Prevalence Rate Of Tuberculosis Research Articles

Malnutrition in tribal people living with tuberculosis in India: A systematic review & meta-analysis.

Background & objectives Tuberculosis (TB) remains a persistent public health challenge in India. The country also has high proportions of malnutrition in different areas, making the population susceptible to TB. Among vulnerable populations, such as tribal communities, TB and malnutrition pose significant threats. Tribal populations exhibit disproportionately higher TB prevalence rates compared to non-tribal groups. Also, malnutrition prevalence among tribal communities far exceeds national averages in India. Amidst fragmented data, a systematic review of nutritional status among tribal populations with TB in India is imperative to inform comprehensive intervention strategies. Methods Cross-sectional, case-control, cohort and interventional studies reporting the nutritional status of active TB affected individuals among tribal populations in India were specifically included if terms such as "malnutrition" or "low BMI" were used. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020168328). The data was assessed using a random-effects model and standardized mean with 95% confidence interval (CI). The I2 statistics indicated heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots. Results Out of 124 studies, 20 were selected for initial screening, 15 were excluded due to a lack of appropriate data, and five were included for the final analysis. The pooled prevalence estimates of malnutrition among Indian tribes living with TB was 514 per 1000 people, with 95% CI: 232-791. The sensitivity analysis showed that no individual study influenced the estimation of pooled prevalence. Interpretation & conclusions In the background of India, contributing considerably to the burden of TB-related morbidity and mortality alongside undernutrition, reviews have underscored undernutrition as the predominant risk factor for TB, affecting over 50 per cent of the population in some States. This situation is exacerbated among the tribal communities in India due to the dual burdens of undernutrition and TB being more pronounced. Our systematic review consolidates evidence from five studies, revealing the prevalence of malnutrition among tribal TB patients. Conducting well-planned implementation research to address this dual burden among the underprivileged population would help achieve the ambitious goal of a TB-free India 2025.

Prevalence Rates of Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Hepatitis B and C among Migrant Workers in Jordan.

Migration across national borders is an influential factor of consideration in the control of infectious diseases. Therefore, including migrants in surveillance and screening programs as well as linkage to care is mandatory to meet the public health targets of countries and regions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among migrant workers applying for work permits in Jordan during the period 2018-2020. The findings of this study are expected to guide health policy to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in Jordan. During the period 2018-2020, 439,622 migrant workers underwent routine testing for TB, HIV, and hepatitis B and C. Demographic, laboratory, and clinical data for those migrants were retrieved from the Directorate of Chest Diseases and Immigrants Health records. The overall prevalence of the mentioned diseases as well as by subgroups was calculated. The prevalence rates of TB and HIV among migrants were 54 per 100,000 migrants (11 per 100,000 male migrants and 138 per 100,000 female migrants, P < 0.001) and 21 per 100,000 (11 per 100,000 male migrants and 41 per 100,000 female migrants, P < 0.001), respectively. The prevalence of hepatitis B was 10 per 1000 migrants (12 per 1000 male migrants and 7 per 1000 female migrants, P < 0.001) and the prevalence of hepatitis C was 37 per 1000 (51 per 1000 male migrants and 10 per 1000 female migrants, P < 0.001). The prevalence of all studied conditions varied significantly according to gender, age, occupation, and country of origin. The prevalence rates of TB, HIV, HBV, and HCV were generally higher among migrants than Jordanians. Evidence-based health policies need to be drafted that aim to address migrant workers health care to ensure the lowest possible risk from infectious diseases to the people of Jordan is maintained. The study findings can inform the formulation of immigration and public health policies, including screening requirements for migrant workers, health insurance provisions, labor regulations, and support services for those with these conditions.

