines, it will be important to determine the acceptable rate of false-positives in order to prevent a single true-positive.

Cancer prevalence in Israeli men and women with schizophrenia

The aim of this cross–sectional study was to compare cancer prevalence rates among patients with schizophrenia to those of the non-schizophrenia population. The study population included members of Clalit Health Services aged 25 to 74 years and all data was taken from patients’ electronic health records. Of the 2,060,314 members who were included in the study, 32,748 had a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Cancer prevalence rates in women with and without schizophrenia were 491 per 10,000 and 439 per 10,000, respectively; in men, cancer prevalence rates were 226 per 10,000 and 296 per 10,000, respectively. The age-adjusted prevalence rate of all-type cancer was significantly lower among men with schizophrenia, compared to men without schizophrenia; specifically, men with schizophrenia had a lower rate of prostate cancer, and of cancers in the "other" category, compared to men without schizophrenia. Reduced cancer rates in men with schizophrenia may reflect under-diagnosis of some cancer types, likely due to insufficient medical attention. An effort to improve screening regimes should be made.

Hepatitis C virus-related complications are increasing in women veterans: A national cohort study.

There are gender-specific variations in the epidemiology and clinical course of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, few long-term longitudinal studies have examined trends in the incidence and prevalence of serious liver complications among women compared with men with HCV infection. We used the Veterans Administration Corporate Data Warehouse to identify all veterans with positive HCV viraemia from January 2000 to December 2013. We calculated gender-specific annual incidence and prevalence rates of cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) adjusting for age, diabetes, HIV and alcohol use. We also calculated the average annual per cent change (AAPC) for each outcome by gender using piecewise linear regression in the Joinpoint software. We identified 264409 HCV-infected veterans during 2000-2013, of whom 7162 (2.7%) were women. There were statistically significant increases over time in the incidence rates of cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis and HCC for both men and women. The annual-adjusted incidence rates of cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis and HCC were higher in men than women for all study years. However, these complications increased at a similar rate in both groups. Specifically, the AAPC for cirrhosis was 13.1 and 15.2, while it was 15.6 and 16.9 for decompensated cirrhosis and 21.0 and 25.3 for HCC in men and women, respectively (all test of parallelism not significant). The results were similar in the prevalence analyses, although AAPCs were slightly smaller for each outcome. In conclusion, we found an ongoing upward trend in the incidence and prevalence of HCV complications in this cohort of HCV-infected women. This increase in cirrhosis complications in women with active HCV infection is similar to those in men. With cure from HCV now becoming a reality, most of the projected burden of HCV is potentially preventable. However, benefits of HCV treatment will need to extend to all patients in order to stem the rising tide of HCV complications.

THE STATE OF THE MEDICAL CARE FOR LUNG CANCER PATIENTS IN THE ALTAI REGION

The relevance of the study of lung cancer is associated with a high incidence and mortality rate. The article is devoted to the study of indices of the prevalence rate of the lung cancer in the Altai Territory for the period of from 2014 to 2016. An increase in the prevalence rate of lung cancer has been established to be of 61.4% (2016) per 100 00 population (both genders), the increase in the «rough index» accounted for 7.4%. With the bearing in mind the age-gender characteristics, statistical analysis showed the highest level of the prevalence rate of cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung to be observed in males, that amounts of 19.3% among malignant tumors detected in 2016 in the Altai Territory. The greatest increase in the incidence rate of lung cancer is observed in both males and females in the age group of 60-69 years. In stage I-II lung cancer patients there is noted the gain of the specific weight and the decline in the mortality rate to 40.3 per 100 000 population of the Altai Krai.

