Prevalence Rates Of Type Research Articles

Glucose Abnormalities in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Epidemiology and pathogenesis

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease, affecting ∼3% of the world’s population (1,2). The disease is characterized by silent onset in most infected individuals (3), and recent studies indicate that the rate of progression to advanced liver disease might be lower than previously assumed (4–6). If we consider that most HCV-infected persons are <50 years of age, the burden of disease associated with HCV infection is likely to increase during the next 10–20 years as this cohort reaches the age at which complications of chronic liver disease typically occur (7). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in people living in the developed world ranges from 2.0 to 9.4% (8), rising to 12.3% in U.S. adults between 40 and 74 years of age (9). The decline in mortality of people with diabetes, together with the rapidly increasing frequency of obesity and the sedentary lifestyle of the population portends a dramatic increase in the prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes (10–11). Therefore, both HCV liver disease and type 2 diabetes are two already prevalent diseases that will probably continue to increase in the next decades. HCV mainly affects the liver, but also several tissues outside the liver have been reported to be involved, resulting in a wide spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations (12–14). During the last decade, it has been hypothesized that diabetes could be one more of these extrahepatic conditions attributable to HCV infection. This raises the intriguing question of whether the rise in HCV infection is contributing to the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes. In this review, the available information concerning the epidemiological association between HCV infection and diabetes is summarized. In addition, the physiopathological mechanisms related to the association between HCV and diabetes …

Glucose Abnormalities in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease, affecting ∼3% of the world’s population (1,2). The disease is characterized by silent onset in most infected individuals (3), and recent studies indicate that the rate of progression to advanced liver disease might be lower than previously assumed (4–6). If we consider that most HCV-infected persons are <50 years of age, the burden of disease associated with HCV infection is likely to increase during the next 10–20 years as this cohort reaches the age at which complications of chronic liver disease typically occur (7). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in people living in the developed world ranges from 2.0 to 9.4% (8), rising to 12.3% in U.S. adults between 40 and 74 years of age (9). The decline in mortality of people with diabetes, together with the rapidly increasing frequency of obesity and the sedentary lifestyle of the population portends a dramatic increase in the prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes (10–11). Therefore, both HCV liver disease and type 2 diabetes are two already prevalent diseases that will probably continue to increase in the next decades. HCV mainly affects the liver, but also several tissues outside the liver have been reported to be involved, resulting in a wide spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations (12–14). During the last decade, it has been hypothesized that diabetes could be one more of these extrahepatic conditions attributable to HCV infection. This raises the intriguing question of whether the rise in HCV infection is contributing to the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes. In this review, the available information concerning the epidemiological association between HCV infection and diabetes is summarized. In addition, the physiopathological mechanisms related to the association between HCV and diabetes …

The obesity‐driven rising costs of type 2 diabetes in Australia: projections from the Fremantle Diabetes Study

The cost of diabetes is high for both the individual and society. Future health-care planning requires patient-level diabetes-attributable health-care cost data that have not previously been available for Australia. To determine Australian national direct diabetes-attributable health-care costs for known type 2 diabetes in 2000 and project these to 2051. A total of 1294 patients with type 2 diabetes was recruited to the Fremantle Diabetes Study between 1993 and 1996. A bottom-up, prevalence-based approach using diabetes-attributable costs provided average annual per patient health-care costs (in year 2000 A$). Costs were extrapolated to 2051 using Australian type 2 diabetes prevalence figures and Australian Bureau of Statistics population projections, assuming that prevalence rates (i) remain at current levels and (ii) rise steadily. Total annual direct diabetes-attributable health-care costs in 2000 in Australia for people > or =25 years with known type 2 diabetes were estimated at A$636 million. As a result of ageing, the number of people with type 2 diabetes will double between 2000 and 2051 with a 2.5-fold increase in diabetes-attributable health-care costs. If obesity and inactivity prevalence rates continue to rise, prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes will further increase. The number of people with type 2 diabetes in 2051 may be 3.5 times higher than in 2000 with a 3.7-fold cost increase. The financial burden of treating type 2 diabetes could quadruple by 2051 unless more is done to prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications. A smaller proportion of the population will have the capacity to fund these rising health-care costs.

Genetic studies of the etiology of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians: hunting for pieces to a complicated puzzle.

Obesity has become a major public health concern in the U.S., reaching epidemic proportions among adults and children. Recent national surveys show that American adults have experienced a 50% increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, while children and adolescents have experienced a 100% increase since the 1970s (rev. in 1). Coincident with this increase in obesity, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has also reached epidemic proportions. The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among adults in the U.S. has increased by 40% from 1990 to 1999, and is projected to increase by 165% between the years 2020 and 2050 (2,3). Recent studies have estimated the lifetime risk of diagnosed diabetes to be approximately one in three for males and two in five for females born in the U.S. in the year 2000 (4). Moreover, an alarming increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes has now been reported in very young children (5). The escalating rates of both type 2 diabetes and obesity are likely due to changes in the environment, coupled with changes in human behavior and lifestyle. However, in most developed countries, food is now plentiful and lifestyle is generally sedentary, but not all people become obese, and furthermore, most obese people do not develop type 2 diabetes. It is likely that genetic factors underlie a significant portion of the susceptibility to both obesity and type 2 diabetes, and that expression of this susceptibility is dependent on environmental variables. The large variation in prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes among ethnic groups living in similar environments, the increased risk to siblings of affected individuals, and the high concordance rate for the disease in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins indicate that this disease has a significant genetic component (rev. in 6). Studies in twins, …

Conjugate and Other Distributional Methods in Configural Frequency Analysis

AbstractConfigural Frequency Analysis (CFA) is being increasingly used by psychologists and other researchers to test for the presence of combinations of categorical variables which occur more frequently or less frequently than expected under a particular model of chance. Configurations which occur more frequently than chance are known as “Types”‐Configurations which are conspicuous by their absence or rarity are known as “Antitypes”. Most configural frequency test theory consists of binomial tests applied to the cells of a cross‐tabulation table. The wide variety of statistical tests described in papers and books on CFA are approximations to the binomial test, due to the computational intensity associated with performing binomial tests directly (VON EYE, 1990b). This paper advocates direct computation of binomial probabilities instead of the usual approximations used in CFA. Mathematical relationships of the binomial distribution with the F and incomplete beta distributions are described which enable the researcher to efficiently compute binomial probabilities using functions available in common statistical software. The classical inference approach adopted by traditional CFA makes it difficult to make conclusions regarding the likely prevalence rates of types or antitypes in the reference population. It is also not possible to exploit additional information about the sample which, while not known precisely, is known with a degree of confidence and can aid in the identification of types and antitypes. A Bayesian conjugate distributions approach based on the incomplete beta distribution is proposed. Bayesian extensions of this model to both classical CFA and a sequential CFA analysis advanced by KIESER and VICTOR (1991) are described.