Attenuated tuberculin skin test responses associated with Mycobacterium intracellulare sputum colonization in an adolescent TB prevalence survey in Western Kenya

Exposure to Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) varies regionally and may partly explain the disparate outcomes of BCG vaccination and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. We examined NTM sputum colonization, associations with clinical characteristics, and tuberculin skin test (TST) responses in an adolescent TB prevalence survey. Among 5004 adolescents screened, 2281 (45.5%) were evaluated further. TB and NTM prevalence rates were 0.3% and 8.0%, respectively. Among 418 NTM isolates, 103 were unidentifiable, and 315 (75%) comprised 15 species, the most frequent being M. intracellulare (MAC) (108, 26%), M. scrofulaceum (96, 23%) and M. fortuitum (51, 12%). "NTM colonized" adolescents had less frequent chronic cough and night sweats (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.87and aOR 0.61, CI 0.42-0.89 respectively), and lower TST induration (median 11mm (interquartile range [IQR] 0-16) vs 13mm (IQR 6-17; p=0.006)) when compared to "NTM not colonized" participants. MAC, but not M. scrofulaceum or M. fortuitum, was associated with decreased TST induration (median 7.5mm (IQR 0-15) vs 13mm (IQR 6-17) among "MAC colonized" vs "not colonized", p=0.001). We observed high NTM prevalence rates with species-specific associations with TST induration, consistent with a model of species-dependent heterologous immunity among mycobacteria.

Prevalence and incidence rates of tuberculosis in people with HIV during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic: a single center retrospective analysis

Background Tuberculosis (TB) poses a significant risk to people with HIV (PWH), with heightened incidence and prevalence rates, especially in countries with a high TB burden. This study assesses the prevalence and incidence rates of TB among PWH during the COVID-19 pandemic, and on treatment outcomes in TB-HIV co-infections. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at Suddhavej Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand, from January 2020 to September 2023, involving newly diagnosed adult PWH. Data were collected on TB prevalence and incidence rates, with TB cases categorized as definite or possible. The primary outcomes were TB prevalence and incidence rates per 100,000 person-years of follow-up. Results Among 171 newly diagnosed PWH, the prevalence of TB was 5.85%, with an incidence rate of 4,568.71 per 100,000 person-years. All but one TB cases were diagnosed before antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. There was no incident TB during the follow-up period during ART. Nearly half of the TB cases required therapeutic trials without microbiological confirmation. Conclusions The study revealed a high prevalence and incidence rate of TB among PWH during the COVID-19 pandemic, comparable to pre-pandemic rates in Thailand. The findings highlight the necessity of comprehensive TB screening prior to ART initiation and the cautious implementation of universal TB preventive therapy. The use of molecular diagnostics, in addition to symptom screening, can enhance TB diagnosis among PWH, though accessibility remains an issue in many regions.

Worldwide Swine Tuberculosis-Positive Rate and Associated Risk Factors, 1966-2020: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, zoonotic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that infects not only humans but also animals such as pigs, cows, buffaloes, sheep, and goats. Among them, pigs are one of the main food animals in the world. If pigs are infected with M. tuberculosis, meat products will be negatively affected, causing economic losses to the livestock industry. There is currently no systematic epidemiological assessment of swine TB in the world, so it is important to know the prevalence of swine, and these data are currently lacking, so we performed a statistical analysis. Results: We searched 6791 articles and finally included data from 35,303 pigs from 15 countries or territories, showing a combined prevalence of TB in pigs of 12.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.2 to 15.9). Among them, the prevalence rate of swine TB in Europe was 15.2% (95% CI: 11.1 to 20.7, 2491/25,050), which was higher compared with other continents, and the difference was significant; the positive rate of PCR method was higher in the detection method subgroup, which was 15.7% (95% CI: 8.0 to 31.0, 376/2261); Mycobacterium bovis was detected in pigs in the M. tuberculosis typing group (9.5%, 95% CI: 6.7 to 13.5, 1364/21,430). The positive rate is higher compared with Mycobacterium capris. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to determine the global prevalence of TB in swine herds. Although the seroprevalence of swine TB in this article is very low, the harm of TB cannot be ignored. It is important to take effective control and preventive measures to stop the spread of TB to reduce the impact of diseased pigs on animal husbandry and human health.

A decade of tuberculosis eradication programs in the Mediterranean water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in South Italy: Are we heading toward eradication?