Comparison of Early and Late Complications in Three Esophagectomy Techniques

Background: Due to the high prevalence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer in some parts of the world and considering that in most patients, symptoms occur when cancer is advanced, this study aimed to compare early and late complications in three esophagectomy techniques for treatment of esophageal cancer. Methods: The present study was a descriptive research on 316 patients with esophageal cancer referring to Shohada Tajrish hospital, Tehran. The results were recorded in the research forms consisting of individual characteristics, symptoms and reasons for referring to the hospital. Findings were extracted after classification and evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results: Among 316 patients studied, 190 patients (60%) were male and 126 (40%) were female. The highest prevalence was between 40 and 60 years old. The most significant reason for referring to the hospital was dysphagia and weight loss. Among 260 patients, 72 patients (27.7%) underwent surgery by transthoracic (Ivor Lewis type) approach, 76 patients (29.2%) underwent surgery by three-incision approach (Mc Keown procedure), and 112 patients (43%) underwent surgery by Trans-Hiatal (Oringer). A total of 36 deaths occurred. 22 deaths occurred using Ivor-Lewis (61%), 10 deaths occurred using Mc Keown (27.7%) and 4 deaths occurred after Oringer (11.1%). In terms of prevalence of complications, the most common early complication was pleural effusion (11%) and the most common late complication was anastomotic stricture (17.8%). Conclusions: Complications occurred in all three surgeries. The most complications occurred using transthoracic (Ivor Lewis type) approach and the least complications occurred using Trans-Hiatal (Oringer).

Pre and post PET-CT impact on oesophageal cancer management: a retrospective analysis.

Assessment of the retrospective cancer incidence, prevalence and crude survival rates of oesophageal cancer to allow comparison between pre and post PET-CT introduction are part of 4 phase cost effectiveness research. It will provide baseline data for to assess PET or PET-CT cost effective potential for staging. A total of 849 patient’s data received from NWCIS databases with various stages of oesophageal cancer between 2001 and 2008. The fundamental activities are retrospective analysis of patient data. In most cases where appropriate, results are presented with 95 percent confidence intervals (CI). Variances between patient groups and variables are assessed using chi-square test. In cases where it deems vital, multiple logistic regression are used to modify for potential confounder such as age and sex. All p-values are two-sided and any value lower than 0.05 were considered to suggest a statistically significant result. Retrospective analysis were categorised into two categories, patients from 2001-2003 considered as pre PET and post PET for 2004-2008. This categorisation allows better comparison of patients’ survival trend to be made between both groups. Rates are presented in percentages and being grouped by tumour characteristics and other variables associated with demographic profile, diagnosis, staging and treatment. Results allowed comparison of oesophageal cancer trends between the pre and post PET-CT introduction such as changes in incidence rate or changes in survival. These data were used to normalise the decision tree model so that cost-effectiveness analysis can be performed across the whole population.

Abstract A69: Building a pipeline of minority researchers: Minority students' knowledge of cancer health disparities Moira E. Stuart, PhD. Northeastern Illinois University

Abstract Introduction: Research has shown that cancer disparities disproportionally affect racial, ethnic and underserved populations. This study examined knowledge of cancer risk factors among college students attending a minority serving institution within a P20 funded partnership. Results reflect baseline data used to build a pipeline for students from underrepresented minority (URM) backgrounds to pursue education, research, and careers in cancer health equity professions. Methods: Students (N= 912) attending a Hispanic Serving Institution in the Midwest completed a questionnaire that included questions from the NCI prevalence and survivor facts and general cancer health risk behavior questions from the National American College Health Association Survey. Students ranged in age from 21-64 (m=27), and represented a range of racial/ethnic backgrounds (32% Latino, 10% Black/African American, 10% Asian, and 49% white/Caucasian). Students answered 10 questions about cancer prevalence and morbidity rates among various racial and ethnic populations in the U.S. Example questions included, “What racial ethnic group has the highest overall cancer incidence and death rates for different populations living in the United States?” Respondents were asked to select the correct answer from a choice of five ethnic groups including their own. Responses were analyzed as a dichotomous variable of correct or incorrect providing an accuracy percent for each question. Demographic variables included age, ethnicity, and year in school, and income. Results: Latino males had the lowest accuracy rates (38 %) regarding cancer mortalities and incidences across all ethnicities including their own followed by Latina women at 39%. African American females had slightly higher accuracy of cancer health disparities knowledge with 49% answering accurately. Accurate knowledge levels were lowest among first and second year students (26%); 58% (n = 912) of respondents did not know the cancer incidence and morbidity rates for their own racial or ethnic group. Overall the majority of students (75%) did not know the factors that contribute to cancer health disparities. Knowledge was significantly lower among men, younger respondents and those with less education (P &amp;lt; .001). Discussion: Results for year-one baseline were used to support the development of cancer health equity curriculum and resulted in the successful development and implementation of a health equity course and infusion of cancer content in several other courses. The minority serving institution actively pursued efforts to train their underrepresented students and to build cancer research capacity among junior faculty. Researchers continued to collect data each year for the duration of the P20 collaborative to determine if the infusion of cancer education was effective in developing interest in, and pursuit of, cancer health equity research. Citation Format: Moira E. Stuart. Building a pipeline of minority researchers: Minority students' knowledge of cancer health disparities Moira E. Stuart, PhD. Northeastern Illinois University. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A69.