The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is susceptible to bovine tuberculosis (TB), which receives increased attention in areas where buffalo breeding is prevalent, such as in Southern Italy, especially in the Campania region, where 70% of the buffalo stock is bred. Since 2012, TB testing in buffalo herds has been conducted using the Single Intradermal Test (SIT), with the Comparative Intradermal test (CIT) used in cases of inconclusive results. From 2012 to 2016, the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) test was occasionally employed experimentally in herds with TB outbreaks to expedite eradication efforts. A local TB eradication program was implemented in officially TB-free buffalo herds between 2017 and 2019. This program involves initial screening with SIT, followed by confirmatory tests, including CIT and IFN-γ, for positive reactions. Since June 2019, the IFN-γ test has replaced the CIT in officially TB-free herds upon positive SIT reactions. Additionally, in suspected and confirmed TB-outbreak herds, the IFN-γ test was used at the discretion of the competent authority. Between 2017 and 2019, approximately 295,000 buffaloes in Campania were screened annually with in vivo tests provided by TB eradication programs. During this period, 32,040 animals from 855 herds were tested using the IFN-γ test and 4,895 tested positive. Since 2020, the use of IFN-γ testing has increased, and has become a prerequisite for the acquisition of TB-free status and is being systematically applied for TB outbreak-extinction procedures. The test was performed in all breeding buffaloes in cases of doubtful SIT results in TB-free herds and when TB lesions are detected at slaughter in animals from TB-free herds. This combined approach helped detect more TB outbreaks, and thereby led to a reduction in the TB prevalence and incidence rates. By 2022, the prevalence had decreased to 1.56%, and the incidence had decreased to 0.73%, after the increased use of the IFN-γ test. This study highlights the effectiveness of implemented strategies in reducing TB in this region. Overall, the data demonstrate the successful impact of TB eradication measures and surveillance activities in reducing bubaline TB prevalence and incidence in the Campania region.

Epidemiological features of tuberculosis in the Middle East and North Africa from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease Study 2019.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and curable disease, although, it still causes more than one million deaths annually. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the epidemiological status and the burden of TB in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. The study population included 21 countries in the MENA region, covering a population of about 400 million. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database was used. The case definition comprises all forms of TB, containing pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB, which are bacteriologically approved or clinically diagnosed. The prevalence, incidence, death, and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates per 100,000 people for all national locations by standardized age rates (ASR) were measured. In 2019, Afghanistan had the highest TB-related incidence 85.09 (95% UI, 73.69_98.46), death 21.91 (95% UI, 13.44_29.78), and DALYs rate 695.21 (95% UI, 454.34_939.49). The highest prevalence rates of TB were in Egypt 28935.42 (95% UI, 26125.54_32251.01). The highest TB-related DALYs rate was attributed to alcohol use, high fasting plasma glucose, and smoking were related to Tunisia, Qatar, and Lebanon, respectively. Between 1990 and 2019, TB- related incidence, prevalence, death, and DALYs rate have decreased by 53%, 42.19%, 76.20%, and 75.95% in MENA region, respectively. TB has continued to decrease in prevalence, incidence, death, and DALYs rates in the MENA region, although, nowadays with the COVID-19 pandemic, societies may face more challenges for TB prevention, detection, treatment, and rehabilitation.

Multivariate Analysis Approach to Factor-Affected Tuberculosis Disease

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by infection with the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Tuberculosis attack organ besides the lung, such as the pleura, lining of the brain, lining of the heart, lymph gland, bones, joint, skin, intestines, kidney, urinary tract, and genital. This disease is found in densely populated settlements with poor sanitation, lack of ventilation and sunlight and lack of rest. Moreover, the factors that will be analyzed in this research are Population Density (X1), Number of HIV/AIDS (X2), number of toddlers who experience nutrition (X3), Number of toddlers who experience BCG immunization (X4), number of toddlers who get exclusive breastfeeding (X5), Total families with PHBS (X6), number of residents with healthy homes (X7), number of families with clean water facilities (X8), number of families with ownership of latrine sanitation (X9), number of families with have landfills (X10), number of families have management waste place (X11), number of elementary education facilities (X12), Number of junior school education facilities (X13), Number of senior school education facilities (X14), Number of institutions fostered by neighborhood health (X15), Number of Posyandu (X16), Number Life Expectancy (X17), Literacy Rate (X18), Human Development Index (X19), Number of Tuberculosis sufferers (X20). This research aims to analyze what variables influence each other on the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in the city of Surabaya. The method used in this research is a multivariate analysis using factor analysis, cluster analysis, biplot analysis and discriminant analysis. This discriminant analysis determines accuracy by calculating the value (1-APER). The resulting research the Number of HIV/AIDS, number of residents with healthy homes, and Number of families with ownership of Sanitation (latrine, landfills, waste management) have a high correlation with the spread of tuberculosis in Surabaya. Meanwhile, areas with a high rate of tuberculosis are Tambaksari, Wonokromo, Sawahan, and Semampir. The classification analysis accuracy level was 90.32% and the accuracy of the resulting model or discriminant function was very high. So that discriminant analysis can be used for predicting the accuracy of tuberculosis prevalence rates.