Common Causes of Postmenopausal Bleeding in Korean Women: 10-Year Outcomes from a Single Medical Center

The common causes of postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), according to the data from the western world, are atrophy, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), endometrial cancer, etc. We conducted a retrospective study to assess whether the causes of PMB in Korean postmenopausal women are similar to those already known. This retrospective study used 10-year medical records (March 2005 to December 2014) of 792 PMB women in the Yonsei University Health System. The data were divided into 2 categories by 5-year intervals to compare the differences between the 2 periods. The most common cause of PMB in Korean women was atrophy (51.1%). Polyps and HRT were the second, followed by anticoagulant medications, cervical cancer, and endometrial cancer. The proportion of patients with cervical cancer significantly decreased during the second half of the decade (8.7% vs. 5.2%; P = 0.048). Although no significant change was noted for HRT, its rank was higher during the latter 5-year period. Only the most common cause of PMB was the same as the conventional data. Interestingly, the proportion of patients with cervical cancer decreased during the latter half of the decade, reflecting the changes in the nation's cancer prevalence rate, while the use of HRT increased.

Errors of sonography in the diagnosis of the prevalence rate of ovarian cancer

Errors of sonography in the diagnosis of the prevalence rate of ovarian cancer

Cancer prevalence, incidence and mortality rates in Pakistan in 2012

According to estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), there were 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths in 2012 worldwide. In this article, we provide an overview of the cancer burden in Pakistan, including the 1, 3, 5-years prevalence, estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths in 2012 by age. Data from GLOBOCAN 2012, produced by the IARC, were used. GLOBOCAN provides estimates of cancer prevalence, incidence and mortality worldwide, and for countries and regions. This article concluded that the most prevalent cancers in Pakistan include breast, lip and oral cavity, cervix uteri, colorectum and bladder, respectively. The cancers responsible for the highest incidence in both the genders (total = 148,041) in Pakistani population includes breast (n = 34038, 23%), lip and oral cavity (n = 12761, 8.6%), lung (n = 6800, 4.6%), non-hodgkin lymphoma (n = 5964, 4%) and colorectum (n = 5335, 3.6%), respectively. Whereas, the cancers responsible for the highest deaths (total = 101,113) in Pakistani population includes breast (n = 16232, 16.1%), lip and oral cavity (n = 7266, 7.2%), lung (n = 6013, 5.9%), oesophagus (n = 4748, 4.7%) and non-hodgkin lymphoma (n = 4374, 4.3%), respectively.

Skin cancer and soft-tissue sarcoma prevalence and incidence rate among the population of Karbala, Iraq, 2008–2015

Background: There is no restricted area free from cancer. Skin cancer and soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) are among many types of cancer that can develop among any population worldwide. Thus, it is important to follow-up these malignant diseases in Iraq cities for information about the epidemiological pattern of such types of cancer. Methods: Incidence rate, prevalence, and age-specific rate (ASR) for skin and STS were determined. The data about 143 positive cases of skin cancer and 38 patients with STS in Karbala, a city in Iraq, were collected for the past 8 years (2008-2015). Results: The prevalence and incidence rate were found higher for STS than for skin cancer, especially in males. In males with skin cancer, the ASR was greater than 10 per 100,000 of the population for the age range 50–85 years, whereas in females, it was for 40–85 + years over the period considered. Meanwhile, in males with STS, a higher ASR was shown for age range 55–85+ years, whereas it was for 65–74 years in females. Conclusion: The STS showed a higher prevalence and incidence rate than that skin cancer, especially in older males. Both types of malignant disease are considered among more serious types of cancer among the population of Karbala and people are under the progressive risk of such type of cancers.