Determinants of correct knowledge on tuberculosis transmission and self-reported tuberculosis prevalence among general population aged 15-49 years in Myanmar.

Myanmar has been identified as one of the tuberculosis (TB) high-burden countries and having an understanding of TB transmission is vital for personal infection prevention as well as preventing transmission to others. This study aimed to identify the determinants of correct knowledge on TB transmission and self-reported TB prevalence among general population in Myanmar. This is a cross-sectional study using secondary data from Myanmar demographic and health survey 2015-16. The determinants of correct knowledge on TB transmission mode and self-reported prevalence of TB were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. Weighted estimates were provided in all analyses to account for the multistage sampling design used in the survey. Among the respondents, less than half (44.6%, 95% CI: 43.9, 45.4) had the overall correct knowledge about TB transmission and misconceptions. Older age group, female gender, those with higher education and higher socioeconomic status, and exposed to mass media at least once a week, residents from the delta and lowland region or plain areas were more likely to have correct knowledge about TB transmission. The overall prevalence rate of self-reported TB was 2.6% (95%CI: 2.4, 2.9) and the prevalence was higher among older age group and males. Our study highlights the need for targeted efforts to improve awareness and understanding of TB transmission among general population in Myanmar. The study suggests the implementation of appropriate, innovative, and comprehensive targeted TB education and communication strategies.

Prevalence of Tuberculosis among Health Care Workers in A Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Malaysia

Health care workers are at increased risk of nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TB among health care workers and its associated factors. A retrospective analysis was conducted using database of TB screening program at Hospital Canselor Tuanku Mukhriz (HCTM) over the period of three years (2018-2020). The prevalence rate of TB showed increasing trend, from 1.54 per 100 health care workers in 2018 to 5.02 per 100 health care workers in 2020. Aged group of 31-40 had higher risk for contracting TB (p&lt;0.001), health support workers had significant association with TB acquisition (p=0.008), workers in Diagnostic Laboratory Department had the high risk of getting infected with TB (p&lt;0.001) and the workplace with the highest prevalence was in laboratory (45.9%). In terms of TB index cases among health care workers, 16 cases (69.5%) were pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), 6 cases (26.1%) were extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and 1 case (4.4%) had both PTB and EPTB. It was crucial for health care workers to be aware of these significant associations and for relevant authorities to carry out protective measures.

Spatial Co-Clustering of Tuberculosis and HIV in Ethiopia.

Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV are epidemiologically associated, and their co-dynamics suggest that the two diseases are directly related at the population level and within the host. However, there is no or little information on the joint spatial patterns of the two diseases in Ethiopia. The main objective of the current study was to assess the spatial co-clustering of TB and HIV cases simultaneously in Ethiopia at the district level. District-level aggregated data collected from the national Health Management Information System (HMIS) for the years 2015 to 2018 on the number of TB cases enrolled in directly observed therapy, short course (DOTS) who were tested for HIV and the number of HIV patients enrolled in HIV care who were screened for TB during their last visit to health care facilities were used in this study. The univariate and bivariate global and local Moran's I indices were applied to assess the spatial clustering of TB and HIV separately and jointly. The results of this study show that the two diseases were significantly (p-value &lt;0.001) spatially autocorrelated at the district level with minimum and maximum global Moran's I values of 0.407 and 0.432 for TB, 0.102 and 0.247 for HIV, and 0.152 and 0.251 for joint TB/HIV. The district-level TB/HIV spatial co-clustering patterns in Ethiopia in most cases overlapped with the hot spots of TB and HIV. The TB/HIV hot-spot clusters may appear due to the observed high TB and HIV prevalence rates in the hot-spot districts. Our results also show that there were low-low TB/HIV co-clusters or cold spots in most of the Afar and Somali regions, which consistently appeared for the period 2015-2018. This may be due to very low notifications of both diseases in the regions. This study expanded knowledge about TB and HIV co-clustering in Ethiopia at the district level. The findings provide information to health policymakers in the country to plan geographically targeted and integrated interventions to jointly control TB and HIV.

Trends of Tuberculosis Disease from 2013-2018 in Bale Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Retrospective Review.

Tuberculosis is a common global public health problem. Ethiopia is among the thirty top Tuberculosis burden countries. Trends of tuberculosis disease in general and at the district level in the Bale Zone have not been assessed and no adequate information existed for informed decision-making. This study was to describe the trends and physical distribution of the tuberculosis disease in the Bale Zone from 2013 to 2018. We reviewed the reported data of tuberculosis from 2013 to 2018 in March 2019 and extracted data of tuberculosis from the Bale Zone health information system database. Analysis of the six-year data of tuberculosis was conducted after the data was cleaned and checked for completeness. We recruited a total of 11, 268 tuberculosis cases. The proportions of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis (SS+), sputum smear-negative tuberculosis (SS-), and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases were 40.4%, 29.6% and 30%, respectively. Of all cases, 81.9% are aged greater than 15 years. Prevalence of all types of tuberculosis was 0.005%, 0.127%, 0.133%, 0.136%, 0.131% and 0.093% in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The death rate from positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 0%. 2.74, 2.10, 2.06, 1.04, and 2.75 in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The highest average prevalence rate was 198, 152 and 142 per 100,000 populations in Berbere, Rayitu, and Gura-Dhamole Woreda, respectively. The proportion of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis was high in the Bale Zone. Bale Zone should give more attention to the Tuberculosis program to tackle sputum smear positive. We recommended researchers investigate further research to identify determinants in districts with a high prevalence rate of tuberculosis.

Economic evaluation of microbiological and host biomarker-based tests for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in a high burden setting.

BackgroundPleural tuberculosis (TB) remains difficult to diagnose. Tests measuring host biomarkers, such as adenosine deaminase (ADA) and unstimulated interferon-gamma, perform better than conventional microbiological tests for TB diagnosis using pleural fluid. However, there is no data on the cost-effectiveness of these diagnostic approaches.MethodsA cost-consequence analysis was performed from the South African healthcare provider perspective to determine the cost-effectiveness of the following strategies for the diagnosis of pleural TB: (I) Smear microscopy (SM); (II) Mycobacterial-Growth-In-Tube liquid culture (MGIT); (III) adenosine deaminase (ADA); (IV) Xpert ULTRA (Xpert); (V) unstimulated interferon-gamma using IRISA-TB™ (IRISA-TB). Costs (2019 USD) were derived from national sources and outcomes from published literature. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as the cost per pleural TB case diagnosed and initiated on treatment (per 1,000 patients screened). Sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsTotal strategy costs ranged from $354,632 (SM) to $390,363 (ADA). Strategies incorporating highly specific tests, including IRISA-TB and Xpert, had the lowest costs associated with unnecessary treatment. In terms of outcomes (per 1,000 screened), IRISA-TB and ADA correctly identified the most pleural TB cases (8.4 and 8.0 cases, respectively), almost double that of MGIT (4.2 cases) and Xpert ULTRA (3.7 cases). IRISA-TB was the most cost-effective strategy, as the cost per pleural TB patient diagnosed and initiated on treatment was $44,084, ~$5,000 less than ADA (the second most cost-effective strategy; $49,065). These values were most sensitive to changes in pleural TB prevalence, treatment costs, and empirical treatment rates. The cost difference, compared to ADA, equated to a potential saving of ~US$45 million per year in South Africa.ConclusionsIRISA-TB offers good value for money and is a potentially more cost-effective alternative to ADA for pleural TB diagnosis.

An Investigation of Risk Factors Associated with Tuberculosis Transmission in South Africa Using Logistic Regression Model.

Background: South Africa has a high burden of tuberculosis (TB) disease and is currently not meeting the national and international reduction outcome targets. The TB prevalence rate of South Africa in 2015 was estimated at approximately 690 per 100,000 population per year, with an incidence rate of about 834 per 100,000 population. This study examines risk factors associated with development of TB in South Africa. Materials and Methods: This study utilised readily available open access secondary data of 2019 South African Health and Demographic Survey from Statistics South Africa (StatsSA) website, which was collected from self-reported information relating to TB in the household questionnaire. The factors analysed were of demographic, socio-economic and health nature. Bivariate and binary logistics analyses were carried out from which appropriate inferences were drawn on the association of TB with demographic, socio-economic and health factors. Results: In multivariate analysis the study revealed that age, personal weight, smoke, alcohol, asthma, province of residence, race and usually coughing were significantly associated with an increased risk of having TB. Conclusions and Recommendations: The results strongly suggest that young and older people coming from black and coloured ethic groups, who are asthmatic and cough frequently, and/or smoking and consuming alcohol are at high risk of developing TB. In addition, those who are overweight appear to have an increased risk of TB transmission, with the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Free State, North West and Gauteng being the hardest hit provinces. Hence, the study recommends that these factors must be taken into account in the planning and development of TB policies in order to work successfully towards the achievement of sustainable development goal of reducing TB by 80% before 2030.

Sparse Spatial Autoregressive and Spatio-temporal Models for COVID-19 Incidence in the Philippines

Philippine COVID-19 data have so many gaps resulting from lack of mass testing, late reporting of test results, and unreported cases – leading to too much noise and sparsity. A sparse spatial autoregressive model linking COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates to the healthcare system, demographic and economic indicators, disease prevalence, vaccination, urbanity, and environmental factors is proposed. The model allows for irregular spatial units accounting for temporal dependencies within a neighborhood was estimated using the Cochranne-Orcutt procedure embedded into the backfitting algorithm. Daily COVID-19 cases and deaths across provinces and cities in the National Capital Region (NCR) from 01 April 2020–15 September 2021 show a significant association of COVID-19 prevalence rate with the number of health workers, revenue of the local government unit (LGU), and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB). On the other hand, COVID-19 mortality rates are associated with the number of health workers, number of licensed COVID-19 testing laboratories, number of cities in an LGU, revenue of the LGU, prevalence rate of cancer, and prevalence rate of TB. The models emphasize the importance of resources available in the LGU that can boost the capabilities of the health care system. Pre-existing health conditions (co-morbidities) in the communities also determine the prevalence and mortality rates of COVID-19 in the Philippines.

Global prevalence, treatment and outcome of tuberculosis and COVID-19 coinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis (from November 2019 to March 2021)

IntroductionThe COVID-19 outbreak poses a significant threat to the patients with tuberculosis (TB). TB and COVID-19 (TB–COVID) coinfection means the disease caused by both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Currently,...

Diagnosis of Anorectal Tuberculosis by Polymerase Chain Reaction, GeneXpert And Histopathogenesis in Anal Fistula Patients

Background: Association of tuberculosis (TB) with anal fistulas can make its treatment quite difficult. The main challenge is timely detection of TB in anal fistulas and its proper management. There is little data available on diagnosis and management of TB in anal fistulas.&#x0D; Objective: To detect TB in fistula-in-ano patients were analyzed in different methods utilized. Methods: It was a prospective study conducted in Department of Colorectal Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and Department of Surgery &amp; Pathology, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka. Total 258 cases were included in this study during the period January 2018 to December 2020.The sampling was done for tissue (fistula tract lining) and pus (when available). The detection rate of various tests to detect TB and prevalence rate of TB in simple vs complex fistulae were studied.&#x0D; Results: This study shows 84.1% were non TB fistula and 15.9% were TB fistula. Majority were male between non TB fistula and TB fistula which was 87.1% and 85.4% respectively. TB fistulas were more complex than non-tuberculous fistulas (68.3% vs 44.2%) respectively. TB was detected in (7.4%) samples tested by PCR-tissue, 23.6% samples tested by PCR-pus, (1.6%) samples tested with HPE-tissue and 0.8% samples tested by GeneXpert.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study shows the detection of TB by polymerase chain-reaction was higher than by histopathology and GeneXpert. Amongst polymerase chain-reaction, pus had a higher detection rate than tissue. TB fistulas were more complex than non-tuberculous fistulas but aggressive diagnosis and meticulous treatment led to comparable overall success rates in both groups.&#x0D; Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2021; 29(2): 121-123

Analysis of Healthy Housing and TB Prevalence in Yogyakarta City

Environmental health is one of the determinants factors toward the public health status. Transmission of tuberculosis (TB) is influenced by environmental factors. Based on previous TB data in local study, it shows that urban areas (urban) have a high case rate. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the disparity of urban TB sufferers, especially in the city of Yogyakarta based on indicators of the physical environment of the house from the coverage of healthy households. The method of study used is quantitative descriptive analysis of secondary data. The data used were the physical environment of the house which is obtained from healthy housing data and TB prevalence data in Yogyakarta City. The secondary data spread over 18 Public Health Centers in Yogyakarta City. The data collected include healthy housing data and BTA (+) cases data in the study scope using total sampling technique. Based on the trend analysis, it was found that there was a significant trend in data. The higher percentage of non-healthy housing coverage wasassociated in line with the higher the TB prevalence rate. It can be concluded that the physical environment factor of the house as an indicator of a healthy housing is closely related to the incidence of TB in Yogyakarta City. Environmental quality studies need to be carried out for comprehensive TB disease control towards elimination (End TB 2030) which is in line with national programs and SDGs goals.

Prevalence of Tuberculosis and Compliance to Treatment from 2010-2020 In Rivers State, Southsouth Nigeria

Tuberculosis is a highly contagious bacterial infection and it is still a leading killer of young adults worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence of tuberculosis and compliance to treatment from 2010 to 2020 in Rivers State, South-south Nigeria. The Ex-post factor design was utilized and it is aimed at collecting data and analyzing some variable retrospectively without manipulating any of the variables. Data were obtained from the Primary Healthcare Management Board and the State Ministry of Health covering a total of 525 (100%) healthcare facilities accounting for primary, secondary and tertiary health facilities including an overwhelming 191 (36.38%) private healthcare facilities. Data were analyzed using frequency and simple percentage including graphs. Findings inter alia reveals that the susceptibility and prevalence rate of Tuberculosis is higher in females than males, the highest prevalence rate of Tuberculosis in female (84.73%) was recorded in 2015 while that of the male (79.12%) occurred in 2016 respectively. The highest prevalence rate of Tuberculosis was 93.99% and it occurred in 2016 while the highest percentage compliance rate 48.99% was recorded in 2019. In addition, co-infections (TB/HIV) enhance the rate of Tuberculosis prevalence during the study period. Thus, it was recommended that effective awareness and sensitization campaign of the citizen via the churches, mosque, market unions, schools and anti-natal units among others on tuberculosis prevention and control be strengthened by all concerned agencies.

Pediatric tuberculosis in Iran: a review of 10-years study in an Iranian referral hospital.

Introduction:Reductions in global tuberculosis incidence are considered as one of the End TB Strategy goal. The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging due to insufficient specimen material and the scarcity of bacilli in specimens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, clinical profiles, laboratory findings and treatment outcomes of children infected with TB in an Iranian referral hospital during a 10-years period.Methods:This study was a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 90 children (≤15 years) with a diagnosis of tuberculosis who were admitted to Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between March 2006 and March 2016. The patients’ information such as demographic, clinical manifestations, laboratory, radiological and histological tests results, and treatment outcomes were extracted from medical records and were analyzed.Results:The total prevalence of TB was about 56.6 per 100,000 admitted patients. Most of the patients were between 5 to 12 yearsTwenty-two percent had the history of TB in their family. Underlying diseases were identified in 30 cases (33%). Thirty-four cases (38%) had pulmonary TB (PTB), 35 cases (39%) had extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), while disseminated TB (DTB) was found in 21 cases (23%). Distribution of DTB in males was higher than in females (36% vs. 6%). In patients < 1 year, DTB was the most frequent type (48 %); however, in patients > 1 year both PTB and EPTB had similar distributions (42%) and were more frequent than DTB (16%). In overall, a mortality of 10% was reported.Conclusions:The total prevalence rate of TB in our study was 56.6 per 100,000 admitted patients. Since the mortality rate was higher in infants, children with DTB and children with underlying diseases, early detection and treatment of these patients will help to reduce the mortality rate of TB disease. (www.actabiomedica.it)